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Original Articles

Two Byzantine craftsmen in fifteenth-century London

Pages 387-403 | Published online: 03 Jan 2012

References

  • Lambros , S.P. , Geanakoplos , Deno J. , Geanakoplos , Deno J. , Ševčenko , Ihor and Nicol , D.M. 1912–1930 . A Byzantine looks at the Renaissance . Παλαιoλóγϵια καiλ πϵλoπννησιακ́ , vol. 4 : 32 – 45 . esp. 32
  • Keller , A.G. 1953–1955 . A Byzantine admirer of “western” progress: Cardinal Bessarion . Cambridge Historical Journal , 11 : 343 – 348 . esp. 348
  • 1991 . Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium , vol. 3 : 2021 3 vols Oxford
  • Gardiner , S.R. and Abrams , M.A. 1857–1924 . On four letters from Lord Bacon to Christian IV, king of Denmark, together with observations on the part taken by him in the grants of monopolies made by James I . Calendar of the State Papers (Domestic Series) , 41 : 33 – 269 . 94 vols London
  • London, Public Record Office, E112/100/1113; Gardiner, ‘Four letters’, 237, 242–245.
  • London, Public Record Office, E112/100/1113, f.2r, 6r; Gardiner, ‘Four letters’, 244.
  • Wulff , H.E. and Beckmann , J. 1846 . The traditional crafts of Persia . A history of inventions, discoveries and origins , Vol. 1 : 40 – 44 . The process is described in more detail in
  • London, Public Record Office, E112/100/1113, f.2r, 6r; Journals of the House of Commons, (1547–1629). 543; Gardiner, ‘Four letters’, 243–244.
  • London, Public Record Office, E112/100/1113, f.2r, 6r; Gardiner, ‘Four letters’, 244–245; Journals of the House of Commons, (1547–1629), 543. The act referred to must be that calendared in Calendar of Letter-books of the City of London: Letter-book L, ed. R.R. Sharpe (London, 1912), 37. It refers specifically to gold wire drawers and not just to wire drawers as found in many earlier documents.
  • London, Goldsmiths Company Archives and Campbell , Marian . 1444–1516 . Gold, silver and precious stones . Minute Book A , : 120 – 121 . esp. 134, notes 124 and 128
  • 1905–1963 . Calendar of the Close Rolls 203 London, Public Record Office, C54/323, membrane 17v
  • 1468–1476 . Calendar of the Close Rolls 403 (index)
  • London, Public Record Office, C76/127, E28/74/11: Pour Andronicus Effomato et Alexius Effomato son firre, natifs de la citee de Constantinople en Grece, ouverrers d'or de damaske et pour quatre serviteurs en leur compagnie. See also: Thomas Rymer, Foedera, Litterae, Conventiones, etc., 10 vols (The Hague, 1735-45), vol. 5, pt. 1, 139 (= vol. 11, 77 in 1st ed.).
  • Thrupp , S.L. and Thrupp , S.L. 1957 . A survey of the alien population of England in 1440 . Speculum , 32 : 262 – 273 . On the alien subsidy see
  • London, Public Record Office, E179/144/42, f.25r; E179/144/53, f.14r. Their servant Peter was also recorded among the non-householders.
  • London, Public Record Office, E179/144/52, f.6r.
  • Thrupp , S.L. 1962 . “ The merchant class of medieval London ” . 338 On Estfeld, see
  • It seems to consist of two Greek words, ϵύ, pronounced ‘ev’ or ‘eff’, meaning ‘good’ or ‘beautiful’ and ματoζ, the genitive form of μμα, ‘the eye’.
  • London, Public Record Office, E179/264/34, f.4r; E179/242/25, f.10r.
  • Douët d'Arcq , L. 1874 . “ Nouveau receuil de comptes de l'argenterie des rois de France ” . 142 – 79 . Paris
  • As in the bronze doors of the church of St. Paul's without-the-walls in Rome which were cast in Constantinople in 1070: A.L. Frothingham, ‘A Syrian artist, author of the bronze doors at St. Paul's, Rome’, American Journal of Archaeology, 18 (1914) 484–491.
  • Johnstone , Pauline . 1967 . “ The Byzantine tradition in church embroidery ” . In Interpretationes Vergilianae vol. 2 , 68 This seems to have been the process used to make Aaron's Ephod in Exodus 39:2–3. The use of gold thread by Byzantine embroiderers is attested as early as the fourth century A.D.
  • Wulff, Crafts, 40–47; Johnstone, Tradition, 68.
  • London, British Museum, M&LA 1990, 12-1,1. Results of analysis made on 28 January 1992. I am indebted to Hero Granger-Taylor of the British Museum for providing me with this information.
  • Beckwith , John . 1979 . “ Early Christian and Byzantine art ” . In L'art de Thessalonique et des pays balkaniques et les courants spirituels au XIVe siecle — receuil des rapports du IVe colloque serbo-grec 334 – 339 . Johnstone, Tradition, 119, plates, 31-4
  • Battuta , Ibn . 1958–1971 . The travels vol. 2 , 425 trans. H.A.R. Gibb, 3 vols
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  • Chartraire , E. 1925 . “ Le trésor de la cathédrale de Sens ” . 10 plate 42; Beckwith, Art, 218.
  • Douët, Receuil, 2; Herald, Dress, 78–79.
  • Paris , Matthew . 1872–1883 . “ English medieval embroidery ” . In Chronica Maiora Edited by: Luard , H.R. vol. 4 , 546 – 547 . 7 vols
  • Bonds , W.N. 1966 . Genoese noblewomen and gold thread manufacturing . Medievalia and Humanistica , 17 : 63 – 64 . Paris
  • Járó , Márta . 1990 . Gold embroidery and fabrics in Europe: XI–XIV centuries . Gold Bulletin , 23 : 40 – 57 . esp. 45. Kay Staniland of the Museum of London informs me that she is currently working on an Englishwoman who was paid 6d a day to make gold thread during the reign of Edward III.
  • Collins , F. , ed. 1896–1900 . Register of the Freemen of the City of York vol. 1 , 53 Two wire drawers appeared among the freemen of York in 1357–1359
  • Ibn Battuta, Travels, vol. 2, 425. These aspects of gold thread were culled from Andrew Oddy and Hero Granger-Taylor of the British Museum.
  • Heyd , W. 1885–1886 . Histoire du commerce du Levant au moyen âge , vol. 2 : 683 – 678 . Rotuli Parliamentorum, vol. 3, 47
  • Lopez , R.S. , Nicol , D.M. and Sussman , Stanley A. 1948 . Le problème des relations Anglo-Byzantines du septième au dixième siècle . Byzantion , 18 : 139 – 162 . Accounts of relations between England and Byzantium can be found in
  • du Fresne du Cange , C. and Nicol , D.M. 1682 . A Byzantine Emperor in England . Historia Byzantina , 2 : 238 – 241 . London, Public Record Office C76/83, membrane 6r; Rymer, Foedera, vol. 3, pt. 4, 154 (= vol. 8, 65)
  • Wylie , J.H. , Valois , N. and Cammelli , G. 1884–1898 . Fragment d'un registre du Grand Conseil de Charles VII (mars–juin 1455) . History of England under Henry IV , vol. 4 : 200 – 308 . 4 vols London
  • Chalcocondyles , Laonicos , Chrysolars , Manuel and Cammelli , G. 1866 . Epistola ad Joannem Imperatorem . Patrologia Graeca , 156 : 92 – 94 . Paris
  • Vasiliev , A.A. and Gonzalez Clavijo , Ruy . 1932 . Pero Tafur — A Spanish traveller of the fifteenth century and his visit to Constantinople, Trebizond and Italy . Byzantion , 7 : 75 – 122 . esp. 113
  • Sneyd , C.A. , ed. 1847 . An Italian relation of the island of England 42 – 43 .
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  • London, Public Record Office, C1/11/294.
  • London, Public Record Office, E179/144/42, f.20r, 30r-30v, E179/264/34, f.5r, E179/236/74.
  • London, Public Record Office, E179/144/52, f.9r; E179/144/53, f.15r; E179/144/50, f.10r; Rymer, Foedera, vol. 5, pt. 1, 33 (=vol. 10, 650); Calendar of the Patent Rolls, 74 vols (London, 1901-86), (1429-36), 604; Calendar of the Papal Registers: letters, 15 vols (London, 1893–1955), vol. 9, 112, 186, vol. 10, 110-11; E. T. Hamy, ‘Thomas de Coron, dit le Franc’, Bulletin de la Société Française d'Histoire de la Medicine, 7 (1908), 193–205; A. Thomas, ‘Nouveaux documents sur Thomas le Franc, médicin de Charles VII, protecteur de l'humanisme’, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, Comptes rendus (Paris, 1911), 671-6.
  • Jacob , E.F. , ed. 1422–1429 . “ The medical practitioners of medieval England ” . In Proceedings and ordinances of the Privy CouncilCalendar of the Patent Rolls vol. 3 , 411 – 161 . London, Public Record Office, C66/421, membrane 19r
  • McRoberts , D. 1977 . The Greek Bishop of Dromore . Innes Review , 28 : 403 – 38 . London, Guildhall Library, MS 9531/8, 3rd series, f. 1v–3v
  • de la Marche , Olivier . 1785 . Mémoires , vol. 2 : 65 2 vols (Collection Universelle des Mémoires Particuliers Relatifs à l'Histoire de France, Paris and London)
  • London, Goldsmiths Company Archives , Nicol , D.M. , Reddaway , T.F. and Walker , L.E.M. 1444–1516 . The Byzantine family of Kantakouzenos (Cantacuzenus) . Minute Book A , : 122 Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms grec 1731, f.198
  • Bentley , S. 1833 . “ Excerpta historica or illustrations of English history ” . In Anniversary essays in medieval history by students of Charles Homer Haskins Edited by: Taylor , C.H. 392 – 116 . London, Public Record Office, E404/71/3/67
  • London, Public Record Office, E122/73/12, f.30r, 33v; E122/203/3, f.13r.
  • Trokelowe , John and Blaneforde , Henry . 1866 . Chronica et annales Edited by: Riley , H.T. 336
  • London, Public Record Office, E179/144/52, f.9r, E179/144/64, f.8r.
  • Jenkinson , W. 1917 . “ London churches before the Great Fire ” . 131 On the priory church of the Austin Friars seeLondon, Guildhall Library, MS 9171/4, f.168v, 210r, MS 9171/5, f. 101v.
  • Walsingham , Thomas and Flenley , R. 1910 . London and foreign merchants in the reign of Henry VI . English Historical Review , 25 : 462 – 655 . 2 vols
  • 1986 . The Crowland Chronicle continuations 139 ed. and trans. N. Pronay and J. Cox London
  • London, Public Record Office, E122/73/25, f.16v. Andronicus is probably to be identified with the Andronicus of Constantinople who appears in the accounts for 1445 and 1449: London, Public Record Office, E122/203/36, f. 14v, 15v; E122/73/23, f.5v, 33r, 36r, 40v.
  • London, Public Record Office, E179/144/45; E179/144/42, f.20r; E179/144/52, f.9r, John Negreaunt was in all probability the John Belvider alias Negropounte whose will was proved in May 1447. It is likely that he was Venetian in origin since all his executors except one were merchants of Venice: London, Guildhall Library, MS 9171/4, f.210r. The exception was the Greek doctor Thomas Frank, but his inclusion is easily explained, for he too was from one of the Greek colonies of Venice; the town of Corone in the Southern Peloponnes: E. Legrand, Cent dix lettres grecques de François Filelfe (Paris, 1892), 72-7.
  • E.B. Fryde, ‘Anglo-Italian commerce in the fifteenth century: Some evidence about profits and the balance of trade’ Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire, 50 (1972), 345–355, esp. 352, 355.
  • 1898–1900 . “ The wine trade ” . In Extracts from the account rolls of the Abbey of Durham vol. 2 , 563 London, Public Record Office, E122/203/3, f.14v, 15v
  • Sanuto , Marino . 19401733 . “ Vite de' Duchi di Venezia ” . In The Book of Margery Kempe Edited by: Meech , S.B. 284 col. 789 Margery Kempe travelled via Venice to the Holy Land in 1413:
  • 1930–1933 . Register of Edward, the Black Prince , vol. 4 : 325 Douët, Receuil, 193
  • Nicol , D.M. 1988 . “ Byzantium and Venice ” . In Ph.D. Thesis 414 – 418 . On the Greek community in Venice see
  • Pardos , A. 1498–1530 . καταλλoγoς των πρωτων μϵλωνν τηνς ϵλληνικης αδϵλπτητας Bϵ , 129 : 1 – 386 . esp. 322–386
  • 1723–1849 . Ordonnances des rois de France de la troisième race , vol. 20 : 592 – 594 . 21 vols Paris
  • Hardy , W.J. , Page , W. , Fry , E.A. and Madge , S.J. 1892–1893 . A calendar of the Feet of Fines for London and Middlesex , vol. 2 : 28 2 vols London
  • London, Public Record Office, E179/144/42, f.25r; E28/74/11; C76/127, membrane 10r; Rymer, Foedera, vol. 5, pt. 1, 139 (= vol. 11, 77).
  • 1468–1476 . Calendar of the Close Rolls , : 203
  • London, Public Record Office, C1/11/294. The plea is addressed to the Bishop of Bath and Wells, Chancellor of England who was probably Robert Stillington, Chancellor until 1473. The mention of Andronicus's death means that the plea cannot date from before 1471 and no other Bishop of Bath and Wells was Chancellor until Cardinal Wolsey in 1515
  • Fryde , E.B. , Greenway , D.E. , Porter , S. and Roy , I. 1986 . Handbook of British chronology , : 87 – 88 . London
  • London, Public Record Office, E179/242/25, f.10r; E179/264/34, f.5r.
  • Jones , P.E. , ed. 1961 . Calendar of Plea and Memoranda Rolls of the City of London, (1458–1482) 112 – 113 . Cambridge
  • Calendar of Plea and Memoranda Rolls, 112–113; Wulff, Crafts, 45–46.
  • He is mentioned in Annes' will, dated 28 February 1500: London, Guildhall Library, MS 9171/8, f. 215v–216v.
  • During the reign of Elizabeth, 10-year-old Mary Forsett worked under a Frenchman to learn, among other things, how to make gold thread: Gardiner, ‘Four letters’, 244.
  • Williams , L. 1485–1500 . Aliens and industry in Tudor England . Calendar of the Close Rolls , : 276 – 169 . For other examples of the influence of alien craftsmen on English industries see
  • All the metal threads in two small panels embroidered with the arms of Henry VIII and now in the British Museum (M&LA 1895, 8–10, 37) are based on wire. Once again, my source of information is Hero Granger-Taylor.

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