90
Views
32
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Invited Review

Defense Mechanisms in the Sapwood of Living Trees against Microbial Infection

Pages 127-137 | Accepted 24 May 2001, Published online: 01 Oct 2005

References

  • AlbrechtC.LaurentP.LapeyrieF.Eucalyptus root and shoot chitinases induced following root colonization by pathogenicversus ectomycorrhizal fungi compared on one- and two-dimensional activity gelsPlant Sci.199410015716410.1016/0168-9452(94)90071-X
  • BaumS.SchwarzeF.W.M.R.FinkS.Persistence of the gelatinous layer within altered tension-wood fibres of beech degraded byUstulina deustaNew Phytol.200014734735610.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00706.x
  • BeeverD.J.The relationship between nutrients in extracted xylem sap and susceptibility of fruit trees to silverleaf disease caused byStereum purpureumAnn. Appl. Biol.1970658592
  • BiggsA.R.Occurrence and location of suberin in wound reaction zones in xylem of 17 tree speciesPhytopathology198777718725
  • BirchemR.BrownC.L.Ultrastructure of paraquat-treated slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.)Am. J. Bot.1979661208121810.2307/2442219
  • BlanchetteR.A.Decay and canker formation byPhellinus pini in white and balsam firCan. J. For. Res.198212538544
  • BlanchetteR.A.BlanchetteR.A.BiggsA.R.Anatomical responses of xylem to injury and invasion by fungiDefense mechanisms of woody plants against fungi1992BerlinSpringer-Verlag7695
  • BoddyL.BlanchetteR.A.BiggsA.R.Microenvironmental aspects of xylem defenses to wood decay fungiDefense mechanisms of woody plants against fungi1992BerlinSpringer-Verlag96132
  • BoddyL.RaynerA.D.M.Origins of decay in living deciduous trees: The role of moisture content and a re-appraisal of the expanded concept of tree decayNew Phytol.19839462364110.1111/j.1469-8137.1983.tb04871.x
  • BridgesJ.R.Effects of terpenoid compound on growth of symbiotic fungi associated with southern pine beetlePhytopathology1987778385
  • BurdenR.S.KempM.S.(—)-7-Hydroxycalamenene, a phytoalexin fromTilia europeaPhytochemistry1983221039104010.1016/0031-9422(83)85056-0
  • BurdenR.S.KempM.S.Sequiterpene phytoalexins fromUlmus glabraPhytochemistry19842338338510.1016/S0031-9422(00)80336-2
  • ChenicletC.Effects of wounding and fungus inoculation on terpene producing systems of maritime pineJ. Exp. Bot.1987381557157210.1093/jxb/38.9.1557
  • ClarkeH.R.G.LawrenceS.D.FlaskerudJ.KorhnakT.E.GordonM.P.DavisJ.M.Chitinase accumulates systemically in wounded poplar treesPhysiol. Plant.199810315416110.1034/j.1399-3054.1998.1030202.x
  • CobbF.WKristicM.ZavarinE.BarberH.W.Inhibitory effects of volatile oleoresin components onFomes annosus and fourCeratocystis speciesPhytopathology19685813271335
  • CouttsM.P.The formation of dry zones in the sapwood of conifers. I. Induction of drying in standing trees and logs byFomes annosus and extracts of infected woodEur. J. For. Pathol.1976637238110.1111/j.1439-0329.1976.tb00551.x
  • CouttsM.P.The formation of dry zones in the sapwood of conifers. II. The role of living cells in the release of waterEur. J. For. Pathol.1977761210.1111/j.1439-0329.1977.tb00555.x
  • CroteauR.GurkewitzS.JohnsonM.A.FiskH.J.Biochemistry of oleoresinosis, Monoterpene and diterpene biosynthesis in lodgepole pine saplings infected withCeratocystis clavigera or treated with carbohydrate elicitorsPlant Physiol.19878511231128
  • DuchesneL.C.HubbesM.JengR.S.BlanchetteR.A.BiggsA.R.Biochemistry and molecular biology of defense reaction in the xylem of angiosperm treesDefense mechanisms of woody plants against fungi1992BerlinSpringer-Verlag133146
  • DumasM.T.HubbesM.Resistance ofPinus densiflora andPinus rigida × radiata toFomes annosusEur. J. For. Pathol.1979922923810.1111/j.1439-0329.1979.tb00682.x
  • DumasM.T.StrunzG.M.HubbesM.JengR.S.Isolation and identification of six mansonones fromUlmus americana infected withCeratocystis ulmiExperientia1983391089109010.1007/BF01943121
  • DumasM.T.StrunzG.M.HubbesM.JengR.S.Inhibition ofCeratocystis ulmi by mansonones A. C. D. E. F. and G isolated fromUlmus americanaEur. J. For. Pathol.19861621722210.1111/j.1439-0329.1986.tb01090.x
  • EcksteinD.LieseW.ShigoA.L.Relationship of wood structure to compartmentalization of discolored wood in hybrid poplarCan. J. For. Res.19799205210
  • EkmanR.Distribution of lignans in Norway spruceActa Acad. Abo. Ser. B.197939316
  • ElgersmaD.M.Length and diameter of xylem vessels as factors in resistance of elms toCeratocystis ulmiNeth. J. Plant Pathol.19707617918210.1007/BF01974328
  • ElgersmaD.M.Tylose formation in elms after inoculation withCeratocystis ulmi, a possible resistance mechanismNeth. J. Plant Pathol.19737921822010.1007/BF01974237
  • ElgersmaD.M.OvereemJ.C.The relation of mansonones to resistance against Dutch elm disease and their accumulation, as induced by several agentsNeth. J. Plant Pathol.19717716817410.1007/BF02000008
  • FlodinK.Effects of monoterpenes onFomes annosus (Fr.) Cooke and its phenol oxidase activityEur. J. For. Pathol.197991610.1111/j.1439-0329.1979.tb00653.x
  • FlodinK.FriesN.Studies on volatile compounds fromPinus silvestris and their effect on wood-decomposing fungi. II. Effects of some volatile compounds on fungal growthEur. J. For. Pathol.1978830031010.1111/j.1439-0329.1978.tb00643.x
  • GarrettP.W.ShigoA.L.CarterJ.Variation in diameter of central columns of discoloration in six hybrid poplar clonesCan. J. For. Res.19766475477
  • GarrettP.W.RandallW.K.ShigoA.L.ShortleW.C.Inheritance of compartmentalization of wounds in sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) and eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.)USDA For. Ser. Res. Pap.1979NE-44314
  • GeigerJ.P.RioB.NandrisD.NicoleM.Peroxidase production in tissues of the rubber tree following infection by root rot fungiPhysiol. Mol. Plant. Pathol.19893424125610.1016/0885-5765(89)90047-7
  • GibbsJ.N.Resin and the resistance of conifers toFomes annosusAnn. Bot.196832649665
  • GibbsJ.N.Tolerance ofFomes annosus isolates to pine oleoresins and pinosylvinsEur. J. For. Pathol.1972214715110.1111/j.1439-0329.1972.tb00356.x
  • GoodH.M.MurrayP.M.DaleH.M.Studies on heartwood formation and staining in sugar maple,Acer saccharum MarshCan. J. Bot.1955333141
  • GrimeG.W.PearceR.B.External beam analysis of living sycamore xylem infected by pathogenic fungiNucl. Instrum. Method. Phys. Res. B199510429930510.1016/0168-583X(95)00411-4
  • GundersenK.Growth ofFomes annosus under reduced oxygen pressure and the effect of carbon dioxideNature196119064965010.1038/190649a0
  • HartJ.H.Role of phytostilbenes in decay and disease resistanceAnnu. Rev. Phytopathol.19811943745810.1146/annurev.py.19.090181.002253
  • HartJ.H.ShrimptonD.M.Role of stilbenes in resistance of wood to decayPhytopathology19796911381143
  • HartJ.H.WardellJ.F.HemingwayR.W.Formation of oleoresin and lignans in sapwood of white spruce in response to woundingPhytopathology197565412417
  • HartmannE.RenzB.JungJ.A.Untersuchungen über Bakterien- und Pilzhemmstoffe in höheren Pflanzen. Isolierung, Identifizierung und Wirkungsspektrum von zwei Harzsäuren aus FichtenrindenPhytopathol. Z.19811013142
  • HenricksM.-L.EkmanR.WeissenbergK.Bioassay of some resin and fatty acids withFomes annosusActa Acad. Abo. Ser. B197939917
  • HessburgP.F.HansenE.M.Pathological anatomy of black stain root disease of Douglas-firCan. J. Bot.19876596297110.1139/b87-133
  • HighleyT.L.Bar-LevS.S.KirkT.K.LarsenM.J.Influence of O2 and CO2 on wood decay by heartrot and saprot fungiPhytopathology198373630633
  • HiguchiT.ShimadaM.WatanabeK.Studies on the mechanism of heartwood formation. VI. On the artificial heartwood ofCryptomeria japonica andPinus densifloraMokuzai Gakkaishi196713274279
  • HillisW.E.Heartwood and tree exudates1987BerlinSpringer-Verlag
  • HillisW.E.InoueT.The formation of polyphenols in trees. IV. The polyphenols formed inPinus radiata afterSirex attackPhytochemistry19687132210.1016/S0031-9422(00)88199-6
  • HillisW.E.SwainT.Phenolic constituents ofPrunus domestica. IIIJ. Sci. Food Agric.19591053353710.1002/jsfa.2740101006
  • HodgeA.AlexanderI.J.GoodayG.W.Chitinolytic activities ofEucalyptus pilularis andPinus sylvestris root systems challenged with mycorrhizal and pathogenic fungiNew Phytol.199513125526110.1111/j.1469-8137.1995.tb05727.x
  • JensenK.F.Oxygen and carbon dioxide affect the growth of wood-decaying fungiForest Sci.196713384389
  • JensenK.F.Oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in sound and decaying red oak treesForest Sci.196915246251
  • JohanssonM.StenlidJ.Infection of roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) byHeterobasidion annosum. I Initial reactions in sapwood by wounding and infectionEur. J. For. Pathol.198515324510.1111/j.1439-0329.1985.tb01040.x
  • KempM.S.BurdenR.S.Phytoalexins and stress metabolites in the sapwood of treesPhytochemistry1986251261126910.1016/S0031-9422(00)81269-8
  • KondoT.ImamuraH.SudaM.Wood extractives. Part VIII. On the heartwood constituents ofCryptomeria japonica D. Don. (1)Bull. Agric. Chem. Soc. Jpn.195923233239
  • KrahmerR.L.HemingwayR.W.HillisW.E.The cellular distribution of lignans inTsuga heterophylla woodWood Sci. Technol.1970412213910.1007/BF00365298
  • LebenC.Wound occlusion and discoloration columns in red mapleNew Phytol.19859948549010.1111/j.1469-8137.1985.tb03675.x
  • LieutierF.BerrymanA.A.MattsonW.J.LevieuxJ.Bernard-DaganC.Elicitation of defensive reactions in conifersMechanisms of woody plant defenses against insects. Search for pattern1988New YorkSpringer-Verlag313319
  • LieutierF.BerrymanA.A.Preliminary histological investigations of the defense reactions of three pines toCeratocystis clavigera and two chemical elicitorsCan. J. For. Res.1988181243124710.1139/x88-191
  • LomanA.A.The effect of heartwood fungi ofPinus contorta var.latifolia on pinosylvin, pinosylvinmonomethyl ether, pinobanksin, and pinocembrinCan. J. Bot.197048737747
  • LowertsG.A.KellisonR.C.Genetically controlled resistance to discoloration and decay in wounded trees of yellow-poplarSilvae Genet.19813098101
  • McNabbH.S.HeybroekH.M.MacDonaldW.L.Anatomical factors in resistance to Dutch elm diseaseNeth. J. Plant Pathol.19707619620410.1007/BF01974331
  • MooreK.E.Barrier-zone formation in wounded stems of sweetgumCan. J. For. Res.19788389397
  • MuttonD.B.HillisW.E.Wood resinsWood extractives1962LondonAcademic Press331363
  • MwangiL.M.LinD.HubbesM.Chemical factors inPinus strobus inhibitory toArmillaria ostoyaeEur. J. For. Pathol.19902081410.1111/j.1439-0329.1990.tb01268.x
  • NewbanksD.BoschA.ZimmermannM.H.Evidence for xylem dysfunction by embolization in Dutch elm diseasePhytopathology19837310601063
  • NobuchiT.HaradaH.Physiological features of the “white zone” of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don): Cytological structure and moisture contentMokuzai Gakkaishi198329824832
  • OfongA.U.PearceR.B.Suberin degradation byRosellinia desmazieresiiEur. J. For. Pathol.19942431632210.1111/j.1439-0329.1994.tb00825.x
  • OuelletteG.B.Occurrence of tyloses and their ultrastructural differentiation similarly configured structures in American elm infected byCeratocystis ulmiCan. J. Bot.19805810561073
  • OuelletteG.B.RiouxD.BlanchetteR.A.BiggsA.R.Anatomical and physiological aspects of resistance to Dutch elm diseaseDefense mechanisms of woody plants against fungi1992BerlinSpringer-Verlag257307
  • OvereemJ.C.ElgersmaD.M.Accumulation of mansonones E and F inUlmus hollandica infected withCeratocystis ulmiPhytochemistry197091949195210.1016/S0031-9422(00)85345-5
  • PaineT.D.StephenF.M.Fungi associated with the southern pine beetle: Avoidance of induced defense response in loblolly pineOecologia19877437737910.1007/BF00378933
  • PaxtonJ.D.Phytoalexins: A working redefinitionPhytopathol. Z.1981101106109
  • PearceR.B.Occurrence of decay-associated xylem suberization in a range of woody speciesEur. J. For. Pathol.19902027528910.1111/j.1439-0329.1990.tb01140.x
  • PearceR.B.Reaction zone relics and the dynamics of fungal spread in the xylem of woody angiospermsPhysiol. Mol. Plant Pathol.199139415510.1016/0885-5765(91)90030-L
  • PearceR.B.Antimicrobial defences in the wood of living treesNew Phytol.199613220323310.1111/j.1469-8137.1996.tb01842.x
  • PearceR.B.RutherfordJ.A wound-associated suberized barrier to the spread of decay in the sapwood of oak (Quercus robur L.)Physiol. Plant Pathol.198119359369
  • PearceR.B.HollowayP.J.Suberin in the sapwood of oak (Quercus robur L.): Its composition from a compartmentalization barrier and its occurrence in tyloses in undecayed woodPhysiol. Plant Pathol.1984247181
  • PearceR.B.WoodwardS.Compartmentalization and reaction zone barriers at the margin of decayed sapwood inAcer saccharinum LPhysiol. Mol. Plant Pathol.198629197216
  • PearceR.B.FisherB.J.CarpenterT.A.HallL.D.Water distribution in fungal lesions in the wood of sycamore,Acer pseudoplatanus, determined gravimetrically and using nuclear magnetic resonance imagingNew Phytol.199713567568810.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00688.x
  • PearceR.B.EdwardsP.P.GreenT.L.AndersonP.A.FisherB.J.CarpenterT.A.HallL.D.Immobilized long-lived free radicals at the host-pathogen interface in sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.)Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol.19975037139010.1006/pmpp.1997.0093
  • PearceR.B.SümerS.DoranS.J.CarpenterT.A.HallL.D.Non-invasive imaging of fungal colonization and host response in the living sapwood of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) using nuclear magnetic resonancePhysiol. Mol. Plant Pathol.19944535938410.1016/S0885-5765(05)80065-7
  • PengS.ScalbertA.MontiesB.Insoluble ellagitannins inCastanea sativa andQuercus petraea woordsPhytochemistry19913077577810.1016/0031-9422(91)85250-4
  • PhelpsJ.E.McGinnesE.A.Anatomical responses to basal injury in white and black oakWood Sci.1977101521
  • PopoffT.TheanderO.JohanssonM.Changes in sapwood of roots of Norway spruce, attacked byFomes annosus. Part II. Organic chemical constituents and their biological effectsPhysiol. Plant.19753434735610.1111/j.1399-3054.1975.tb03851.x
  • PriorC.Resistance by Corsican pine to attack byHeterobasidion annosumAnn. Bot.197640261279
  • RaynerA.D. M.BoddyL.Fungal decomposition of wood. Its biology and ecology1988New YorkJohn Wiley & Sons
  • ReidR.W.WhitneyH.S.WatsonJ.A.Reactions of lodgepole pine to attack byDendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins and blue stain fungiCan. J. Bot.19674511151126
  • RennerfeltE.ParisS.K.Some physiological and ecological experiments withPolyporus annosus FrOikos19534587610.2307/3565075
  • RiouxD.NicoleM.SimardM.OuelletteG.B.Immunocytochemical evidence that secretion of pectin occurs during gel (gum) and tylosis formation in treesPhytopathology19988849450510.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.6.494
  • RishbethJ.Resistance to fungal pathogens of tree rootsProc. R. Soc. London Ser. B1972181333351
  • RoweJ.W.Natural products of woody plants. Chemicals extraneous to the lignocellulosic cell wall1989BerlinSpringer
  • RudmanP.The causes of natural durability in timber. IX. The antifungal activity of heartwood extractives in a wood substrateHolzforschung196216747710.1515/hfsg.1962.16.2.56
  • RudmanP.The causes of natural durability in timber. Pt. XVIII. Further notes on the fungi toxicity of wood extractivesHolzforschung1965195758
  • SchefferT.C.O2 requirements for growth and survival of wood-decaying and sapwood-staining fungiCan. J. Bot.19866419571963
  • SchefferT.C.CowlingE.B.Natural resistance of wood to microbial deteriorationAnnu. Rev. Phytopathol.1966414717010.1146/annurev.py.04.090166.001051
  • Schuck, H.J. (1982a) Monoterpenes and resistance of conifers to fungi.In Proceedings of the Workshop on the Genetics of Host-Parasite Interactions in Forestry. Wageningen. 14–21. Sep. 1980. 169–175.
  • SchuckH.J.The chemical composition of the monoterpene fraction in wounded wood ofPicea abies and its significance for the resistance against wound infecting fungiEur. J. For. Pathol.19821217518110.1111/j.1439-0329.1982.tb01391.x
  • SchwarzeF.W.M.R.BaumS.Mechanisms of reaction zone penetration by decay fungi in wood of beech (Fagus sylvatica)New Phytol.200014612914010.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00624.x
  • ShainL.Resistance of sapwood in stems of loblolly pine to infection byFomes annosusPhytopathology19675710341045
  • ShainL.The response of sapwood of Norway spruce to infection byFomes annosusPhytopathology19716130130710.1094/Phyto-61-301
  • ShainL.Dynamic responses of differentiated sapwood to injury and infectionPhytopathology19796911431147
  • ShainL.HillisW.E.Phenolic extractives in Norway spruce and their effects onFormes annosusPhytopathology197161841845
  • ShainL.HillisW.E.Ethylene production inPinus radiata in response toSirex-Amylostereum attackPhytopathology19726214071409
  • ShainL.HillisW.E.Ethylene production in xylem ofPinus radiata in relation to heartwoord formationCan. J. Bot.19735113311335
  • ShainL.MillerJ.B.Pinocembrin: An antifungal compound secreted by leaf glands of eastern cottonwoodPhytopathology198272877880
  • SharonE.M.An altered pattern of enzyme activity in tissues associated with wounds inAcer saccharumPhysiol. Plant. Pathol.19744307312
  • ShawC.G.In vitro responses of differentArmillaria taxa to gallic acid, tannic acid and ethanolPlant Pathol.19853459460210.1111/j.1365-3059.1985.tb01411.x
  • ShigoA.L.Compartmentalization of decay associated withFomes annosus in trunks ofPinus resinosaPhytopathology19756510381039
  • ShigoA.L.Compartmentalization: A conceptual framework for understanding how trees grow and defend themselvesAnnu. Rev. Phytopathol.19842218921410.1146/annurev.py.22.090184.001201
  • Shigo, A.L. and Marx, H.G. (1977) Compartmentalization of decay in trees. USDA Agric. Inf. Bull. No.405: 1–73.
  • ShigoA.L.ShortleW.C.GarrettP.W.Genetic control suggested in compartmentalization of discolored wood associated with tree woundsForest Sci.197723179182
  • ShortleW.C.TatterT.A.RichA.E.Effects of some phenolic compounds on the growth ofPhialophora melinii andFomes connatusPhytopathology19716155255510.1094/Phyto-61-552
  • ShrimptonD.M.Extractives associated with wound response of lodgepole pine attacked by the mountain pine beetle and associated microorganismsCan. J. Bot.197351527534
  • ShrimptonD.M.WhitneyH.S.Inhibition of growth of blue stain fungi by wood extractivesCan. J. Bot.196846757761
  • SinclairW.A.ZahandJ.P.MelchingJ.B.Anatomical marker for resistance ofUlmus americana toCeratocystis ulmiPhytopathology197565349352
  • SmithR.S.Verticicladiella root disease of pinesPhytopathology196757935938
  • StanislawekS.D.LongP.G.DavisL.K.Sugar content of xylem sap and susceptibility of willow toChondrostereum purpureumN. Z. J. Bot.198725263269
  • StenlidJ.JohanssonM.Infection of roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) byHeterobasidion annosum. II. Early changes in phenolic content and toxicityEur. J. For. Pathol.19871721722610.1111/j.1439-0329.1987.tb01019.x
  • SwiftM.J.Loss of suberin from bark tissue rotted byArmillaria melleaNature196520743643710.1038/207436a0
  • TakahashiK.OgiyamaK.Phenols of discolored sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) sapwood. II. Norlignans of discolored sugi sapwood collected in the Kyushu regionMokuzai Gakkaishi1985312838
  • TakahashiK.OgiyamaK.Phenols of discolored sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) sapwood. III. Norlignans of “hachikami” and “shimi” woodsMokuzai Gakkaishi198531677683
  • TakahashiK.OgiyamaK.Phenols of discolored sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) sapwood. IV. Norlignans of Ayasugi (cultivar) in the Kyushu regionMokuzai Gakkaishi198632457461
  • TakahashiK.ShirataA.Production of antifungal substances in mulberryJpn. Agric. Res. Quart.198216119124
  • TakasugiM.MuñozL.MasamuneT.ShirataA.TakahashiK.Stilbene phytoalexins from diseased mulberryChem. Lett.197819781241124210.1246/cl.1978.1241
  • TattarT.A.RichA.E.Extractable phenols in clear, discolored, and decayed woody tissues and bark of sugar maple and red maplePhytopathology19736316716910.1094/Phyto-63-167
  • TippettJ.T.Formation and fate of kino veins inEucalyptus L'HeritIAWA Bull.19867137143
  • TippettJ.T.ShigoA.L.Barrier zone anatomy in red pine roots invaded byHeterobasidion annosumCan. J. For. Res.198010224232
  • TippettJ.T.ShigoA.L.Barriers to decay in conifer rootsEur. J. For. Pathol.198111515910.1111/j.1439-0329.1981.tb00070.x
  • TippettJ.T.BogleA.L.ShigoA.L.Response of balsam fir and hemlock roots to injuriesEur. J. For. Pathol.19821235736410.1111/j.1439-0329.1982.tb01289.x
  • TippettJ.T.SheaS.R.HillT.C.ShearerB.L.Development of lesions caused byPhytophthora cinnamomi in the secondary phloem ofEucalyptus marginataAust. J. Bot.19833119721010.1071/BT9830197
  • VanceC.P.KirkT.K.SherwoodR.T.Lignification as a mechanism of disease resistanceAnnu. Rev. Phytopathol.19801825928810.1146/annurev.py.18.090180.001355
  • VerrallA.F.The probable mechanism of the protective action of resin in fire wounds on red pineJ. For.19383612311233
  • WargoP.M.Defoliation-induced chemical changes in sugar maple roots stimulate growth ofArmillaria melleaPhytopathology19726212781283
  • WongB.L.BerrymanA.A.Host resistance to the fir engraver beetle. 3. Lesion development and containment of infection by resistantAbies grandis inoculated withTrichosporium symbioticumCan. J. Bot.1977552358236510.1139/b77-269
  • WongW.C.PreeceT.F.Erwinia salicis in cricket bat willows: Histology and histochemistry of infected woodPhysiol. Plant Pathol.197812321332
  • WongW.C.PreeceT.F.Erwinia salicis in cricket bat willows: Peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, β-glucosidase, pectinolytic and cellulolytic enzyme activity in diseased woodPhysiol. Plant Pathol.197812333347
  • WongW.C.PreeceT.F.Erwinia salicis in cricket bat willows: Phenolic constituents in healthy and diseaesd woodPhysiol. Plant Pathol.19781234935710.1016/0048-4059(78)90009-7
  • WorrallJ.J.HarringtonT.C.Respirometric testing of decay resistance of discolored root woodPhytopathology19887867668210.1094/Phyto-78-676
  • YamadaT.Lipid peroxidation during the development of pine wilt diseaseAnn. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn.198753523530
  • YamadaT.BlanchetteR.A.BiggsA.R.Biochemistry of gymnosperm xylem responses to fungal invasionDefense mechanisms of woody plants against fungi1992BerlinSpringer-Verlag147164
  • YamadaT.Contribution of active defense responses in the limitation of fungal spread in the sapwood of living sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) treeJ. For. Res.1998310310910.1007/BF02760310
  • Yamada, T. (1998b) Studies on the responses of sugi sapwood to fungal invasion: Reaction zone barrier formation in differentiated sapwood. Bull. For. Forest Prod. Res. Inst. No.375: 69–162. (in Japanese with English summary)
  • YamadaT.ItoS.Chemical defense responses of wiltresistant pine species,Pinus strobus andP. taeda, againstBursaphelenchus xylophilus infectionAnn. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn.199359666672
  • YamadaT.NakashimaT.Defensive responses in the sapwood of living sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) trees: Accumulation of norlignans and terpenesJ. Tree Health199712530
  • Yamada, T. and Okuda, K. (1987) Wood discoloration of hinoki and sugi living trees inoculated withAmylostereum sp. symbiotic to the Japanese horntail (Urocerus japonicus Smith). Trans. 98th Annu. Meet. Jpn. For. Soc., 515–516. (in Japanese)
  • YamadaT.TamuraH.MineoK.The response of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) sapwood to fungal invasion following attack by the sugi bark borerPhysiol. Mol. Plant Pathol.19883342944210.1016/0885-5765(88)90009-4
  • YamadaT.TamuraH.MineoK.SuzukiK.Discoloration and cation accumulation in the wood of living sugi trees attacked by the sugi bark borerJ. Jpn. For. Soc.198769121126
  • YangD.JengR.S.HubbesM.Mansonone accumulation in elm callus induced by elicitors ofOphiostoma ulmi, and general properties of elicitorsCan. J. Bot.19896734903497
  • YangD.HubbesM.JengR.S.HubbesM.A glycoprotein isolated from culture filtrates ofOphiostoma ulmi as a mansonone-inducing elicitor on elm callusMycol. Res.199498295300
  • ZimmermannW.SeemüllerE.Degaradation of raspberry suberin byFusarium solani f. sp.pisi andArmillaria melleaPhytopathol. Z.1984110192199

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.