Presidential voting in the west

References

• For a discussion of the West's voting behavior in the 1980 election, seeCalClarkB.Oliver WalterA Symposium on Politics in the West: The 1980 Election Social Science Journal 18 (1981) It includes articles on Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington and Wyoming.
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• For an earlier, still valuable discussion of western politics, seeFrank H.JonasPolitics in the American West1969University of Utah PressSalt Lake City Of more recent vintage is Ronald H. HrebenarClive S. ThomasInterest Group Politics in the American West (1987) University of Utah Press. Salt Lake City.
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• See, for instanceJ.Clark ArcherSome Geographical Aspects of the American Presidential Election of 1980Political Geography Quarterly11982123135 J. Clark Archer, Some Geographical Aspects of the American Presidential Election of 1984. Political Geography Quarterly 4 (1985) 159–172. Cal Clark, B. Oliver Walter, Rising Republicanism in the West: A Regional Tide or Harmonic State Waves?. Social Science Journal 18 (1981) 1–16. John Swauger, Regionalism in the 1976 Presidential Election. Geographical Review 70 (1980) 157–166.
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• J.Clark ArcherPeter J.TaylorSection and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, From Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan1981Research Studies PressChichester See also J. Clark Archer, G.T. Murauskas, F.M. Shelley, P.J. Taylor, E.R. White, Counties, States, Sections, and Parties in the 1984 Presidential Election. Professional Geographer 37 (1985) 279–287.
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• Archer and Taylor, Section and Party, p. 178.
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• Archer and Taylor, Section and Party, p. 178. See alsoKevin P.PhillipsThe Emerging Republican Majority1969Arlington HouseNew Rochelle, New York290407
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• Archer and Taylor, Section and Party, pp. 178–179. See alsoGerald R.WebsterSize of Place and Voting in Presidential Elections in the Interior WestGeographical Perspectives58/59Spring/Fall, 19877892
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• Philip E.ConverseThe Concept of a Normal VoteAngusCampbellPhilip E.ConveseWarren E.MillerDonald E.StokesElections and the Political Order1966WileyNew York939
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• For instance, seeJ.Clark ArcherFred M.ShelleyAmerican Electoral Mosaics1986Association of American GeographersWashington, DC4248 Peter J. Taylor, The Geography of Elections. MichaelPacione Progress in Political Geography (1986) Croom Helm. London. 246–247.
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• Kevin R. Cox, “The Spatial Evolution of National Voting Response Surfaces: Theory and Measurement,” Discussion Paper No. 9 (Department of Geography, Ohio State University, Columbus, undated).
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• For instance, seeKathleenMurphy BeattyColorado: Increasingly UnpredictableSocial Science Journal18198140 Oliver Walter, Wyoming: Conservative and Republican But Not Always So. Social Science Journal 18 (1981) 141–142. Nicol C. Rae, The U.S. Mid-term Elections of 1986. Electoral Studies 6 (1987) 41–46. Carl Miller, Western Independence Fools Experts. Denver Post (February 11, 1987) C4.
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• See for instanceBruce A.CampbellRichard J.TrillingRealignment in American Politics: Towards a Theory1980University of Texas PressAustinEdward G.CarminesJohn P.McIverJames A.StimsonUnrealized Partisanship: A Theory of DealignmentJournal of Politics491987376400 Jerome M. Clubb, William H. Flanigan, Nancy H. Zindale, Partisan Realignment: Voters, Parties, and Government in American History. (1980) Sage. Beverly Hills. David G. Lawrence, Richard Fleisher, Puzzles and Confusions: Political Realignment in the 1980s. Political Science Quarterly 102 (1987) 79–92.
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• Archer and Shelley, American Electoral Mosaics, p. 55. See alsoFred M.ShelleyArcher J.ClarkEllen R.WhiteRednecks and Quiche Eaters: A Cartographic Analysis of Recent Third Party Electoral CampaignsJournal of Geography831984712 Fred M. Shelley, Archer J. Clark, Political Habit, Political Culture and the Electoral Mosaic of a Border Region. Geographical Perspectives 54 (1984) 7–20. Fred M. Shelley, Archer J. Clark, Murauskas Thomas, The Geography of Recent Presidential Elections in the Southwest. Arkansas Journal of Geography 2 (1986) 1–11. Webster, “Size of Place and Voting.”
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• Archer and Taylor, Section and Party, p. 105. See alsoJamesKlonoskiAnnAikenOregon: Still Liberal But SlippingSocial Science Journal198187102
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• Archer and Taylor, Section and Party, p. 237. See also Archer and Shelley,American Electoral Mosaics, chap. 3.
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• For comments on this region's population dynamics and urbanization trends, see Dean S. Rugg and Donald C. Rundquist, “Urbanization in the Great Plains: Trends and Prospects,” in The Great Plains: Perspectives and Prospects, Merlin P. Lawson and Maurice E. Baker, editors (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press), pp. 221–246;DavidBrownPotential Impacts of Changing Population Size and Composition of the PlainsMerlin P.LawsonMaurice E.BakerThe Great Plains: Perspective and Prospects1981University of Nebraska PressLincoln3151 Webster, “Size of Place and Voting”
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• State electoral power at the national level is undoubtably a function of more than simply a state's number of electoral votes. SeeGeorgeRabinowitzStuartElaine McDonaldThe Power of the States in the U.S. Presidential ElectionsAmerican Political Science Review8019866587 Several western states have entertained the concept of a regional primary to increase their importance nationally in the candidate selection process. See Joan Lowy, Increase in West's Voting Clout Sought. Rocky Mountain News (January 23, 1986) 5.
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• Dan W.DriggsThe 1960 Election in NevadaWestern Political Quarterly141961347349
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• See for instance, Archer and Taylor, Section and Party; Archer and Shelley, American Electoral Mosaics; Taylor, “Geography of Elections.”
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• For examples of more traditional applications, seeKevin R.CoxSuburbia and Voting Behavior in the London Metropolitan AreaAnnals of the Association of American Geographers581968111127 Gerald R. Webster, Roberta Haven Webster, Ethnicity and Voting in the Miami-Dade County SMSA. Urban Geography 8 (1987) 19–30.
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• In Section and Party, pp. 213–233, Archer and Taylor provide a detailed discussion of factor analytic methods in an appendix. This discussion includes the S-mode procedure. For another example of the S-mode approach, see Shelley and Archer, “Political Habit.” For an example and discussion of the versatility of factoring techniques in social science research, seeDavid R.MorganRobert E.EnglandClassifying the American States: An UpdateSocial Science Quarterly681987405417
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• Archer and Taylor, Section and Party, pp. 213–233. For another example of the T-mode approach, seeR.J.JohnstonThe Changing Geography of Voting in the United States: 1946–1980Transactions of the Institute of British GeographersNS 71982187204
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• Archer and Taylor, Section and Party, pp. 178–183.
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• Taylor, ‘Geography of Elections,’ provides a review of many of these studies.
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• Archer and Taylor, Section and Party, p. 26.
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• For discussions of election classification, seeGeraldPomperClassification of Presidential ElectionsJournal of Politics291967535556
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• R.J. Jonhston, “The Changing Geography of Voting”
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• AngusCampbellA Classification of Presidential ElectionsAngusCampbellPhilip E.ConverseWarren E.MillerDonald E.StokesElections and the Political Order1966WileyNew York6377
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• There is a wealth of political science literature on election types and classification. Of note areV.O.KeyJr.A Theory of Critical ElectionsJournal of Politics171955318 Duncan MacRae Jr., James A. Meldrum, Critical Elections in Illinois: 1888–1958. American Political Science Review 54 (1960) 669–683. Walter D. Burnham, Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics. (1970) W.W. Norton. New York. Benjamin Ginsberg, Critical Elections and the Substance of Party Conflict: 1884–1968. Midwest Journal of Political Science 16 (1972) 603–625. Douglas Price, Critical Elections' and Party History: a Critical View. Polity 4 (1971) 236–242. Anne E. Hopkins, William Lyons, Toward a Classification of State Electoral Change: A Note on Tennessee, 1837–1976. Journal of Politics 42 (1980) 209–226. Gerald Pomper, Classification of Presidential Elections. Journal of Politics 29 (1967) 535–556.
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• R.J. Jonhston, “The Changing Geography of Voting”
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• AngusCampbellA Classification of Presidential ElectionsAngusCampbellPhilip E.ConverseWarren E.MillerDonald E.Stokes1966WileyNew York6377
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• William H.BerentsenAustrian Regional Development Policy: The Impact of Policy on the Achievement of Planning GoalsEconomic Geography541978115134 William H. Berentsen, Regional Change in the German Democratic Republic. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 71 (1981) 50–66. John Offord, William H. Berentsen, Social Well-Being and Social Assistance Expenditures in Georgia, 1950–1970. Southeastern Geographer 22 (1982) 130–149. Gerald R. Webster, Socioeconomic Well-Being and Intergovernmental Revenue Transfers to Local Governments in Kentucky, 1960–1972. Virginia Geographer 16 (1984) 19–36.
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• Walter D. Burnham has noted the dominance of survey research and “the overwhelming preoccupation with analyses at the individual scale”. SeeWalter D.BurnhamThe United States: The Politics of HeterogeneityRichardRoseElectoral Behavior: A Comparative Handbook1974Free PressNew York695
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• Archer and Taylor, Section and Party, pp. 10–11.
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• For fuller discussions of the traditions of electoral research and their major contributors, see Archer and Taylor, Section and Party, pp. 1–21; Archer and Shelley, American Electoral Mosaics, pp. 13–27.
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• SeeJamesW. LindeenIntra-state Sectionalism: Nebraska Presidential Election Behavior, 1916–1968Western Political Quarterly241971540548
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• SeeBoyd A.MartinIdaho: The Sectional StateFrank H.JonasPolitics in the American West1969University of Utah PressSalt Lake City181202
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• The north-south partisan split in Wyoming is also noted for gubernatorial electionsJanetClarkWyoming Re-Election: From Affluence to Recession with StabilityThad L.BeyleRe-Electing the Governor: The 1982 Election1986University Press of AmericaNew York323336
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• Boyd A.MartinIdaho: The Sectional StateFrank H.JonasPolitics in the American West1969University of Utah PressSalt Lake City181202 Thomas Payne, Montana: Politics Under the Cooper Dome. Frank H. JonasPolitics in the American West (1969) University of Utah Press. Salt Lake City. 203–232.
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• SeeEleanoreBushnellNevada: The Tourist StateFrank H.JonasPolitics in the American West1969University of Utah PressSalt Lake City233258 Rudolph Gomez, Colorado: The Colorful State. Frank H. JonasPolitics in the American West (1969) Univeristy of Utah Press. Salt Lake City. 125–152.
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• Archer and Shelley (American Electoral Mosaics, pp. 56–58) note the influence of Indian reservations on voting patterns.
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• Historically, Denver has been a Democratic Party city. SeeRodneyHeroThe Election of Hispanics in City Government: An Examination of the Election of Frederico Pena as Mayor of DenverWestern Political Quarterly40198793105
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• SeeEleanoreBushnellDon W.DriggsNevada: Business as UsualSocial Science Journal1819816574
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• Archer and Taylor, Section and Party, p. 210.
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• See for instanceNormal H.NieSidneyVerbaJohn R.PetrocikThe Changing American Voter enlarged edition1979Harvard University PressCambridge chapter 4
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• Campbell and Trilling, Realignment in American Politics; Clubb, Flanigan and Zingale, Partisan Realignment.
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