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Original Research

Concussion occurrence and recognition in professional boxing and MMA matches: toward a concussion protocol in combat sports

Charles Bernicka Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV, USA;b Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, DC, USACorrespondence[email protected]

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4040-3587 View further author information

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Tucker Hansenc Yale University, New Haven, CT, USAView further author information

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Winnie Nga Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV, USAView further author information

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Vernon Williamsd Center for Sports Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Kerlan Jobe Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USAView further author information

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Margaret Goodmana Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV, USAView further author information

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Bryce Nalepae Concussion and Sports Medicine Center, Banner Health, Phoenix, AZ, USAView further author information

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Guogen Shanf School of Public Health, UNLV, Las Vegas, NV, USA

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8690-6599 View further author information

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Tad Seifertg Department of Neurology, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, USAView further author information