Reducing shell egg cholesterol content. II. Review of approaches utilizing non-nutritive dietary factors or pharmacological agents and an examination of emerging strategies

References

• ALBERTS, A.W. (1988) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors - the development. Atherosclerosis Reviews 18: 123–131.
   Google Scholar
• BARTOV, I., BORNSTEIN, S. and BUDOWSKI, P. (1971) Variability of cholesterol concentration in plasma and egg yolks of hens and evaluation of the effect of some dietary oils. Poultry Science 50: 1357–1364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BAYS, H. and STEIN, E.A. (2003) Pharmacotherapy for dyslipidaemia - current therapies and future agents. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapeutics 4: 1901–1938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BEYER, R.S. and JENSEN, L.S. (1990) Effect of high protein barley flour and cholesterol on tissue and egg cholesterol of SCWL laying hens. Poultry Science 69 (suppl. 1): 18. (Abstr.).
   Google Scholar
• BEYER, R.S. and JENSEN, L.S. (1991) Influence of orotic acid on performance, liver lipid content, and egg cholesterol level of laying hens. Poultry Science 70: 2322–2328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BEYER, R.S. and JENSEN, L.S. (1992) Cholesterol concentration of egg yolk and blood plasma and performance of laying hens as influenced by dietary α-ketoisocaproic acid. Poultry Science 71: 120–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BEYER, R.S. and JENSEN, L.S. (1993a) Reduced plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein in laying hens without concomitant reduction of egg cholesterol in response to dietary sorbose. Poultry Science 72: 88–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BEYER, R.S. and JENSEN, L.S. (1993b) The hypocholesterolemic agent dichloroacetate increases egg cholesterol content of laying hens. Poultry Science 72: 1063–1069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BJÖRKHEM, I. and DICZFALUSY, U. (2002) Oxysterols: Friends, foes, or just fellow passengers? Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 22: 734–742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOCAN, T.M.A., MUELLER, S.B., UHLENDORF, P.D., NEWTON, R.S. and KRAUSE, B.R. (1991) Comparison of CI-976, and ACAT inhibitor, and selected lipid-lowering agents for antiatherosclerotic activity in iliac-femoral and thoracic aortic lesions. A biochemical, morphological, and morphometric evaluation. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 11: 1830–1843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BRAUN, A., ZHANG, S., MIETTINEN, H.E., EBRAHIM, S., HOLM, T.M., VASILE, E., POST, M.J., YOERGER, D.M., PICARD, M.H., KRIEGER J.L., ANDREWS, N.C., SIMONS, M. and KRIEGER, M. (2003) Probucol prevents early coronary heart disease and death in the high-density lipoprotein receptor SR-BI/apolipoprotein E double knockout mouse. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100: 7283–7288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BROWN, L., ROSNER, B., WILLETT, W.W. and SACKS, F.M. (1999) Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69: 30–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BRUCKERT, E., GIRAL, P. and TELLIER, P. (2003) Perspectives in cholesterol-lowering therapy. The role of ezetimibe, a new selective inhibitor of intestinal cholesterol absorption. Circulation 107: 3124–3128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BURGESS, T.L., BURGESS, C.L. and WILSON, J.D. (1962) Effect of MER-29 on egg production in the chicken. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 109: 218–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BURT, D. and POURQUIE, O. (2003) Chicken genome - science nuggets to come soon. Science 300: 1669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CECIL, H.C., BITMAN, J., SVOBODA, J.A. and THOMPSON, M.J. (1981) Effects of branched and straight chain amines and azasteroids on blood and egg cholesterol of White Leghorn chickens. Poultry Science 60: 795–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHOWDHURY, S.R., CHOWDHURY, S.D. and SMITH, T.K. (2002) Effects of dietary garlic on cholesterol metabolism in laying hens. Poultry Science 81: 1856–1862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLARENBURG, R., CHUNG, I.A.K. and WAKEFIELD, L.M. (1971) Reducing the egg cholesterol level by including emulsified sitosterol in standard chicken diet. Journal of Nutrition 101: 289–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLARK, J. and WHITELAW, B. (2003) A future for transgenic livestock. Nature Reviews. Genetics 4: 825–833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COUNCIL ON SCIENTIFIC AFFAIRS (1989) Dietary fiber and health. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 262: 542–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CUNNINGHAM, D.L., KRUEGER, W.F., FANGUY, R.C. and BRADLEY, J.W. (1974) Preliminary results of bidirectional selection for yolk cholesterol level in laying hens. Poultry Science 53: 384–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DAM, H. (1928) Die synthese und resorption des cholesterins beleuchtet durch versuche an huhnereiern. Biochemische Zeitschrift 194: 188–196.
   Google Scholar
• DAM, H. (1929) Cholesterinstoffwechsel in huhnereiern und huhnchen. Biochemische Zeitschrift 215: 475–492.
   Google Scholar
• DAM, R., LABATE, M.E., TAM, S.W. and CUERVO-TORRES, C. (1979) Effects of diazacholesterol, triparanol, and β-sitosterol on egg cholesterol deposition in Coturnix quail. Poultry Science 58: 985–987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DE JONG, A., PLAT, J. and MENSINK R.P. (2003) Metabolic effects of plant sterols and stanols. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 14: 362–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DE SCHIJVER, R. (1995) Lipid composition of egg yolk and blood plasma as influenced by dietary clenbuterol and cholesterol. INFORM 6(4): 472.
   Google Scholar
• ELKIN, R.G. (2006) Reducing shell egg cholesterol content. I. Overview, genetic approaches, and nutritional strategies. World's Poultry Science Journal 62: 665–687.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ELKIN, R.G., FREED, M.B., KIEFT, K.A. and NEWTON, R.S. (1993a) Alteration of egg yolk cholesterol content and plasma lipoprotein profiles following administration of a totally synthetic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor to laying hens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 41: 1094–1101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ELKIN, R.G., FREED, M., WATKINS, B.A., SREBNIK, M., KIEFT, K.A. and NEWTON, R.S. (1993b) Evaluation of two novel biochemicals on plasma and egg yolk lipid composition and laying hen performance. Poultry Science 72: 513–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ELKIN, R.G., FURUMOTO, E.J. and THOMAS, C.R. (2003a) Assessment of egg nutrient compositional changes and residue in eggs, tissues, and excreta following oral administration of atorvastatin to laying hens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51: 3473–3481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ELKIN, R.G. and LORENZ, E.S. (2003) The egg is refractory to soy sterol enrichment through alteration of the hen's diet. Poultry Science 82 (suppl. 1): 52. (Abstr.).
   Google Scholar
• ELKIN, R.G. and ROGLER, J.C. (1990) Reduction of the cholesterol content of eggs by the oral administration of lovastatin to laying hens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 38: 1635–1641.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ELKIN, R.G., ROGLER, J.C., LEE, H.D. and WATKINS, B.A. (1992) Effect of β, β'-tetramethylsubstituted hexadecanedioic acid (MEDICA 16) on laying hen performance and egg yolk lipid composition. British Poultry Science 33: 677–681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ELKIN, R.G., YAN, Z., ZHONG, Y., DONKIN, S.S., BUHMAN, K.K., STORY, J.A., TUREK, J.J., PORTER, R.E., ANDERSON, M., HOMAN, R. and NEWTON, R.S. (1999) Select 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors vary in their ability to reduce egg yolk cholesterol levels in laying hens through alteration of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis and plasma VLDL composition. Journal of Nutrition 129: 1010–1019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ELKIN, R.G., ZHONG, Y., DONKIN, S.S., HENGSTSCHLÄGER-OTTNAD, E. and SCHNEIDER, W.J. (2006) Effects of atorvastatin on lipid metabolism in normolipidemic and hereditary hyperlipidemic, nonlaying hens. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B: 143: 319–329.,
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ENDO, A. (1980) Biological and biochemical aspects of ML-236B (compactin) and monacolin K, specific competitive inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. Pages 152–155 in Atherosclerosis V, Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Gotto, A.M., Smith, L.C. and Allen, B. (ed.) Springer-Verlag, New York.
   Google Scholar
• ENDO, A. (1992) The discovery and development of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Journal of Lipid Research 33: 1569–1582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ENDO, A., KITANO, N. and FUJII, S. (1978) Effects of ML-236B, a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase, on cholesterol metabolism. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 109: 376.
   Google Scholar
• FRANCIS, G., KAREN, Z., MAKKAR, H.P.S. and BECKER, K. (2002) The biological action of saponins in animal systems: A review. British Journal of Nutrition 88: 587–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GAO, B., SUN, H.C., FANG, H.X., QIAN, K., ZHAO, M.S., QIU, H.L., SONG, C.Y. and WANG, Z.Y. (2006) Expression and preliminary characterization of recombinant human tissue kallikrein in egg white of laying hens. Poultry Science 85: 1239–1244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GIBBONS, G.F., WIGGINS, D., BROWN, A.-M. and HEBBACHI A.-M. (2004) Synthesis and function of hepatic very-low density lipoprotein. Biochemical Society Transactions 32 (Part 1): 59–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOLDSTEIN, J.L. and BROWN, M.S. (1990) Regulation of the mevalonate pathway. Nature 343: 425–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRIFFIN, H.D. (1992) Manipulation of egg yolk cholesterol: A physiologist's view. World's Poultry Science Journal 48: 101–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HARGIS, P.S. (1988) Modifying egg yolk cholesterol in the domestic fowl: a review. World's Poultry Science Journal 44: 17–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HARRIS, P.C. and WILCOX, F.H. (1963) Studies on egg yolk cholesterol. 3. Effect of dietary cholesterol. Poultry Science 42: 186–189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HARVEY, A.J. and IVARIE, R. (2003) Validating the hen as a bioreactor for the production of exogenous proteins in egg white. Poultry Science 82: 927–930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HARVEY, A.J., SPEKSNIJDER, G., BAUGH, L.R., MORRIS, J.A. and IVARIE, R. (2002) Expression of exogenous protein in the egg white of transgenic chickens. Nature Biotechnology 19: 396–399.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEBER, D., YIP, I., ASHLEY, J.M., ELASHOFF, D.A., ELASHOFF, R.M. and GO, V.L.W. (1999) Cholesterol-lowering effects of a proprietary Chinese red-yeast-rice dietary supplement. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69: 231–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEBERT, J.A. and ACHEE, V.N. (1993) Comparison of fibrate drugs on cholesterol in laying hens. FASEB Journal 7: A567. (Abstr.).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HIYOSHI, H., YANAGIMACHI, M., ITO, M., YASUDA, N., OKADA, T., IKUTA, H., SHINMYO, D., TANAKA, K., KURUSU, N., YOSHIDA, I., ABE, S., SAEKI, T. and TANAKA, H. (2003) Squalene synthase inhibitors suppress triglyceride biosynthesis through the farnesol pathway in rat hepatocytes. Journal of Lipid Research 44: 128–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOLMES, W.L. and BENTZ, J.D. (1960) Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in vitro by β-diethylaminoethyl diphenylpropylacetate hydrocholoride (SKF 525-A). Journal of Biological Chemistry 235: 3118–3122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOOD, R.L., BAILEY, W.MCC. and SVORONOS, D. (1978) The effect of dietary monoterpenes on the cholesterol level of eggs. Poultry Science 57: 304–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUGGETT, C.D., BUTTERY, P.J. and SALTER, A.M. (1993) Plasma VLDL cholesterol and egg cholesterol are resistant to change in the laying hen. Biochemical Society Transactions 21: 147S.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HUNNINGHAKE, D.B. (1988) Clinical trials of lovastatin and simvastatin versus cholestyramine. Atherosclerosis Reviews 18: 133–138.
   Google Scholar
• INTERNATIONAL CHICKEN GENOME SEQUENCING CONSORTIUM (2004) Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution. Nature 432: 695–716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IVARIE, R. (2003) Avian transgenesis: Progress towards the promise. Trends in Biotechnology 21: 14–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IZZAT, N.N., DESHAZER, M.E. and LOOSE-MITCHELL, D.S. (2000) New molecular targets for cholesterol-lowering therapy. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 293: 315–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JIANG, Z. and SIM, J.S. (1991) Egg cholesterol values in relation to the age of laying hens and to egg and yolk weights. Poultry Science 70: 1838–1841.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JONES, D. (1969) Variations in the cholesterol content of egg yolk. Nature 221: 780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAJINAMI, K., MABUCHI, H. and SAITO, Y. (2000) NK-104: A novel synthetic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 9: 2653–2661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAJINAMI, K., TAKEKOSHI, N. and SAITO, Y. (2003) Pitavastatin: Efficacy and safety profiles of a novel synthetic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Cardiovascular Drug Reviews 21: 199–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KANDUTSCH, A.A., CHEN, H.W. and HEINIGER, H.-J. (1978) Biological activity of some oxygenated sterols. Science 201: 498–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAYA, S., ERDOGAN, Z. and ERDOGAN, S. (2003) Effect of different dietary levels of Yucca schidigera powder on the performance, blood parameters, and egg yolk cholesterol of laying quails. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. A, Physiology, Pathology, Clinical Medicine 50: 14–17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KIM, J.H., HONG, S.T., LEE, H.S. and KIM, H.J. (2004) Oral administration of pravastatin reduces egg cholesterol but not plasma cholesterol in laying hens. Poultry Science 83: 1539–1543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KIM, S., CHAO, P.Y. and ALLEN, K.G. (1992) Inhibition of elevated hepatic glutathione abolishes copper deficiency cholesterolemia. FASEB Journal 6: 2467–2471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KONLANDE, J.E. and FISHER, H. (1969) Evidence for a nonabsorptive antihypercholesterolemic action of phytosterols in the chicken. Journal of Nutrition 98: 435–442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KRAUSE, B.R., BLACK, A., BOUSLEY, R., ESSENBURG, A., CORNICELLI, J., HOLMES, A., HOMAN, R., KIEFT, K., SEKERKE, C. and SHAW-HES, M.K. (1993) Divergent pharmacologic activities of PD 132301–2 and CL 277,082, urea inhibitors of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 267: 734–743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KUDCHODKAR, B.J., HORLICK, L. and O'NEILL, J.B. (1976) Absorption of dietary β-sitosterol in laying hens and its incorporation into the egg. Journal of Nutrition 106: 1629–1636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LILLICO, S.G., McGREW, M.J., SHERMAN, A. and SANG, H.M. (2005) Transgenic chickens as bioreactors for protein-based drugs. Drug Discovery Today 10: 191–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIRETTE, A., ROBINSON, A.R., CROBER, D.C., LAWSON, P.D. and FIRTH, N.L. (1993) Effect of oat bran, cotton seed hulls and guar gum on chicken egg and blood lipids during the early laying period. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 73: 673–677.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LUHMAN, C.M., MILLER, B.G. and BEITZ, D.C. (1990) The effect of feeding lovastatin and colestipol on production and cholesterol content of eggs. Poultry Science 69: 852–855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAGNIN, D.R., BILLER, S.A., WETTERAU, J., ROBL, J.A., DICKSON, J.K., TAUNK, P., HARRITY, T.W., LAWRENCE, R.M., SUN, C.-Q., WANG, T., LOGAN, J., FRYSZMAN, O., CONNOLLY, F., JOLIBOIS, K. and KUNSELMAN, L. (2003) Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitors: Discovery and synthesis of alkyl phosphonates as potent MTP inhibitors and cholesterol lowering agents. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 13: 1337–1340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAYES, P.A. (1996) Cholesterol synthesis, transport, and excretion. Pages 271–283 in Harper's Biochemistry, 24th edition. Murray, R.K., Granner, D.K., Mayes, P.A. and Rodwell, V.W. (ed.). Appleton & Lange, Stamford, CT.
   Google Scholar
• McGINNIS, C.H. and RINGER, R.K. (1963) The effect of a quaternary ammonium anion exchange resin on plasma and egg yolk cholesterol in the laying hen. Poultry Science 42: 394–396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGONIGLE, K.E.M. and McCRACKEN, K.J. (2002.) Study on the effects of Annatto (Bixa orellana) and Yucca shidegera on cholesterol content and yolk colour. British Poultry Science 43: S41–S42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNAMARA, D.J., KOLB, R., PARKER, T.S., BATWIN, H., SAMUEL, P., BROWN, C.D. and AHRENS, E.H. (1987) Heterogeneity of cholesterol homeostasis in man. Response to changes in dietary fat quality and cholesterol quantity. Journal of Clinical Investigation 79: 1729–1739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNAUGHTON, J.L. (1978) Effect of dietary fiber on egg yolk, liver, and plasma cholesterol concentrations of the laying hen. Journal of Nutrition 108: 1842–1848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MENGE, H., LITTLEFIELD, L.H., FROBISH, L.T. and WEINLAND, B.T. (1974) Effect of cellulose and cholesterol on blood and yolk lipids and reproductive efficiency of the hen. Journal of Nutrition 104: 1554–1566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MERSMANN, H.J. (1998) Overview of the effects of β-adrenergic receptor agonists on animal growth including mechanisms of action. Journal of Animal Science 76: 160–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MICHIHARA, A., SAWAMURA, M., YAMORI, Y., AKASAKI, K. and TSUJI, H. (2003) Probucol decreases mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase in the rat liver. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 26: 1484–1486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MIYAZAKI, A., SAKAI, M., SAKAMOTO, Y. and HORIUCHI, S. (2003) Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitors for controlling hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs 4: 1095–1099.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MOREAU, R.A., WHITAKER, B.D. and HICKS, K.B. (2002) Phytosterols, phytostanols, and their conjugates in foods: Structural diversity, quantitative analysis, and health-promoting uses. Progress in Lipid Research 41: 457–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORI, A.V., MENDONCA, C.X. and SANTOS, C.O.F. (1999) Effect of dietary lipid-lowering drugs upon plasma lipids and egg yolk cholesterol levels of laying hens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47: 4731–4735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NABER, E.C. (1976) The cholesterol problem, the egg and lipid metabolism in the laying hen. Poultry Science 55: 14–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NABER, E.C. (1983) Nutrient and drug effects on cholesterol metabolism in the laying hen. Federation Proceedings 42: 2486–2493.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NABER, E.C. (1990) Cholesterol content of eggs: Can and should it be changed? Feedstuffs 62(5): 1, 47, 50–52.
   Google Scholar
• NABER, E.C., ALLRED, J.B., WINGET, C.J. and STOCK, A.E. (1985) Effect of cholesterol oxidation products on cholesterol metabolism in the laying hen. Poultry Science 64: 675–680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NABER, E.C., ELLIOTT, J.F. and SMITH, T.L. (1982) Effect of probucol on reproductive performance, egg yolk cholesterol content, and lipid metabolism in the laying hen. Poultry Science 61: 1118–1124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAKAUE, H.S., LOWRY, R.R., CHEEKE, P.R. and ARSCOTT, G.H. (1980) The effect of dietary alfalfa of varying saponin content on yolk cholesterol level and layer performance. Poultry Science 59:2744–2748.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (1984) Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 8th revised edition. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• NELSON, S.J., CLEGG, R.E. and SANFORD, P.E. (1962) The effect of triparanol on calcium and cholesterol levels in the blood sera of laying hens. Poultry Science 41: 664–668.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NICHOLS, E.L. and BALLOUN, S.L. (1962) Effects of the hypocholesteremic agent SC-11952 on the laying hen. Poultry Science 41: 1982–1984.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NICHOLS, E.L., MARION, W.W. and BALLOUN, S.L. (1962) Influence of triparanol (MER29) on growth, egg production, and cholesterol metabolism of chickens. Poultry Science 41: 1494–1499.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NICHOLS, E.L., MARION, W.W. and BALLOUN, S.L. (1963) Effect of egg yolk size on yolk cholesterol concentration. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 112: 378–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NISHIOKA, T., HYOGO, H., NUMATA, Y., YAMAGUCHI, A., KOBUKE, T., KOMICHI, D., NONAKA, M., INOUE, M., NABESHIMA, Y., OGI, M., IWAMOTO, K., ISHITOBI, T., AJIMA, T., CHAYAMA, K. and TAZUMA, S. (2005) A nuclear receptor-mediated choleretic action of fibrates is associated with enhanced canalicular membrane fluidity and transporter activity mediating bile acid-independent bile secretion. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis 12: 211–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OSTLUND, R.E. (2002) Phytosterols in human nutrition. Annual Review of Nutrition 22: 533–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OSTLUND, R.E. (2004) Phytosterols and cholesterol metabolism. Current Opinion in Lipidology 15: 37–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OSTLUND, R.E., SPILBURG, C.A. and STENSON, W.F. (1999) Sitostanol administered in lecithin micelles potently reduces cholesterol absorption in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70: 826–831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PESTI, G.M. and BAKALLI, R.I. (1998) Studies on the effect of feeding cupric sulfate pentahydrate to laying hens on egg cholesterol content. Poultry Science 77: 1540–1545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PETERSON, D.W. (1951) Effect of soybean sterols in the diet on plasma and liver cholesterol in chicks. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 78: 143–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• POLLAK, O.J. (1953) Reduction of blood cholesterol in man. Circulation 7: 702–706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QURESHI, A.A., PETERSON, D.M., DIN, Z.Z., ELSON, C.E. and BITGOOD, J.J. (1986) The independent roles of genetic and dietary factors in determining the cholesterol status of laying hens. Nutrition Reports International 34: 457–464.
   Google Scholar
• QURESHI, A.A., PRENTICE, N., DIN, Z.Z., BURGER, W.C., ELSON, C.E. and SUNDE, M.L. (1984) Influence of culture filtrate of Trichoderma viride and barley on lipid metabolism of laying hens. Lipids 19: 250–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RAAL, F.J., MARAIS, A.D., KLEPACK, E., LOVALVO, J., MCLAIN, R. and HEINONEN, T. (2003) Avasimibe, an ACAT inhibitor, enhances the lipid lowering effect of atorvastatin in subjects with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 171: 273–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROTENBERG, S. and MASON, V.C. (1977) The influence of dietary pectin on the cholesterol content of egg yolk and muscle and on various haematological indices in laying hens. Nordisk Veterinaermedicin 29: 30–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• RYBAK, M.E., CALVEY, E.M. and HARNLY, J.M. (2004) Quantitative determination of allicin in garlic: Supercritical fluid extraction and standard addition of alliin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52: 682–687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SANG, H. (2004) Prospects for transgenesis in the chick. Mechanisms of Development 121: 1179–1186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHAFEY, T.M., DINGLE, J.G. and MCDONALD, M.W. (1992) Comparison between wheat, triticale, rye, soyabean oil and strain of laying bird on the production, and cholesterol and fatty acid contents of eggs. British Poultry Science 33: 339–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHAH, P.K. (2003) Emerging non-statin LDL-lowering therapies for dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine 4: 136–141.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SHAKLEE, W.E. (1972) Research on cholesterol in poultry and eggs in the United States. World's Poultry Science Journal 28: 389–399.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHELNESS, G.S. and SELLERS, J.A. (2001) Very-low-density lipoprotein assembly and secretion. Current Opinion in Lipidology 12: 151–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHUMAN, R.M. (1991) Production of transgenic birds. Experientia 47: 897–905.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SIM, J.S. and BRAGG, D.B. (1977) Effect of dietary factors on serum and egg yolk cholesterol levels of laying hens. Poultry Science 56: 1616–1621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SIM, J.S., KITTS, W.D. and BRAGG, D.B. (1984) Effect of dietary saponin on egg cholesterol level and laying hen performance. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 64: 977–984.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SINGH, R.A. (1972) Effect of D-thyroxine and nicotinic acid on cholesterol metabolism of laying hens. Indian Journal of Animal Science 42: 433–435.
   Google Scholar
• STAELS, B., DALLONGEVILLE, J., AUWERX, J., SCHOONJANS, K., LEITERSDORF, E. and FRUCHART, J.-C. (1998) Mechanism of action of fibrates on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Circulation 98: 2088–2093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STEINBERG, D. (2006) An interpretive history of the cholesterol controversy, part V: The discovery of the statins and the end of the controversy. Journal of Lipid Research 47: 1339–1351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STIFANI, S., NIMPF, J. and SCHNEIDER, W.J. (1990) Vitellogenesis in Xenopus laevis and chicken: Cognate ligands and oocyte receptors. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265: 882–888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TENNENT, D.M., SIEGEL, H., ZANETTI, M.E., KURON, G.W., OTT, W.H. and WOLF, F.J. (1960) Plasma cholesterol lowering action of bile acid binding polymers in experimental animals. Journal of Lipid Research 1: 469–473.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TOBERT, J.A. (2003) Lovastatin and beyond: The history of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery 2: 517–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TURK, D.E. and BARNETT, B.D. (1972) Diet and egg cholesterol content. Poultry Science 51: 1881. (Abstr.).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TURNER, S.W., JUNGBLUTH, G.L. and KNUTH, D.W. (2002) Effect of concomitant colestipol hydrochloride administration on the bioavailability of diltiazem from immediate- and sustained-release formulations. Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition 23: 369–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VARGAS, R.E., ALLRED, J.B., BIGGERT, M.D. and NABER E.C. (1986) Effect of dietary 7-ketocholesterol, pure, or oxidized cholesterol on hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activity, energy balance, egg cholesterol concentration, and 14C-acetate incorporation into yolk lipids of laying hens. Poultry Science 65: 1333–1342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VARGAS, R.E. and NABER, E.C. (1984) Relationship between dietary fiber and nutrient density and its effect on energy balance, egg yolk cholesterol and hen performance. Journal of Nutrition 114: 645–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WALDROUP, P.W., NDIFE, L.I., HELLWIG, H.M., HEBERT, J.A. and BERRIO, L. (1986) Influence of probucol ((4,4′-isopropylidine dithio)-bis(2,6-di-t-butyl-phenol)) on egg yolk cholesterol content and performance of laying hens. Poultry Science 65: 1949–1954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WALZEM, R.L. (1996) Lipoproteins and the laying hen: Form follows function. Poultry and Avian Biology Reviews 7: 31–64.
   Google Scholar
• WANG, J.-J. and PAN, T.-M. (2003) Effect of red mold rice supplements on serum and egg yolk cholesterol levels of laying hens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51: 4824–4829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WASHBURN, K.W. (1979) Genetic variation in the chemical composition of the egg. Poultry Science 58: 529–535.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WASHBURN, K.W. and MARKS, H.L. (1977) Changes in fitness traits associated with selection for divergence in yolk cholesterol concentration. British Poultry Science 18: 189–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEISS, F.G. and SCOTT, M.L. (1979) Effects of dietary fiber, fat and total energy upon plasma cholesterol and other parameters in chickens. Journal of Nutrition 109: 693–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEISS, J.F., NABER, E.C. and JOHNSON, R.M. (1967) Effect of some dietary factors and drugs on cholesterol concentration in the egg and plasma of the hen. Journal of Nutrition 91: 119–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WETTERAU, J.R., LIN, M.C.M. and JAMIL, H. (1997) Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. Biochimica Biophysica Acta 1345: 136–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WIERZBICKI, A.S. (2003) New lipid-lowering agents. Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs 8: 365–376.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WIERZBICKI, A.S. (2004) Lipid-lowering therapies in development. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 13: 1405–1418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WOOD, D.L. and BITMAN, J. (1980) The effect of feeding di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on the lipid metabolism of laying hens. Lipids 15: 151–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WOOD, D.L. and BITMAN, J. (1984) The effect of feeding di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and related compounds on lipids in the laying hen. Poultry Science 63: 469–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WU, H., DWYER, K.M., FAN, Z., SHIRCORE, A., FAN, J. and DWYER, J.H. (2003) Dietary fiber and progression of atherosclerosis: The Los Angeles Atherosclerosis Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78: 1085–1091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YU, L., VON BERGMANN, K., LUTJOHANN, D., HOBBS, H.H. and COHEN, J.C. (2004) Selective sterol accumulation in ABCG5/ABCG8-deficient mice. Journal of Lipid Research 45: 301–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar