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Ophthalmic Epidemiology Volume 30, 2023 - Issue 6
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Research Article

Tropical Data: Approach and Methodology as Applied to Trachoma Prevalence Surveys

Emma M Harding-Escha Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UKCorrespondence[email protected]
ORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1432-8109View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Clara R Burgert-Bruckerb RTI International, Washington, DC, USA/Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UKORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6001-4960View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Cristina Jimenezc Sightsavers, Haywards Heath, UKView further author information
,
Ana Bakhtiarid International Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, USAView further author information
,
Rebecca Willisd International Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, USAView further author information
,
Michael Dejene Bejigae Sightsavers, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaView further author information
,
Caleb Mpyetf Sightsavers Nigeria Country Office, Kaduna, Nigeria/Department of Ophthalmology, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, NigeriaView further author information
,
Jeremiah Ngondig RTI International, Washington, DC, USAView further author information
,
Sarah Boydd International Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, USAView further author information
,
Mariamo Abdalah Direcção Nacional De Saúde Pública Ministerio Da Saude, Maputo, MozambiqueView further author information
,
Amza Abdoui Programme National De Santé Oculaire, Ministère De La Santé Publique, Niamey, NigerView further author information
,
Yilikal Adamuj Department of Ophthalmology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaView further author information
,
Addisu Alemayehuk RTI International, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaView further author information
,
Wondu Alemayehul The Fred Hollows Foundation, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaView further author information
,
Tawfik Al-Khatibm Prevention of Blindness Program, Ministry of Public Health & Population, Sana'a, YemenView further author information
,
Sue-Chen Apadinuwen Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Denig, Republic of NauruView further author information
,
Naomie Awacao Ministère de la Santé Publique, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the CongoView further author information
,
Marcel S Awoussip Ministère de la Santé et de L'Hygiène Publique, Lomé, TogoView further author information
,
Gilbert Baayendagq National Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Kampala, UgandaView further author information
,
Mouctar Dieng Badianer Programme National de Promotion de La Santé Oculaire, Ministère de la Santé et de L'Action sociale, Dakar, SénégalView further author information
,
Robin L Baileya Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UKView further author information
,
Wilfrid Batchos Programme National De Lutte Contre Les Maladies Transmissibles, Ministère De La Santé, Cotonou, BeninView further author information
,
Zulficar Bayt RTI International, Maputo, MozambiqueView further author information
,
Assumpta Bellau Programme National De Lutte Contre La Cécité, Ministère De La Santé Publique, Yaoundé, CamerounView further author information
,
Nassirou Beidoi Programme National De Santé Oculaire, Ministère De La Santé Publique, Niamey, NigerView further author information
,
Yak Yak Bolw Ministry of Health, Juba, Republic of South SudanView further author information
,
Clarisse Bougoumax Programme national de lutte contre les maladies tropicales négligées, Ministère de la santé et de l’hygiène publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina FasoView further author information
,
Christopher J Bradyy Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USAView further author information
,
Victor Bucumiz Département En Charge des Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Ministère De La Santé Publique Et De La Lutte Contre Le Sida, Bujumbura, BurundiView further author information
,
Robert Butchera Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UKView further author information
,
Risiate Cakacakaaa Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Viti Levu, FijiView further author information
,
Anaseini Camabb The Fred Hollows Foundation, Melbourne, AustraliaView further author information
,
Mamoudou Camaracc National Programme for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministère de la Santé et de l’hygiène publique, Conakry, GuineaView further author information
,
Eunice Cassamadd Programa Nacional De Saúde De Visão, Minsap, Bissau, Guinea-BissauView further author information
,
Shorai Grace Chaoraee National Statistical Agency, Harare, ZimbabweView further author information
,
Amel Chenaoui Chebbiff Department A of Ophthalmology, Hedi Raeïs Institute of Ophthalmology, Tunis, TunisieView further author information
,
Alvin Blessings Chisambigg Blantyre Institute for Community Ophthalmology, Lions Sight First Eye Hospital, Blantyre, MalawiView further author information
,
Brian Chud International Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, USAView further author information
,
Abdulai Contehii Neglected Tropical Disease Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra LeoneView further author information
,
Sidi Mohamed Coulibalyjj Consultant technique Afrique de l’Ouest, Organisation pour la Prévention de la Cécité, Bamako, MaliView further author information
,
Paul Courtrightkk Division of Ophthalmology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South AfricaView further author information
,
Abdi Dalmarll Ministry of Human Development and Public Services, Mogadishu, SomaliaView further author information
,
Tran Minh Datmm Viet Nam Institute of Ophthalmology, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Viet NamView further author information
,
Thully Davidsnn Ministry of Health and Social Services, Windhoek, NamibiaView further author information
,
Mohamed El Amine Djakeroo World Health Organization, Algiers, AlgeriaView further author information
,
Maria de Fátima Costa Lopespp Secretaria de vigilancia em saude, Ministerio da saude, Brasilia (DF), BrazilView further author information
,
Djore Dézoumbéqq Programme national de lutte contre la cécité, Ministère de la Santé Publique, N'Djamena, TchadView further author information
,
Sarity Dodsonrr The Fred Hollows Foundation, Sydney, AustraliaView further author information
,
Philip Downsss Sightsavers, Durham, North Carolina, USAView further author information
,
Stephanie Eckmang RTI International, Washington, DC, USAView further author information
,
Bilghis Elkhair Elshafieuu Sudan National Trachoma Control Programme, Khartoum, SudanView further author information
,
Mourad Elmezoghivv National Prevention of Blindness, Ministry of Health, Tripoli, LibyaView further author information
,
Ange Aba Elvisww Programme National de la Santé Oculaire et de la lutte contre l’Onchocercose, Abidjan, Côte d’IvoireView further author information
,
Paul Emersond International Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, USAORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6478-8816View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Emilienne EE Epéexx Department of Ophthalmology, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, CamerounView further author information
,
Daniel Faktaufonaa Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Viti Levu, FijiView further author information
,
Mawo Fallt RTI International, Maputo, MozambiqueView further author information
,
Aréty Fassinous Programme National De Lutte Contre Les Maladies Transmissibles, Ministère De La Santé, Cotonou, BeninView further author information
,
Fiona Flemingzz Unlimit Health, London, UKView further author information
,
Rebecca Flueckigerg RTI International, Washington, DC, USAView further author information
,
Koizan Kadjo Gamaelaaa Ministère de la Santé et de l'Hygiène Publique, Abidjan, Côte d’IvoireView further author information
,
Mackline Garaebbb Department of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vanuatu Ministry of Health, Port Vila, VanuatuView further author information
,
Jambi Garapccc National Department of Health, Port Moresby, Papua New GuineaView further author information
,
Katie Gassddd The Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, USAView further author information
,
Genet Gebrueee Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaView further author information
,
Michael M Gichangifff Ministry of Health, Nairobi, KenyaView further author information
,
Emanuele Giorgiggg Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UKView further author information
,
André Goépoguicc National Programme for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministère de la Santé et de l’hygiène publique, Conakry, GuineaView further author information
,
Daniela Vaz Ferreira Gómezpp Secretaria de vigilancia em saude, Ministerio da saude, Brasilia (DF), BrazilView further author information
,
Diana Paola Gómez Forerojjj Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, Bogota, ColombiaView further author information
,
Emily W Gowerkkk Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USAView further author information
,
Anna Hartea Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UKView further author information
,
Rob Henrylll United States Agency for International Development, Washington DC, USAView further author information
,
Harvy Alberto Honorio-Moralesmmm General Directorate of Strategic Interventions in Public Health, Ministry of Health of Peru, Lima, PeruView further author information
,
Dunera R Ilakonnn Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, KenyaView further author information
,
Amadou Alfa Bio Issifouooo Département D’ophtalmologie, Université De Parakou, Parakou, Borgou, BeninView further author information
,
Ellen Jonesc Sightsavers, Haywards Heath, UKView further author information
,
George Kabonappp Neglected Tropical Disease Control Program, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar Es Salaam, United Republic of TanzaniaView further author information
,
Martin Kaborex Programme national de lutte contre les maladies tropicales négligées, Ministère de la santé et de l’hygiène publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina FasoView further author information
,
Boubacar Kadrii Programme National De Santé Oculaire, Ministère De La Santé Publique, Niamey, NigerView further author information
,
Khumbo Kaluaqqq Blantyre Institute for Community Outreach, Blantyre, MalawiORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9284-9009View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Sarjo Kebba Kanyirrr The National Eye Health Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Banjul, Kanifing, GambiaView further author information
,
Shambel Kebedeeee Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaView further author information
,
Fikreab Kebedeeee Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaView further author information
,
Jeremy D Keenansss Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USAORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7118-1457View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Amir B Kellottt World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, CongoORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0150-9186View further author information
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Asad Aslam Khanuuu Ministry of National Health Services, Islamabad, PakistanView further author information
,
Houria Khelifioo World Health Organization, Algiers, AlgeriaView further author information
,
Janvier Kilangalangavvv Saint Joseph Hospital , Kinshasa , Democratic Republic of the CongoView further author information
,
Sung Hye Kimwww World Health Organization, Manila, PhilippinesView further author information
,
Robert Koccc National Department of Health, Port Moresby, Papua New GuineaView further author information
,
Susan Lewallenkk Division of Ophthalmology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South AfricaView further author information
,
Thomas Lietmansss Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USAView further author information
,
Makoy Samuel Yibi Logoraw Ministry of Health, Juba, Republic of South SudanView further author information
,
Yuri A Lopezxxx Malaria Unit, Amazonas Centre for Research and Control of Tropical Diseases “Simón Bolivar” (CAICET) of Ministry of Popular Power for Health, Puerto Ayacucho, Amazonas State, Bolivarian Republic of VenezuelaView further author information
,
Chad MacArthuryyy MacArthur/Tapert Global Health Consulting, South Harpswell, Maine, USAView further author information
,
Colin Macleoda Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UKView further author information
,
Felix Makangilao Ministère de la Santé Publique, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the CongoView further author information
,
Brehima Marikoaaaa District Sanitaire de Kita, Direction Régionale de la Santé de Kayes, Kita, MaliView further author information
,
Diana L Martinbbbb Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USAView further author information
,
Michael Masikacccc Department of Clinical Services, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, MalawiView further author information
,
Patrick Massaedddd Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, United Republic of TanzaniaView further author information
,
Marilia Massangaieh Direcção Nacional De Saúde Pública Ministerio Da Saude, Maputo, MozambiqueView further author information
,
Hadley S Matendecherofff Ministry of Health, Nairobi, KenyaView further author information
,
Tsedeke Mathewoseee Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaView further author information
,
Siobhain McCullaghc Sightsavers, Haywards Heath, UKView further author information
,
Aboulaye Meiteaaa Ministère de la Santé et de l'Hygiène Publique, Abidjan, Côte d’IvoireView further author information
,
Elsa Palma Mendesffff National Directorate of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Luanda, AngolaView further author information
,
Hirpa M Abdigggg Oromia Regional Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaView further author information
,
Hollman Millerhhhh Department of Vaupés, Secretariate of Health, Mitú, ColombiaView further author information
,
Abdellahi Minnihiiii Département Des Maladies Transmissibles, Ministère De La Santé Nouakchott, Nouakchott, MauritaniaView further author information
,
Sailesh Kumar Mishrajjjj Nepal Netra Jyoti Sangh, Kathmandu, NepalView further author information
,
Tuduetso Molefikkkk Ministy of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, BotswanaView further author information
,
Aryc Mosherlll United States Agency for International Development, Washington DC, USAView further author information
,
Nerkoua M’Pos Programme National De Lutte Contre Les Maladies Transmissibles, Ministère De La Santé, Cotonou, BeninView further author information
,
Francis Mugumeq National Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Kampala, UgandaView further author information
,
Robson Mukwizallll Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare, ZimbabweView further author information
,
Consity Mwalemmmm Provincial Health Office, Ministry of Health, Lusaka, ZambiaView further author information
,
Stephen Mwathafff Ministry of Health, Nairobi, KenyaView further author information
,
Upendo Mwingirappp Neglected Tropical Disease Control Program, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar Es Salaam, United Republic of TanzaniaView further author information
,
Scott D Nashoooo The Carter Center, Atlanta, USAView further author information
,
Christophe Nassax Programme national de lutte contre les maladies tropicales négligées, Ministère de la santé et de l’hygiène publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina FasoView further author information
,
Nebiyu Negussueee Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaView further author information
,
Cece Niebacc National Programme for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministère de la Santé et de l’hygiène publique, Conakry, GuineaView further author information
,
Jean Claude Noah Noahu Programme National De Lutte Contre La Cécité, Ministère De La Santé Publique, Yaoundé, CamerounView further author information
,
Christian O Nwosussss Sightsavers, Kaduna, NigeriaView further author information
,
Nicholas Olobiotttt Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, NigeriaView further author information
,
Rapheal Oponq National Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Kampala, UgandaView further author information
,
Alexandre Pavluckss Sightsavers, Durham, North Carolina, USAView further author information
,
Isaac Phirillll Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare, ZimbabweView further author information
,
Merelesita Rainima-Qaniuciuuuu World Health Organization, Fiji Country Office, Suva, FijiView further author information
,
Kristen K Rennekerd International Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, USAORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8036-4776View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Martha Idalí Saboyá-Díazvvvv Neglected, Tropical, and Vector-Borne Diseases Unit, Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health Department, Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Washington DC, USAORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4324-9618View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Fatoumata Sakhocc National Programme for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministère de la Santé et de l’hygiène publique, Conakry, GuineaView further author information
,
Salimato Sanhadd Programa Nacional De Saúde De Visão, Minsap, Bissau, Guinea-BissauView further author information
,
Virginia Sarahxxxx The Fred Hollows Foundation, London, UKView further author information
,
Boubacar Sarrr Programme National de Promotion de La Santé Oculaire, Ministère de la Santé et de L'Action sociale, Dakar, SénégalView further author information
,
Celia L Szwarcwaldyyyy Institute of Scientific and Technological Communication and Information in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilView further author information
,
Ahmad Shah Salamzzzz Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, AfghanistanView further author information
,
Shekhar Sharmajjjj Nepal Netra Jyoti Sangh, Kathmandu, NepalView further author information
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Fikre Seifeeee Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaView further author information
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Gloria Marina Serrano Chavezbbbbb Ministerio de Salud Pública y Asistencia Social de Guatemala, Guatemala City, GuatemalaView further author information
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Mactar Sissokor Programme National de Promotion de La Santé Oculaire, Ministère de la Santé et de L'Action sociale, Dakar, SénégalView further author information
,
Henis Mior Sitoeh Direcção Nacional De Saúde Pública Ministerio Da Saude, Maputo, MozambiqueView further author information
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Oliver Sokanaccccc Eye Department, Solomon Islands Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Honiara, Solomon IslandsView further author information
,
Fentahun Tadesseeee Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaView further author information
,
Fasiah Taleobbb Department of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vanuatu Ministry of Health, Port Vila, VanuatuView further author information
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Sandra Liliana Taleroeeeee Escuela Superior de Oftalmología del Instituto Barraquer de América, Bogotá, ColombiaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0494-2017View further author information
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Youcef Tarfanifffff Ministère de la Santé de la Population et de la Réforme Hospitalière, Algiers, AlgeriaView further author information
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Amsayaw Teferaeee Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaView further author information
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Rabebe Tekeraoiggggg Ministry of Health and Medical Services, South Tarawa, KiribatiView further author information
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Andeberhan Tesfazionhhhhh National Program for the Prevention of Blindness, Ministry of Health, Asmara, EritreaView further author information
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Abubaker Trainavv National Prevention of Blindness, Ministry of Health, Tripoli, LibyaView further author information
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Lamine Traoréjjjjj Programme National de la Santé Oculaire, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, MaliView further author information
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Julián Trujillo-Trujillojjj Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, Bogota, ColombiaView further author information
,
Edridah M Tukahebwaq National Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Kampala, UgandaView further author information
,
Praveen Vashistkkkkk Community Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IndiaView further author information
,
Ernest B Wanyamafff Ministry of Health, Nairobi, KenyaView further author information
,
Supriya D.P. Warusavithanalllll Department of Universal Health Coverage/Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, WHO EMRO Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, World Health Organization, Cairo, EgyptView further author information
,
Titus K Watitufff Ministry of Health, Nairobi, KenyaView further author information
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Sheila Westmmmmm Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USAORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0818-8100View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Ye Winnnnnn Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Nay Pyi Taw, MyanmarView further author information
,
Geordie Woodsss Sightsavers, Durham, North Carolina, USAView further author information
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Aya Yajimawww World Health Organization, Manila, PhilippinesView further author information
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Georges Yayaooooo Ministère de la Santé et de la Population, Bangui, République CentrafricaineView further author information
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Alem Zecariashhhhh National Program for the Prevention of Blindness, Ministry of Health, Asmara, EritreaView further author information
,
Solomon Zewengielhhhhh National Program for the Prevention of Blindness, Ministry of Health, Asmara, EritreaView further author information
,
Akoi Zoumaniguicc National Programme for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministère de la Santé et de l’hygiène publique, Conakry, GuineaView further author information
,
Pamela J Hooperd International Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, USAView further author information
,
Tom Millarc Sightsavers, Haywards Heath, UKView further author information
,
Lisa Rotondog RTI International, Washington, DC, USAView further author information
&
Anthony W Solomonppppp Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, SwitzerlandView further author information
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Pages 544-560 | Received 09 Mar 2023, Accepted 11 Aug 2023, Published online: 12 Dec 2023

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