References
- A.AfonsoM.S.AubynCross-country efficiency of secondary education provision: A semi-parametric analysis with non-discretionary inputsEconomic Modelling233200647649110.1016/j.econmod.2006.02.003
- A.AfonsoL.SchuknechtV.TanziPublic sector efficiency: Evidence for new EU member states and emerging marketsApplied Economics421720102147216410.1080/00036840701765460
- Afrobarometer. (2014). What is Afrobarometer? Retrieved from http://www.afrobarometer.org.
- E.AhmadG.BrosioIntroduction: Fiscal federalism − A review of developments in the literature and policyE.AhmadG.BrosioHandbook of fiscal federalism2006Edward ElgarNorthampton, MA129
- J.AhmadS.DevarajanS.KhemaniS.ShahDecentralization and service deliveryE.AhmadG.BrosioHandbook of fiscal federalism2006Edward ElgarNorthampton, MA240268
- A.AlesinaA.DevleeschauwerW.EasterlyS.KurlatR.WacziargFractionalizationJournal of Economic Growth82200315519410.1023/A:1024471506938
- AsiaBarometer. (2012). Findings [Data file]. Retrieved from: http://https://www.asiabarometer.org/en/findings/General%20findings.
- J.B.AxenrothSocial class and delinquency in cross-cultural perspectiveJournal of Research in Crime and Delinquency202198316418210.1177/002242788302000202
- P.BardhanDecentralization of governance and developmentJournal of Economic Perspectives1642002185205
- P.BardhanD.MookherjeeThe rise of local governments: An overviewP.BardhanD.MookherjeeDecentralization and local governance in developing countries: A comparative perspective2006MIT PressCambridge, MA152
- T.BartleyK.AndersonP.JaggerF.Van LaerhovenThe contribution of institutional theories to explaining decentralization of natural resource governanceSociety and Natural Resources212008160174
- D.H.BayleyComparative organization of the police in English-speaking countriesM.TonryN.MorrisCrime and justice1992The University of ChicagoChicago, IL509545
- M.BellK.PavittTechnological accumulation and industrial growth: Contrasts between developed and developing countriesD.ArchibugiJ.MichieTechnology, globalisation and economic performance1997Cambridge University PressCambridge, UK83137
- T.S.BreuschA.R.PaganThe Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometricsReview of Economic Studies4711980239253
- J.J.CallahanThe viability of the small police department in metropolitan police protectionPaper presented at the national meeting of the American Society for Public AdministrationNew York, NY(1972)
- Center for Systemic Peace. (2015). Major episodes of political violence, 1946-2014 [Data file]. Retrieved from: http://www.systemicpeace.org/inscrdata.html.
- A.ChalfinJ.McCraryCriminal Deterence: A Review of the LiteratureJournal of Economic Literature5512017548http://https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20141147
- G.S.CheemaD.A.RondinelliFrom government decentralization to decentralized governanceG.S.CheemaD.A.RondinelliDecentralizing governance: Emerging concepts and practices2007Brookings Institution PressWashington, DC120
- B.ChristensP.W.SpeerPredicting violent crime using urban and suburban densitiesBehavior and Social Issues142200511312710.5210/bsi.v14i2.334
- B.DafflonThe assignment of functions to decentralized government: From theory to practiceE.AhmadG.BrosioHandbook of fiscal federalism2006Edward ElgarNorthampton, MA271305
- World police encyclopediaD.K.Das2006RoutledgeNew York, NY
- East-Asian Barometer. (2009). Online data analysis [Data file]. Retrieved from: http://www.jdsurvey.net/eab/Analize.jsp.
- L.EllisK.BeaverJ.WrightHandbook of crime correlates2009Academic PressSan Diego, CA
- European Commission. (2015). Standard Eurobaromete [Data file]. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/eb_arch_en.htm.
- R.FismanR.GattiDecentralization and corruption: Evidence across countries1999Development Research Groups, The World Bankhttp://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/264891468780583449/820140748_2004041311100411/additional/28202.pdf
- S.A.FritzenP.W.OngDecentralization in developing countriesE.M.BermanEncyclopedia of public administration and public policy2nd ed.2008Taylor & Francis GroupBoca Raton, FL498503
- Gallup. (2015). Confidence in institutions. Retrieved from http://www.gallup.com/poll/1597/confidence-institutions.aspx.
- Global Barometer. (2009). Online data analysis [Data file]. Retrieved from: http://www.jdsurvey.net/gbs/Analize.jsp.
- W.H.GreeneEconometric analysisFifth ed.2003Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ
- J.GruberPublic finance and public policy3rd ed.2011Worth PublishersNew York, NY
- V.R.HadizDecentralization and democracy in Indonesia: A critique of neo-institutionalist perspectivesDevelopment and Change3542004697718
- D.HaunerExplaining differences in public sector efficiency: Evidence from Russia’s regionsWorld Development361020081745176510.1016/j.worlddev.2007.09.011
- D.HaunerA.KyobeDeterminants of government efficiencyWorld Development381120101527154210.1016/j.worlddev.2010.04.004
- D.HealdVarieties of transparencyC.HoodD.HealdTransparency: The key to better governance?2006Oxford University PressNew York, NY2543
- C.HoodD.HealdTransparency: The key to better governance? 135 (2006) Oxford University Press. New York.
- D.JacobsInequality and police strength: Conflict theory and coercive control in metropolitan areasAmerican Sociological Review4461979913925
- J.JacksonB.BradfordB.StankoK.HohlJust authority? Trust in the police in England and Wales2013RoutledgeNew York, NY
- S.L.KentD.JacobsSocial divisions and coercive control in advanced societies: Law enforcement strength in eleven nations from 1975 to 1994Social Problems513200434336110.1525/sp.2004.51.3.343
- S.L.KentD.JacobsMinority threat and police strength from 1980 to 2000: A fixed-effects analysis of nonlinear and interactive effects in large U.S. citiesCriminology433200573176010.1111/j.0011-1348.2005.00022.x
- G.KleckT.KovandzicCity-level characteristics and individual handgun ownership: Effects of collective security and homicideJournal of Contemporary Criminal Justice2512009456610.1177/1043986208329085
- E.KneeboneS.RaphaelCity and suburban crime trends in metropolitan America2011Metropolitan Policy Program at BrookingsWashington, D.C Retrieved from http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2011/05/26-metropolitan-crime-kneebone-raphael
- World encyclopedia of police forces and correctional systemsG.T.Kurian2nd ed.2006Thomson GaleFarmington Hills, MI
- Latin American Public Opinion Project. (2015). Data sets [Data file]. Retrieved from: http://vanderbilt.edu/lapop/raw-data.php.
- Latinobarómetro Corporation. (2014). Latinobarómetro. Retrieved from http://www.latinobarometro.org/lat.jsp.
- Y.LeeJ.E.EckN.CorsaroConclusions from the history of research into the effects of police force size on crime—1968 through 2013: A historical systematic reviewJournal of Experimental Criminology123201643145110.1007/s11292-016-9269-8
- S.D.LevittUsing electoral cycles in police hiring to estimate the effect of police on crimeThe American Economic Review8731997270290
- J.J.LinzTotalitarian and authoritarian regimes2000Lynne Rienner PublishersBoulder, CO
- G.LowatcharinJ.I.StallmannDeveloping a cross-national index of police decentralizationSocial Science Asia342017295310.14456/ssa.2017.32
- M.G.MarshallT.R.GurrK.JaggersPolity IV project: Dataset users’ manual2014Center for Systemic PeaceVienna, VA Retrieved from http://www.systemicpeace.org/inscrdata.html
- R.I.MawbyPolicing across the world: Issues for the twenty-first century1999RoutledgeNew York, NY
- P.MauroThe effects of corruption on growth, investment, and government expenditure1996International Monetary FundWashington, DC (IMF Working Paper 96/98) Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=882994
- P.MauroCorruption and the composition of government expenditureJournal of Public Economics692199826327910.1016/S0047-2727(98)00025-5
- W.P.McCartyL.RenJ.S.ZhaoDeterminants of police strength in large U.S. cities during the 1990: A fixed-effects panel analysisCrime & Delinquency583201239742410.1177/0011128709336942
- D.McDowallC.LoftinCollective security and the demand for legal handgunsAmerican Journal of Sociology886198311461161
- A.MillsJ.P.VaughanD.L.SmithI.TabibzadehHealth system decentralization1990World Health OrganizationGeneva, Switzerland
- F.NoorbakhshA.PaloniHuman capital and FDI inflows to developing countries: New empirical evidenceWorld Development29920011593161010.1016/S0305-750X(01)00054-7
- D.C.NorthInstitutions, institutional change, and economic performance1990Cambridge University PressNew York, NY
- D.C.NorthInstitutionsJournal of Economic Perspectives51199197112
- W.E.OatesFiscal federalism1972Harcourt Brace JovanovichNew York
- W.E.OatesThe political economy of fiscal federalism1977Lexington BooksLexington, Mass
- W.E.OatesAn essay on fiscal federalismJournal of Economic Literature373199911201149
- W.E.OatesThe many faces of the Tiebout modelThe Tiebout model at fifty2006Lincoln Institute of Land PolicyCambridge, MA2145
- W.E.OatesOn the evolution of fiscal federalism: Theory and institutionsNational Tax JournalLXI22008313334
- OECDSociety at a glance 2014: OECD social indicators2014OECD PublishingParis, France
- E.OstromSize and performance in a federal systemPublius621976337310.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a038392
- E.OstromGoverning the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action1990Cambridge University PressCambridge, UK
- E.OstromR.B.ParksSuburban police departments: Too many and too small?L.H.MasottiJ.K.HaddenThe urbanization of the suburbs1973Sage PublicationsBevery Hills, CA367402
- E.OstromD.C.SmithOn the fate of lilliputs in metropolitan policingPublic Administration Review362197619220010.2307/975135
- E.OstromG.WhitakerDoes local community control of police make a difference? Some preliminary findingsAmerican Journal of Political Science1711973487610.2307/2110474
- C.PollittDecentralization: a central concept in contemporary public managementE.FerlieL.E.LynnJr.C.PollittThe Oxford handbook of public management2005Oxford University PressNew York, NY371397
- H.S.ReussRevenue-sharing: Crutch or catalyst for state and local government?1970Praeger PublishersNew York, NY
- R.RuddellM.O.ThomasDoes politics matter? Cross-national correlates of police strengthPolicing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management3242009654674
- R.RuddellM.O.ThomasMinority threat and police strength: an examination of the Golden StatePolice Practice and Research: An International Journal113201025627310.1080/15614260902830096
- R.RuddellM.O.ThomasDeterminants of police strength in Canadian cities: Assessing the impact of minority threatCanadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice572201513810.3138/CJCCJ.2012.E17
- M.SadykiewiczPolice structure: Centralized/decentralizedL.E.SullivanEncyclopedia of law enforcement Vol. 3 (2005) Sage Publications. Thousand Oaks, CA. 1250–1253.
- Small Arms Survey. (2007). Small arms survey 2007: Guns and the city. Geneva, Switzerland: Author. Retrieved from http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2007.html.
- B.C.SmithDecentralization: The territorial dimension of the state1985George Allen & UnwinLondon
- A.C.SteinemannMicroeconomics for public decisions2nd ed.2011Askmar PublishingMenlo Park, CA
- J.E.StiglitzThe theory of local public goods twenty-five years after tiebout: A perspectiveNBER Working Paper Vol. 954 (1984) National Bureau of Economic Research. Cambridge, MA.
- T.StraussGrowth and government: Is there a difference between developed and developing countries?Economics of Governance22200113515710.1007/PL00011023
- T.D.StuckyLocal politics and police strengthJustice Quarterly222200513916910.1080/07418820500088739
- L.E.SullivanEncyclopedia of law enforcement Vol. 3 (2005) Sage Publications. Thousand Oaks, CA.
- H.-E.SungDemocracy and criminal justice in cross-national perspective: From crime control to due processThe Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science6051200631133710.1177/0002716206287546
- C.M.TieboutA pure theory of local expendituresJournal of Political Economy645195641642410.1086/257839
- C.M.TieboutAn economic theory of fiscal decentralizationUniversities-National Bureau Committee for Economic ResearchPublic finances: Needs, sources, and utilization1961Princeton University PressNew York, NY7996
- Transparency International. (2014). Our organization: Overview. Retrieved from http://www.transparency.org/whoweare/organisation/.
- T.R.TylerTrust and law abidingness: A proactive model of social regulationBoston University Law Review812001361406
- United Nations Development ProgrammeHuman development report 2015: Work for human development2015United Nations Development ProgrammeNew York, NY Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2015_human_development_report.pdf
- United Nations Development ProgrammeInternational human development indicators2015 Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries
- UNDESA Population Division. (2015). World population prospects [Data file]. Retrieved from http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/.
- UNDP. (2013). Mean years of schooling (of adults) (years) [Data file]. Retrieved from: http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/mean-years-schooling-adults-years.
- UNODC. (2014). United Nations surveys on crime trends and the pperations of criminal justice Systems (CTS). Retrieved from http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/United-Nations-Surveys-on-Crime-Trends-and-the-Operations-of-Criminal-Justice-Systems.html.
- UNODCCrime and instability. Case studies of transnational threats2010UNODCVienna, Austria Retrieved from http://https://www.unodc.org/documents/frontpage/Crime_and_instability_2010_final_low_res.pdf
- UNODCCrime and criminal justice statistics2015 Retrieved from http://https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/statistics/crime.html
- S.VoigtL.BlumeThe economic effects of federalism and decentralization—A cross-country assessmentPublic Choice1511–2201222925410.1007/s11127-010-9745-z
- World Bank. (2015a). GDP per capita (current US$) [Data file]. Retrieved from: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD.
- World Bank. (2015b). GINI index (World Bank estimate) [Data file]. Retrieved from: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI.
- World Bank. (2015c). Population density (people per sq. km of land area) [Data file]. Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST.
- World Bank. (2015d). Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) [Data file]. Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS.
- World Values Survey. (2015). Online data analysis. Retrieved from http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSOnline.jsp.
- J.M.WooldridgeEconometric analysis of cross section and panel data2002MIT PressCambridge, MA
- J.M.WooldridgeIntroductory econometrics: A modern approach4th ed.2009South-Western Cengage LearningMason, OH
- J.YanT.H.Oum2014). The effect of government corruption on the efficiency of US commercial airportsJournal of Urban Economics80March 201411913210.1016/j.jue.2014.01.004
- F.ZimringThe necessity and value of transnational comparative study: some preaching from a recent convertCriminology & Public Policy542006615622