References
- T.MulliganM.F.FrickQ.C.ZurawA.StemhagenC.McWhirterPrevalence of hypogonadism in males aged at least 45 years: the HIM studyInt J Clin Pract602006762769
- G.CoronaM.MonamiG.RastrelliA.AversaY.TishovaF.Saadet alTestosterone and metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis studyJ Sex Med82011272283
- G.CoronaG.RastrelliM.MonamiA.GuayJ.BuvatA.Sforzaet alHypogonadism as a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality in men: a meta-analytic studyEur J Endocrinol1652011687701
- F.A.ZarroufS.ArtzJ.GriffithC.SirbuM.KommorTestosterone and depression: systematic review and meta-analysisJ Psychiatr Pract152009289305
- A.B.AraujoG.R.EscheV.KupelianA.B.O'DonnellT.G.TravisonR.E.Williamset alPrevalence of symptomatic androgen deficiency in menJ Clin Endocrinol Metab92200742414247
- T.C.HsiehA.W.PastuszakK.HwangL.I.LipshultzConcomitant intramuscular human chorionic gonadotropin preserves spermatogenesis in men undergoing testosterone replacement therapyJ Urol1892013647650
- G.L.de SouzaJ.HallakAnabolic steroids and male infertility: a comprehensive reviewBJU Int108201118601865
- J.BuvatM.MaggiA.GuayL.O.TorresTestosterone deficiency in men: systematic review and standard operating procedures for diagnosis and treatmentJ Sex Med102013245284
- World Health OrganizationWHO Manual for the Standardised Investigation and Diagnosis of the Infertile Couple2000Cambridge University PressCambridge
- H.TournayeMale factor infertility and ARTAsian J Androl142012103108
- R.MaggiPhysiology of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): beyond the control of reproductive functionsMOJ Anat Physiol220160006310.15406/mojap.2016.02.00063
- A.C.GuytonReproductive and hormonal functions of the maleTextbook of medical physiology8th ed.1991WB Saunders CompanyPhiladelphia
- K.C.CopelandS.ChernausekMini-puberty and growthPediatrics1382016e2016130110.1542/peds.2016-1301
- J.P.JarowEndocrine causes of male infertilityUrol Clin North Am3020038390
- R.FraiettaD.S.ZylberstejnS.C.EstevesHypogonadotropic hypogonadism revisitedClinics (Sao Paulo)68Suppl. 120138188
- A.HalderM.JainP.KumarPrimary testicular failure: an overviewJ Clin Diagn Res32015e10510.4172/2376-0311.1000e105
- M.J.McCabeR.E.BancalariM.T.DattaniDiagnosis and evaluation of hypogonadismPediatr Endocrinol Rev11Suppl. 22014214229
- S.BhasinG.R.CunninghamF.J.HayesA.M.MatsumotoP.J.SnyderR.S.Swerdloffet alTestosterone therapy in men with androgen deficiency syndromes: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guidelineJ Clin Endocrinol Metab95201025362559
- J.BuvatM.MaggiL.GoorenA.T.GuayJ.KaufmanA.Morgentaleret alEndocrine aspects of male sexual dysfunctionsJ Sex Med7201016271656
- G.VanbillemontV.BogaertD.De BacquerB.LapauwS.GoemaereK.Toyeet alPolymorphisms of the SHBG gene contribute to the interindividual variation of sex steroid hormone blood levels in young, middle-aged and elderly menClin Endocrinol (Oxf)702009303310
- F.FanelliA.GambineriM.MezzulloV.VicennatiC.PelusiR.Pasqualiet alRevisiting hyper- and hypo-androgenism by tandem mass spectrometryRev Endocr Metab Disord142013185205
- J.D.DeanC.G.McMahonA.T.GuayA.MorgentalerS.E.AlthofE.F.Becheret alThe International Society for Sexual Medicine’s process of care for the assessment and management of testosterone deficiency in adult menJ Sex Med12201516601686
- D.J.KatzO.NabulsiR.TalJ.P.MulhallOutcomes of clomiphene citrate treatment in young hypogonadal menBJU Int1102012573578
- T.RaivioJ.FalardeauA.DwyerR.QuintonF.J.HayesV.A.Hugheset alReversal of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadismN Engl J Med3572007863873
- P.Y.LiuH.W.BakerV.JayadevM.ZacharinA.J.ConwayD.J.HandelsmanInduction of spermatogenesis and fertility during gonadotropin treatment of gonadotropin-deficient infertile men: predictors of fertility outcomeJ Clin Endocrinol Metab942009801808
- J.E.DamberL.AbramssonM.DuchekTamoxifen treatment of idiopathic oligozoospermia: effect on hCG-induced testicular steroidogenesis and semen variablesScand J Urol Nephrol231989241246
- M.ChehabA.MadalaJ.C.TrussellOn-label and off-label drugs used in the treatment of male infertilityFertil Steril1032015595604
- H.GhanemO.ShaeerA.El-SeginiCombination clomiphene citrate and antioxidant therapy for idiopathic male infertility: a randomized controlled trialFertil Steril93201022322235
- M.E.ChuaK.G.EscusaS.LunaL.C.TapiaB.DofitasM.MoralesRevisiting oestrogen antagonists (clomiphene or tamoxifen) as medical empiric therapy for idiopathic male infertility: a meta-analysisAndrology12013749757
- L.W.RothA.R.RyanR.B.MeachamClomiphene citrate in the management of male infertilitySemin Reprod Med312013245250
- M.R.MoeinN.TabibnejadJ.GhasemzadehBeneficial effect of tamoxifen on sperm recovery in infertile men with nonobstructive azoospermiaAndrologia44Suppl. 12012194198
- J.KaminetskyM.WernerG.FontenotR.D.WiehleOral enclomiphene citrate stimulates the endogenous production of testosterone and sperm counts in men with low testosterone: comparison with testosterone gelJ Sex Med10201316281635
- C.NiederbergerRe: Oral enclomiphene citrate raises testosterone and preserves sperm counts in obese hypogonadal men, unlike topical testosterone: restoration instead of replacementJ Urol1972017233
- R.D.WiehleG.K.FontenotJ.WikeK.HsuJ.NydellL.Lipshultzet alEnclomiphene citrate stimulates testosterone production while preventing oligospermia: a randomized phase II clinical trial comparing topical testosteroneFertil Steril1022014720727
- D.P.PatelW.O.BrantJ.B.MyersA.P.PressonE.B.JohnstoneJ.A.Doraiset alThe safety and efficacy of clomiphene citrate in hypoandrogenic and subfertile menInt J Impot Res272015221224
- J.BuvatK.ArdaensA.LemaireA.GauthierJ.P.GasnaultM.Buvat-HerbautIncreased sperm count in 25 cases of idiopathic normogonadotropic oligospermia following treatment with tamoxifenFertil Steril391983700703
- T.C.KadiogluI.T.KöksalM.TunçI.NaneS.TellalogluTreatment of idiopathic and postvaricocelectomy oligozoospermia with oral tamoxifen citrateBJU Int831999646648
- A.VermeulenF.ComhaireHormonal effects of an antiestrogen, tamoxifen, in normal and oligospermic menFertil Steril291978320327
- I.G.KotoulasE.CardamakisJ.MichopoulosD.MitropoulosA.DounisTamoxifen treatment in male infertility. I. Effect on spermatozoaFertil Steril611994911914
- Y.AinMelkS.BelisleM.CarmelT.Jean-PierreTamoxifen citrate therapy in male infertilityFertil Steril481987113117
- E.TsourdiA.KourtisD.FarmakiotisI.KatsikisM.SalmasD.PanidisThe effect of selective estrogen receptor modulator administration on the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis in men with idiopathic oligozoospermiaFertil Steril91Suppl.200914271430
- M.A.RibeiroL.F.GameiroW.R.ScaranoC.Briton-JonesA.KapoorM.B.Rosaet alAromatase inhibitors in the treatment of oligozoospermic or azoospermic men: a systematic review of randomized controlled trialsJBRA Assist Reprod2020168288
- P.N.SchlegelAromatase inhibitors for male infertilityFertil Steril98201213591362
- B.ZumoffL.K.MillerG.W.StrainReversal of the hypogonadotropic hypogonadism of obese men by administration of the aromatase inhibitor testolactoneMetabolism52200311261128
- J.D.RamanP.N.SchlegelAromatase inhibitors for male infertilityJ Urol1672002624629
- S.LovesJ.Ruinemans-KoertsH.de BoerLetrozole once a week normalizes serum testosterone in obesity-related male hypogonadismEur J Endocrinol1582008741747
- B.SaylamO.EfesoyS.CayanThe effect of aromatase inhibitor letrozole on body mass index, serum hormones, and sperm parameters in infertile menFertil Steril952011809811
- S.M.StephensA.J.PolotskyBig enough for an aromatase inhibitor? How adiposity affects male fertilitySemin Reprod Med312013251257
- S.S.Du PlessisS.CablerD.A.McAlisterE.SabaneghA.AgarwalThe effect of obesity on sperm disorders and male infertilityNat Rev Urol72010153161
- Y.ElkhiatI.FahmyAromatase inhibitors in the treatment of male infertilityHum Androl120113538
- G.PatryK.JarviE.D.GroberK.C.LoUse of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole to treat male infertilityFertil Steril928292009e821822
- O.ShoshanyN.AbhyankarN.MufarrehG.DanielC.NiederbergerOutcomes of anastrozole in oligozoospermic hypoandrogenic subfertile menFertil Steril1072017589594
- A.A.DabajaP.N.SchlegelMedical treatment of male infertilityTransl Androl Urol32014916
- B.Z.LederJ.L.RohrerS.D.RubinJ.GalloC.LongcopeEffects of aromatase inhibition in elderly men with low or borderline-low serum testosterone levelsJ Clin Endocrinol Metab89200411741180
- A.ChudnovskyC.S.NiederbergerGonadotropin therapy for infertile men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadismJ Androl282007644646
- M.E.BakirciogluH.F.ErdenH.N.CirayN.BayazitM.BahceciGonadotrophin therapy in combination with ICSI in men with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadismReprod Biomed Online152007156160
- D.BuchterH.M.BehreS.KlieschE.NieschlagPulsatile GnRH or human chorionic gonadotropin/human menopausal gonadotropin as effective treatment for men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a review of 42 casesEur J Endocrinol1391998298303
- M.ZitzmannE.NieschlagHormone substitution in male hypogonadismMol Cell Endocrinol16120007388
- T.S.HanP.M.BoulouxWhat is the optimal therapy for young males with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism?Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)722010731737
- L.LiuS.M.BanksK.M.BarnesR.J.SherinsTwo-year comparison of testicular responses to pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone and exogenous gonadotropins from the inception of therapy in men with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadismJ Clin Endocrinol Metab67198811401145
- G.HaidlManagement strategies for male factor infertilityDrugs62200217411753
- A.D.CovielloA.M.MatsumotoW.J.BremnerK.L.HerbstJ.K.AmoryB.D.Anawaltet alLow-dose human chorionic gonadotropin maintains intratesticular testosterone in normal men with testosterone-induced gonadotropin suppressionJ Clin Endocrinol Metab90200525952602
- Dohle GR, Arver S, Bettocchi C, Jones TH, Kliesch S. EAU Guidelines on Male Hypogonadism. Available at: http://uroweb.org/guideline/male-hypogonadism/. Accessed November 2017.