Function and nutritional roles of the avian caeca: a review

References

• AKESTER, A.R., ANDERSON, R.S., HILL, K.H. and OSBALDISTON, G.W. (1967) A radiographic study of urine flow in the domestic fowl. British Poultry Science 8: 209-212.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AMERAH, A.M., RAVINDRAN, V. and LENTLE, R.G. (2009) Influence of wheat hardness and xylanase supplementation on the performance, energy utilisation, digestive tract development and digesta parameters of broiler starters. Animal Production Science 49: 71-78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANNISON, E.F., HILL, K.J. and KENWORTHY, R. (1968) Volatile fatty acids in the digestive tract of the fowl. British Journal of Nutrition 22: 207-216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• APAJALAHTI, J., RINTTILÄ, T. and KETTUNEN, A. (2012) Does the composition of intestinal microbiota determine or reflect feed conversion efficiency? Proceedings of the 23rd Australian Poultry Science Symposium, Sydney, pp. 32-39.
   Google Scholar
• BARNES, E.M., MEAD, G.C., BARNUM, D.A. and HARRY, E.G. (1972) The intestinal flora of the chicken in the period 2 to 6 weeks of age, with particular reference to the anaerobic bacteria. British Poultry Science 13: 311-326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BAURHOO, B., PHILLIP, L. and RUIZ-FERIA, C.A. (2007) Effects of purified lignin and mannan oligosaccharides on intestinal integrity and microbial populations in the ceca and litter of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 86: 1070-1078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BEDFORD, M.R. and COWIESON, A.J. (2012) Exogenous enzymes and their effects on intestinal microbiology. Animal Feed Science and Technology 173: 76-85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BIGGS, P. and PARSONS, C.M. (2007) The effects of several oligosaccharides on true amino acid digestibility and true metabolizable energy in cecectomized and conventional roosters. Poultry Science 86: 1161-1165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BJERRUM, L., ENGBERG, R.M., LESER, T.D., JENSEN, B.B., FINSTER, K. and PEDERSEN K. (2006) Microbial community composition of the ileum and cecum of broiler chickens as revealed by molecular and culture-based techniques. Poultry Science 85: 1151-1164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BJÖRNHAG, G. (1989) Transport of water and food particles through the avian ceca and colon. The Journal of Experimental Zoology Suppl. 3: 32-37.
   Google Scholar
• BJÖRNHAG, G. and SPERBER, I. (1977) Transport of various food components through the digestive tract of turkeys, geese and guinea fowl. Swedish Journal of Agricultural Research 7: 57-66.
   Google Scholar
• BRAUN, E.J. and CAMPBELL, C.E. (1989) Uric acid decomposition in the lower gastrointestinal tract. The Journal of Experimental Zoology Suppl. 3: 70-74.
   Google Scholar
• CAMPBELL, G.L., CLASSEN, H.L. and BALLANCE, G.M. (1986) Gamma irradiation treatment of cereal grains for chick diets. Journal of Nutrition 116: 560-569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARRÉ, B., GOMEZ, J. and CHAGNEAU, A.M. (1995) Contribution of oligosaccharide and polysaccharide digestion, and excreta losses of lactic acid and short chain fatty acids, to dietary metabolisable energy values in broiler chickens and adult cockerels. British Poultry Science 36: 611-629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHAPLIN, S.B. (1989) Effect of cecectomy on water and nutrient absorption in birds. The Journal of Experimental Zoology Suppl. 3: 81-86.
   Google Scholar
• CHOCT, M., ANNISON, G. and TRIMBLE, R.P. (1992) Soluble wheat pentosans exhibit different antinutritive activities in intact and cecectomized broiler chickens. Journal of Nutrition 122: 2457-2465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHOCT, M., HUGHES, R.J., WANG, J., BEDFORD, M.R., MORGAN, A.J. and ANNISON, G. (1996) Increased small intestinal fermentation is partly responsible for the antinutritive activity of non-starch polysaccharides in chickens. British Poultry Science 37: 609-621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHOCT, M., HUGHES, R.J. and BEDFORD, M.R. (1999) Effects of a xylanase on individual bird variation, starch digestion throughout the intestine, and ileal and caecal volatile fatty acid production in chickens fed wheat. British Poultry Science 40: 419-422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLARKE, P.L. (1978) The structure of the ileo-caeco-colic junction of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus L). British Poultry Science 19: 595-600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLENCH, M.H. (1999) The avian cecum: update and motility review. The Journal of Experimental Zoology 283: 441-447.
   Google Scholar
• CLENCH, M.H. and MATHIAS, J.R. (1995) The avian cecum: A review. Wilson Bulletin 107: 93-121.
   Google Scholar
• COURTIN, C.M., SWENNEN, K., BROEKAERT, W.M., SWENNEN, Q., BUYSE, J., DECUYPERE, E., MICHIELS, C.W., DE KETELAERE, B. and DELCOUR, J.A. (2008) Effects of dietary inclusion of xylooligosaccharides, arabinoxylooligosaccharides and soluble arabinoxylan on the microbial composition of caecal contents of chickens. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 88: 2517-2522.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DANTZER, V. (1989) Ultrastructural differences between the two major components of chicken ceca. The Journal of Experimental Zoology Suppl. 3: 21-31.
   Google Scholar
• DENSTADLI, V., WESTERENG, B., BINIYAM, H.G., BALLANCE, S., KNUTSEN, S.H. and SVIHUS, B. (2010) Effects of structure and xylanase treatment of brewers' spent grain on performance and nutrient availability in broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 51: 419-426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUKE, G.E. (1986) Alimentary canal: secretion and digestion, special digestive functions, and absorption, in: STURKIE, P.D. (Ed.) Avian Physiology, pp. 289-302 (New York, Springer-Verlag)
   Google Scholar
• DUKE, G.E. (1989) Relationship of cecal and colonic motility to diet, habitat, and cecal anatomy in several avian species. The Journal of Experimental Zoology Suppl. 3: 38-47.
   Google Scholar
• DUKE, G.E., ECCLESTON, E., KIRKWOOD, S., LOUIS, C.F. and BEDBURY, H.P. (1984) Cellulose digestion by domestic turkeys fed low or high fiber diets. Journal of Nutrition 114: 95-102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUKE, G.E., EVANSON, O.E. and HUBERTY, B.J. (1980) Electrical potential changes and contractile activity of the distal cecum of turkeys. Poultry Science 59: 1925-1934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUNKLEY, K.D., CALLAWAY, T.R., CHALOVA, V.I., MCREYNOLDS, J.L., HUME, M.E., DUNKLEY, C.S., KUBENA, L.F., NISBET, D.J. and RICKE, S.C. (2009) Foodborne Salmonella ecology in the avian gastrointestinal tract. Anaerobe 15: 26-35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FENNA, L. and BOAG, D.A. (1974) Filling and emptying of the galliform caecum. Canadian Journal of Zoology 52: 537-540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FERRER, R., PLANAS, J.M., DURFORT, M. and MORETO, M. (1991) Morphological study of the caecal epithelium of the chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus L.). British Poultry Science 32: 679-691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FISCHER, E.N. (2003). Interrelationship of diet fibre and endoxylanase with bacteria in the chicken gut. Ph.D. thesis, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• GASAWAY, W.C. (1976) Cellulose digestion and metabolism by captive Rock Ptarmigan. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 54A: 179-182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRACIA, M.I., ARANIBAR, M.J., LAZARO, R., MEDEL, P. and MATEOS, G.G. (2003) α-Amylase supplementation of broiler diets based on corn. Poultry Science 82: 436-442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GUTIÉRREZ DEL ÁLAMO, A., PÉREZ DE AYALA, P., DEN HARTOG, L.A., VERSTEGEN, M.W.A. and VILLAMIDE, M.J. (2009) Wheat starch digestion rate in broiler chickens is affected by cultivar but not by wheat crop nitrogen fertilisation British Poultry Science 50: 341-349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HETLAND, H. and SVIHUS, B. (2007) Inclusion of dust bathing materials affects nutrient digestion and gut physiology of layers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 16: 22-26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HETLAND, H., SVIHUS, B. and OLAISEN, V. (2002) Effect of feeding whole cereals on performance, starch digestibility and duodenal particle size distribution in broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 43: 416-423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HILL, K.J. (1971) The structure of the alimentary tract, in: BELL, D.J. & FREEMAN, B.M. (Eds) Physiology and biochemistry of the domestic fowl, Vol. 1, pp. 1-23 (London, Academic press).
   Google Scholar
• HINTON, Jr., A., BUHR, R.J. and INGRAM, K.D. (2000) Physical, chemical, and microbiological changes in the ceca of broiler chickens subjected to incremental feed withdrawal. Poultry Science 79: 483-488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JAMROZ, D., JAKOBSEN, K., KNUDSEN, K.E.B., WILICZKIEWICZ, A. and ORDA, J. (2002) Digestibility and energy value of non-starch polysaccharides in young chickens, ducks and geese, fed diets containing high amounts of barley. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 131A: 657-668.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JANSSEN, P.W.M., LENTLE, R.G., HULLS, C., RAVINDRAN, V. and AMERAH, A.M. (2009) Spatiotemporal mapping of the motility of the isolated chicken caecum. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 179: 593-604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JORGENSEN, H., ZHAO, X.-Q., KNUDSEN, K.E.B. and EGGUM, B.O. (1996) The influence of dietary fibre source and level on the development of the gastrointestinal tract, digestibility and energy metabolism in broiler chickens. British Journal of Nutrition 15: 379-395.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JOZEFIAK, D., RUTKOWSKI, A., JENSEN, B.B. and ENGBERG, R.M. (2006) The effect of β-glucanase supplementation of barley- and oat-based diets on growth performance and fermentation in broiler chicken gastrointestinal tract. British Poultry Science 51: 546-557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JOZEFIAK, D., RUTKOWSKI, A. and MARTIN, S.A. (2004) Carbohydrate fermentation in the avian ceca: a review. Animal Feed Science and Technology 113: 1-15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JOZEFIAK, D., RUTKOWSKI, A., KACZMAREK, S., JENSEN, B.B., ENGBERG, R.M. and HOJBERG, O. (2010) Effect of β-glucanase and xylanase supplementation of barley- and rye-based diets on caecal microbiota of broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 51: 546-557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JOZEFIAK, D., SIP, A., RAWSKI, M., RUTKOWSKI, A., KACMAREK, S., HOJBERG, O., JENSEN, B.B. and ENGBERG, R.M. (2011) Dietary divercin modifies gastrointestinal micobiota and improves growth performance in broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 52: 492-499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KARASAWA, Y. (1989) Ammonia production from uric acid, urea, and amino acids and its absorption from the ceca of the cockerel. The Journal of Experimental Zoology Suppl. 3: 75-80.
   Google Scholar
• KARASAWA, Y. and MAEDA, M. (1994) Role of caeca in the nitrogen nutrition of the chicken fed on a moderate protein diet or a low protein diet plus urea. British Poultry Science 35: 383-391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KARASAWA, Y. and MAEDA, M. (1992) Effect of colostomy on the utilisation of dietary nitrogen in the fowl fed on a low protein diet. British Poultry Science 33: 815-820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KARASAWA, Y. and MAEDA, M. (1995) Effect of colostomy on the occurrence of dietary (15N) urea in intestinal content, blood, urine and tissues in chickens fed a low protein diet plus urea. British Poultry Science 36: 87-95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KARASAWA, Y., OKAMOTO, M. and KAWAI, H. (1988) Ammonia production from uric acid and its absorption from the caecum of the cockerel. British Poultry Science 29: 119-124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KLASING, K.C. (2005) Poultry nutrition: A comparative approach. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 14: 426-436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LANGHOUT, D.J. and SCHUTTE, J.B. (1996) Nutritional implications of pectins in chicks in relation to esterification and origin of pectins. Poultry Science 75: 1236-1242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LANGHOUT, D.J., SCHUTTE, J.B., de JONG, J., SLOTJES, H., VERSTEGEN, M.W.A. and TAMMINGA, S. (2000) Effect of viscosity on digestion of nutrients in conventional and germ-free chicks. British Journal of Nutrition 83: 533-540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LAVERTY, G. and SKADHAUGE, E. (2008) Adaptive strategies for post-renal handling of urine in birds. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A149: 246-254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LERNER, J., SATTELMEYER, P. and RUSH, R. (1975) Kinetics of methionine influx into various regions of chicken intestine. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 50A: 113-120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LONGSTAFF, M.A., KNOX, A. and McNAB. J.M. (1988) Digestibility of pentose sugars and uronic acids and their effect on chick weight gain and caecal size. British Poultry Science 29: 379-393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LU, J., IDRIS, U., HARMON, B., HOFACRE, C., MAURER, J.J. and LEE, M.D. (2003) Diversity and succession of the intestinal bacterial community of the maturing broiler chicken. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69: 6816–6824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAISONNIER, S., GOMEZ, J., CHAGNEAU, A.M. and CARRÉ, B. (2001) Analysis of variability in nutrient digestibilities in broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 42: 70-76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAROUNEK, M., SUCHORSKA, O. and SAVKA, O. (1999) Effect of substrate and feed antibiotics on in vitro production of volatile fatty acids and methane in caecal contents of chickens. Animal Feed Science and Technology 80: 223-230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARRON, L., BEDFORD, M.R. and MCCRACKEN, K.J. (2001) The effects of adding xylanase, vitamin C and copper sulphate to wheat-based diets on broiler performance. British Poultry Science 42: 493-500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MEAD, G.C. (1989) Microbes of the avian cecum: Types present and substrates utilized. The Journal of Experimental Zoology Suppl. 3: 48-54.
   Google Scholar
• McNAB, J. (1972) The avian ceca: a review. World's Poultry Science Journal 29: 251-263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLELLAND, J. (1989) Anatomy of the avian cecum. The Journal of Experimental Zoology Suppl. 3: 2-9.
   Google Scholar
• MORAN, Jr., E.T. (2006) Anatomy, microbes, and fiber: Small versus large intestine. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 15: 154-160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORETÓ, M. and PLANAS, J.M. (1989) Sugar and amino acid transport properties of the chicken ceca. The Journal of Experimental Zoology Suppl. 3: 111-116.
   Google Scholar
• MORTENSEN, A. and TINDALL, A. (1981) On cecal synthesis and absorption of amino acids and their importance for nitrogen recycling in willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus lagopus). Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 113: 465-469.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• OBST, B.S. and DIAMOND, J.M. (1989) Interspecific variation in sugar and amino acid transport by the avian cecum. The Journal of Experimental Zoology Suppl. 3: 117-126.
   Google Scholar
• PULLIAINEN, E. and TUNKKARI, P. (1983) Seasonal variation in the gut length of willow grouse (Lagopus lagopus) in Finnish Lapland. Annales Zoologici Fennici 20: 53-56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RAVINDRAN, V., HEW, L.I., RAVINDRAN, G. and BRYDEN, W.L. (1999) A comparison of ileal digesta and excreta analysis for the determination of amino acid digestibility in food ingredients for poultry. British Poultry Science 40: 266-274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• REDIG, P.T. (1989) The avian ceca: Obligate combustion chambers or facultative afterburners? – The conditioning influence of diet. The Journal of Experimental Zoology Suppl. 3: 66-69.
   Google Scholar
• REHMAN, H., BÖHM, J. and ZENTEK, J. (2007) Effects of differentially fermentable carbohydrates on the microbial fermentation profile of the gastrointestinal tract of broilers. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 92: 471-480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RODRIGUEZ, M.L., REBOLÉ, A., VELASCO, S., ORTIZ, L.T., TREVINO, J. and ALZUETA, C. (2012) Wheat- and barley-based diets with or without additives influence broiler chicken performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal microflora. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 92: 184-190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROUGIERE, N. and CARRÉ, B. (2010) Comparison of gastrointestinal transit times between chickens from D+ and D- genetic lines selected for divergent digestion efficiency. Animal 4: 1861-1872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SACRANIE, A., SVIHUS, B., DENSTADLI, V., MOEN, B., IJI, P.A. and CHOCT, M. (2012) The effect of insoluble fiber and intermittent feeding on gizzard development, gut motility, and performance of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 91: 693-700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SIBBALD, I.R. (1987) estimation of bioavailable amino acids in feedingstuffs for poultry and pigs: A review with emphasis on balance experiments. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67: 221-300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SON, J.H. and KARASAWA, Y. (2000) Effect of removal of caecal contents on nitrogen utilisation and nitrogen excretion in caecally ligated chickens fed on a low protein diet supplemented with urea. British Poultry Science 41: 69-71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SON, J.H., KARASAWA, Y. and NAHM, K.H. (2000) Effect of caecectomy on growth, moisture in excreta, gastrointestinal passage time and uric acid excretion in growing chicks. British Poultry Science 41: 72-74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SON, J.H., RAGLAND, D., ADEOLA, O. (2002) Quantification of digesta flow into the caeca. British Poultry Science 43: 322-324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SORVARI, R., NAUKKARINEN, A. and SORVARI, T.E. (1977) Anal sucking-like movements in the chicken and chick embryo followed by the transportation of environmental material to the bursa of Fabricius, caeca and caecal tonsils. Poultry Science 56: 1426-1429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STRONG, T.R., REIMER, P.R. and BRAUN, E.J. (1989). Avian cecal microanatomy: A morphometric comparison of two species. The Journal of Experimental Zoology Suppl. 3: 10-20.
   Google Scholar
• SVIHUS, B. (2011) The gizzard: Function, influence of diet structure, and effects on nutrient availability. World's Poultry Science Journal 67: 207-223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SVIHUS, B., JUVIK, E., HETLAND, H. and KROGDAHL, Å., (2004) Causes for improvement in nutritive value of broiler chicken diets with whole wheat instead of ground wheat. British Poultry Science 45: 55-60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TANIKAWA, T., SHOJI, N., SONOHARA, N., SAITO, S., SHIMURA, Y., UKUSHIMA, J. and INAMOTO, T. (2011) Aging transition of the bacterial community structure in the chick ceca. Poultry Science 90: 1004-1008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THOMAS, D.H. (1982) Salt and water excretion by birds: The lower intestine as an integrator of renal and intestinal excretion. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 71A: 527-535.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THOMAS, D.H. and SKADHAUGE, E. (1989) Water and electrolyte transport by the avian ceca. The Journal of Experimental Zoology Suppl. 3: 95-102.
   Google Scholar
• TOROK, V.A., OPHEL-KELLER, K., LOO, M. and HUGHES, R.J. (2008) Application of methods for identifying broiler chicken gut bacterial species linked with increased energy metabolism. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74: 783-791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TOROK, V.A., ALLISON, G.E., PERCY, N.J., OPHEL-KELLER, K. and HUGHES, R.J. (2011) Influence of antimicrobial feed additives on broiler commensal posthatch gut microbiota development and performance. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77: 3380-3390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VAN DER WIELEN, P.W.J.J., KEUZENKAMP, D.A., LIPMAN, L.J.A., van KNAPEN, F. and BIESTERVELD, S. (2002) Spatial and temporal variation of the intestinal bacterial community in commercially raised broiler chickens during growth. Microbial Ecology 44: 286-293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VERGARA, P., FERRANDO, C., JIMENEZ, M., FERNANDEZ, E. and GONALONS, E. (1989) Factors determining gastrointestinal transit time of several markers in the domestic fowl. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology 74: 867-874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WARRISS, P.D., WILKINS, L.J., BROWN, S.N., PHILLIPS, A.J. and ALLEN, V. (2004) Defaecation and weight of the gastrointestinal tract contents after feed and water withdrawal in broilers. British Poultry Science 45: 61-66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEURDING, R.E., VELDMAN, A., VEEN, W.A.G., VAN DER AAR, P.J. and VERSTEGEN, M.W.A. (2001) Starch digestion rate in the small intestine of broiler chickens differs among feedstuffs. Journal of Nutrition 131: 2329-2335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XU, Z.R., HU, C.H., XIA, M.S., ZHAN, X.A. and WANG, M.Q. (2003) Effects of dietary fructooligosaccharide on digestive enzyme activities, intestinal microflora and morphology of male broilers. Poultry Science 82: 1030-1036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YU, B., TSAI, C.-C., HSU, J.-C. and CHIOU, P.W.-S. (1998) Effect of different sources of dietary fibre on growth performance, intestinal morphology and caecal carbohydrases of domestic geese. British Poultry Science 39: 560-567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZIMONJA, O. and SVIHUS, B. (2009) Effects of processing of wheat or oats starch on physical pellet quality and nutritional value for broilers. Animal Feed Science and Technology 149: 287-297.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar