A systematic literature review on the efficacy–effectiveness gap: comparison of randomized controlled trials and observational studies of glucose-lowering drugs

Mikkel Z Ankarfeldt1 Novo Nordisk A/S;2 Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center UtrechtCorrespondence[email protected]

Erpur Adalsteinsson1 Novo Nordisk A/S

Rolf HH Groenwold2 Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht;3 Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands

M Sanni Ali2 Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht;3 Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands;4 Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Olaf H Klungel2 Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht;3 Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands

A systematic literature review on the efficacy–effectiveness gap: comparison of randomized controlled trials and observational studies of glucose-lowering drugs

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A systematic literature review on the efficacy–effectiveness gap: comparison of randomized controlled trials and observational studies of glucose-lowering drugs

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