Brachyspira spp. and avian intestinal spirochaetosis: an epidemiological review

References

• ADACHI, Y., SUEYOSHI, M., MIYAGAWA, E., MINATO, H. and SHOYA, S. (1985) Experimental-infection of young broiler chicks with Treponema hyodysenteriae. Microbiology and Immunology 29: 683-688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BAIT-MERABET, L., THILLE, A., LEGRAND, P., BRUN-BUISSON, C. and CATTOIR, V. (2008) Brachyspira pilosicoli bloodstream infections: Case report and review of the literature. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials 7: 19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BANO, L., MERIALDI, G., BONILAURI, P., DALL'ANESE, G., CAPELLO, K., COMIN, D., CATTOLI, G., SANGUINETTI, V., HAMPSON, D.J. and AGNOLETTI, F. (2008) Prevalence, disease associations and risk factors for colonization with intestinal spirochaetes (Brachyspira spp.) in flocks of laying hens in north-eastern Italy. Avian Pathology 37: 281-286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOYE, M., BALODA, S.B., LESER, T.D. and MOLLER, K. (2001) Survival of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli in terrestrial microcosms. Veterinary Microbiology 81: 33-40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BUCKLES, E.L., EATON, K.A. and SWAYNE, D.E. (1997) Cases of spirochete-associated necrotizing typhlitis in captive common rheas (Rhea americana). Avian Diseases 41: 144-148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BURCH, D.G.S. (2010) Egg production drops from Brachyspira. http://www.worldpoultry.net/chickens/management/prevention-control/egg-production-drops-from-Brachyspira-7816.html.
   Google Scholar
• BURCH, D.G.S., HARDING, C., ALVAREZ, R. and VALKS, M. (2006) Treatment of a field case of avian intestinal spirochaetosis caused by Brachyspira pilosicoli with tiamulin. Avian Pathology 35: 211-216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CALDERARO, A., BOMMEZZADRI, S., GORRINI, C., PICCOLO, G., PERUZZI, S., VILLANACCI, V., ZAMBELLI, C., DETTORI, G. and CHEZZI, C. (2007) Infective colitis associated with human intestinal spirochetosis. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 22: 1772-1779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DAVELAAR, F.G. and SMIT, H.F. (1986) Infectious typhlitis in chickens caused by spirochetes. Avian Pathology 15: 247-258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUHAMEL, G.E., TROTT, D.J., MUNIAPPA, N., MATHIESEN, M.R., TARASIUK, K., LEE, J.I. and HAMPSON, D.J. (1998) Canine intestinal spirochetes consist of Serpulina pilosicoli and a newly identified group provisionally designated ‘Serpulina canis' sp. nov. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36: 2264-2270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DWARS, R.M., SMIT, H.F. and DAVELAAR, F.G. (1991) Influence of infection with avian intestinal spirochetes on the feces of laying hens. Avian Pathology 21: 513-515.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DWARS, R.M., SMIT, H.F., DAVELAAR, F.G. and VANTVEER, W. (1989) Incidence of spirochetal infections in cases of intestinal disorder in chickens. Avian Pathology 18: 591-595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FEBERWEE, A., HAMPSON, D.J., PHILLIPS, N.D., LA, T., VAN DER HEIJDEN, H.M., WELLENBERG, G.J., DWARS, R.M. and LANDMAN, W.J.M. (2008) Identification of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and other pathogenic Brachyspira species in chickens from laying flocks with diarrhea or reduced production or both. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 46: 593-600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FOURNIEAMAZOUZ, E., BARANTON, G., CARLIER, J.P., CHAMBREUIL, G., COHADON, F., COLLIN, P., JOLIVET, A.G., HERMES, I., LEMARIE, C. and SAINTGIRONS, I. (1995) Isolations of intestinal spirochetes from the blood of human patients. Journal of Hospital Infection 30: 160-162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GLAVITS, R., IVANICS, E., NEMES, C., DAN, A., KASZANYITZKY, E., SAMU, P., THUMA, A., BEREGSZASZI, A., SIMON, A., ALADICS, S., BERTA, P. and DOBOS-KOVACS, M. (2008) Examinations and observations about intestinal spirochaetosis (brachyspirosis) in geese, ducks and domestic fowls, compared to swine dysentery. Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja 130: 663-670.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRIFFITHS, I.B., HUNT, B.W., LISTER, S.A. and LAMONT, M.H. (1987) Retarded growth-rate and delayed onset of egg-production associated with spirochete infection in pullets. Veterinary Record 121: 35-37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAMPSON, D.J. and LA, T. (2006) Reclassification of Serpulina intermedia and Serpulina murdochii in the genus Brachyspira as Brachyspira intermedia comb. nov and Brachyspira murdochii comb. nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56: 1009-1012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAMPSON, D.J., LESTER, G.D., PHILLIPS, N.D. and LA, T. (2006a) Isolation of Brachyspira pilosicoli from weanling horses with chronic diarrhoea. Veterinary Record 158: 661-662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAMPSON, D.J. and MCLAREN, A.J. (1999) Experimental infection of laying hens with Serpulina intermedia causes reduced egg production and increased faecal water content. Avian Pathology 28: 113-117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAMPSON, D.J., OXBERRY, S.L. and LA, T. (2006b) Potential for zoonotic transmission of Brachyspira pilosicoli. Emerging Infectious Diseases 12: 869-870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAMPSON, D.J., OXBERRY, S.L. and STEPHENS, C.P. (2002a) Influence of in-feed zinc bacitracin and tiamulin treatment on experimental avian intestinal spirochaetosis caused by Brachyspira intermedia. Avian Pathology 31: 285-291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAMPSON, D.J., PHILLIPS, N.D. and PLUSKE, J.R. (2002b) Dietary enzyme and zinc bacitracin reduce colonisation of layer hens by the intestinal spirochaete Brachyspira intermedia. Veterinary Microbiology 86: 351-360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HARRIS, D.L., GLOCK, R.D., CHRISTEN, C.R. and KINYON, J.M. (1972) Swine Dysentery.1. Inoculation of pigs with Treponema hyodysenteriae (new species) and reproduction of disease. Veterinary Medicine & Small Animal Clinician 67: 61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HIRSH, D.C. (2004) Spiral-curved organisms II: Brachyspira (Serpulina), in: HIRSH, D.C., MACLACHLAN, N.J. & WALKER, R.L. (Eds) Veterinary microbiology, 2^nd pp. 131-134 (Blackwell, Ames, Iowa).
   Google Scholar
• IVANICS, E., GLAVITS, R., THUMA, A., SIMON, A., BERTA, P., KASZANYITZKY, E., SAMU, P., DENCSO, L., URSU, K. and DAN, A. (2009) Intestinal spirochaetosis (Brachyspirosis) in Hungarian laying hen flocks. Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja 131: 323-330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JAMSHIDI, A.L., BASSAMI, M.R., KASAEI, A. and MOHAMADI, A. (2009) Isolation and Identification of Brachyspira pilosicoli from laying hens flocks, using conventional culture and molecular methods in Mashhad-Iran. The 6th National Biotechnology Congress of Iran, Tehran-Iran.
   Google Scholar
• JAMSHIDI, A. and HAMPSON, D.J. (2005) The eggs from laying hens infected with Brachyspira pilosicoli may not be a potential source of infection for human. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research 6: 1-7.
   Google Scholar
• JAMSHIDI, A. and HAMPSON, D.J. (2003) Experimental infection of layer hens with a human isolate of Brachyspira pilosicoli. Journal of Medical Microbiology 52: 361-364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JAMSHIDI, A. and HAMPSON, D.J. (2002) Zinc bacitracin enhances colonization by the intestinal spirochaete Brachyspira pilosicoli in experimentally infected layer hens. Avian Pathology 31: 293-298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JAMSHIDIAN, M., LA, T., PHILLIPS, N.D. and HAMPSON, D.J. (2004) Brachyspira pilosicoli colonization in experimentally infected mice can be facilitated by dietary manipulation. Journal of Medical Microbiology 53: 313-318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JANSSON, D.S., FELLSTROM, C. and JOHANSSON, K.E. (2008) Intestinal spirochetes isolated from wild-living jackdaws, hooded crows and rooks (genus Corvus): Provisionally designated ‘Brachyspira corvi' sp nov. Anaerobe 14: 287-295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JANSSON, D.S., BROJER, C., GAVIER-WIDEN, D., GUNNARSSON, A. and FELLSTROM, C. (2001) Brachyspira spp. (Serpulina spp.) in birds: A review and results from a study of Swedish game birds. Animal Health Research Reviews 2: 93-100.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• JENSEN, N.S., STANTON, T.B. and SWAYNE, D.E. (1996) Identification of the swine pathogen Serpulina hyodysenteriae in rheas (Rhea americana). Veterinary Microbiology 52: 259-269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JENSEN, T.K., CHRISTENSEN, A.S. and BOYE, M. (2010) Brachyspira murdochii colitis in pigs. Veterinary Pathology 47: 334-338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JOENS, L.A. (1980) Experimental Transmission of Treponema hyodysenteriae from mice to pigs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 41: 1225-1226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JOENS, L.A. and KINYON, J.M. (1982) Isolation of Treponema hyodysenteriae from wild rodents. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 15: 994-997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JORDAN, F.T. and HAMPSON, D.J. (2008) Brachyspira spp. Intestinal Spirochaetosis, in: PATTISON, M., MCMULLIN, P., BRADBURY, J.M. & ALEXANDER, D.J. (Eds) Poultry Diseases, pp. 243-247 (Elsevier Philadelphia, USA).
   Google Scholar
• KINYON, J.M. and HARRIS, D.L. (1979) Treponema innocens, a new species of intestinal bacteria, and emended description of the type strain of Treponema hyodysenteriae Harris et al. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 29: 102-109.
   Google Scholar
• KIZERWETTER-ŚWIDA, M., RZEWUSKA, M. and BINEK, M. (2005) Characterization of Brachyspira sp strains isolated from flock of hens with diarrhoea. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 49: 169-173.
   Google Scholar
• LAZARO, R., GARCIA, M., ARANIBAR, M.J. and MATEOS, G.G. (2003) Effect of enzyme addition to wheat-, barley- and rye-based diets on nutrient digestibility and performance of laying hens. British Poultry Science 44: 2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LUX, R., MOTER, A. and SHI, W.Y. (2000) Chemotaxis in pathogenic spirochetes: Directed movement toward targeting tissues? Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology 2: 355-364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCLAREN, A.J., HAMPSON, D.J. and WYLIE, S.L. (1996) The prevalence of intestinal spirochaetes in poultry flocks in Western Australia. Australian Veterinary Journal 74: 319-321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MEDHANIE, G.A., MCEWEN, S.A., WEBER, L., SANEI, B., COOLEY, L., HOUGHTON, S., SLAVIC, D. and GUERIN, M.T. (2013) Risk factors associated with the colonization of Ontario layer chicken flocks with Brachyspira species. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 109: 304-311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MEDHANIE, G.A., MCEWEN, S.A., WEBER, L., SANEI, B., COOLEY, L., HOUGHTON, S., SLAVIC, D. and GUERIN, M.T. Brachyspira species in Ontario layer chicken flocks and its association with downgrades for dirty eggs. Manuscript in preparation for submission to Avian Diseases.
   Google Scholar
• MIKOSZA, A.S.J. and HAMPSON, D.J. (2001) Human intestinal spirochetosis: Brachyspira aalborgi and/or Brachyspira pilosicoli? Animal Health Research Reviews 2: 101-110.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MUNSHI, M.A., TAYLOR, N.M., MIKOSZA, A.S.J., SPENCER, P.B.S. and HAMPSON, D.J. (2003) Detection by PCR and isolation assays of the anaerobic intestinal spirochete Brachyspira aalborgi from the feces of captive nonhuman primates. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 41: 1187-1191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MYERS, S.E., DUNN, P.A., PHILLIPS, N.D., LA, T. and HAMPSON, D.J. (2009) Brachyspira intermedia and Brachyspira pilosicoli are commonly found in older laying flocks in Pennsylvania. Avian Diseases 53: 533-537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEMES, C.S., GLAVITS, R., DOBOS-KOVACS, M., LVANICS, T., KASZANYITZKY, E., BEREGSZASZI, A., SZEREDI, L. and DENCSO, L. (2006) Typhlocolitis associated with spirochaetes in goose flocks. Avian Pathology 35: 4-11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OCHIAI, S., ADACHI, Y. and MORI, K. (1997) Unification of the genera Serpulina and Brachyspira, and proposals of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae comb nov, Brachyspira innocens comb nov and Brachyspira pilosicoli comb nov. Microbiology and Immunology 41: 445-452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OXBERRY, S.L. and HAMPSON, D.J. (2003) Colonisation of pet shop puppies with Brachyspira pilosicoli. Veterinary Microbiology 93: 167-174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OXBERRY, S.L., TROTT, D.J. and HAMPSON, D.J. (1998) Serpulina pilosicoli, waterbirds and water: potential sources of infection for humans and other animals. Epidemiology and Infection 121: 219-225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PASTER, B.J. and DEWHIRST, F.E. (2000) Phylogenetic foundation of spirochetes. Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology 2: 341-344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PHILLIPS, N.D., LA, T. and HAMPSON, D.J. (2005) A cross-sectional study to investigate the occurrence and distribution of intestinal spirochaetes (Brachyspira spp.) in three flocks of laying hens. Veterinary Microbiology 105: 189-198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PHILLIPS, N.D., LA, T. and HAMPSON, D.J. (2003) Survival of intestinal spirochaete strains from chickens in the presence of disinfectants and in faeces held at different temperatures. Avian Pathology 32: 639-643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PHILLIPS, N.D., LA, T., PLUSKE, J.R. and HAMPSON, D.J. (2004) The wheat variety used in the diet of laying hens influences colonization with the intestinal spirochaete Brachyspira intermedia. Avian Pathology 33: 586-590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RÅSBÄCK, T., JANSSON, D.S., JOHANSSON, K.E. and FELLSTROM, C. (2007) A novel enteropathogenic, strongly haemolytic spirochaete isolated from pig and mallard, provisionally designated ‘Brachyspira suanatina' sp nov. Environmental Microbiology 9: 983-991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RUANE, P.J., NAKATA, M.M., REINHARDT, J.F. and GEORGE, W.L. (1989) Spirochete like organisms in the human gastrointestinal tract. Reviews of infectious diseases 11: 184-196.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SHIBAHARA, T., HIKITA, M., WADA, Y., SUEYOSHI, M., OHYA, T., ISHIKAWA, Y. and KADOTA, K. (2000a) Intestinal spirochetosis in wild sika deer (Cervus nipponyesoensis) infected with Brachyspira species. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 62: 947-951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHIBAHARA, T., KUWANO, A., UENO, T., ANZAI, T., KUWAMOTO, Y., SATO, H., MAEDA, T., ISHIKAWA, Y. and KADOTA, K. (2002a) Intestinal spirochetosis in a 21-month-old Thoroughbred colt. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 64: 633-636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHIBAHARA, T., OHYA, T., ISHII, R., OGIHARA, Y., MAEDA, T., ISHIKAWA, Y. and KADOTA, K. (2002b) Concurrent spirochaetal infections of the feet and colon of cattle in Japan. Australian Veterinary Journal 80: 497-502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHIBAHARA, T., WADA, Y., SUEYOSHI, M., OHYA, T., ISHIKAWA, Y. and KADOTA, K. (2000b) Bovine intestinal spirochaetosis with dysentery. Veterinary Record 146: 585-586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHIVAPRASAD, H.L. and DUHAMEL, G.E. (2005) Cecal spirochetosis caused by Brachyspira pilosicoli in commercial turkeys. Avian Diseases 49: 609-613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SMITH, J.L. (2005) Colonic spirochetosis in animals and humans. Journal of Food Protection 68: 1525-1534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SONGER, J.G. and HARRIS, D.L. (1978) Transmission of Swine-dysentery by carrier pigs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 39: 913-916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STANTON, T.B., FOURNIEAMAZOUZ, E., POSTIC, D., TROTT, D.J., GRIMONT, P.A.D., BARANTON, G., HAMPSON, D.J. and SAINTGIRONS, I. (1997) Recognition of two new species of intestinal spirochetes: Serpulina intermedia sp. nov. and Serpulina murdochii sp. nov. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 47: 1007-1012.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• STANTON, T.B., POSTIC, D. and JENSEN, N.S. (1998) Serpulina alvinipulli sp. nov., a new Serpulina species that is enteropathogenic for chickens. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 48: 669-676.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• STEGE, H., JENSEN, T.K., MOLLER, K., BAEKBO, P. and JORSAL, S.E. (2001) Risk factors for intestinal pathogens in Danish finishing pig herds. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 50: 153-164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STEPHENS, C.P. and HAMPSON, D.J. (2002a) Evaluation of tiamulin and lincomycin for the treatment of broiler breeders experimentally infected with the intestinal spirochaete Brachyspira pilosicoli. Avian Pathology 31: 299-304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STEPHENS, C.P. and HAMPSON, D.J. (2002b) Experimental infection of broiler breeder hens with the intestinal spirochaete Brachyspira (Serpulina) pilosicoli causes reduced egg production. Avian Pathology 31: 169-175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STEPHENS, C.P. and HAMPSON, D.J. (2001) Intestinal spirochete infections of chickens: A review of disease associations, epidemiology and control. Animal Health Research Reviews 2: 83-91.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• STEPHENS, C.P. and HAMPSON, D.J. (1999) Prevalence and disease association of intestinal spirochaetes in chickens in eastern Australia. Avian Pathology 28: 447-454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SWAYNE, D.E., BERMUDEZ, A.J., SAGARTZ, J.E., EATON, K.A., MONFORT, J.D., STOUTENBURG, J.W. and HAYES, J.R. (1992) Association of cecal spirochetes with pasty vents and dirty eggshells in layers. Avian Diseases 36: 776-781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SWAYNE, D.E., EATON, K.A., STOUTENBURG, J., TROTT, D.J., HAMPSON, D.J. and JENSEN, N.S. (1995) Identification of a new intestinal spirochete with pathogenicity for chickens. Infection and Immunity 63: 430-436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TAYLOR, D.J. (1997) Swine dysentery. Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja 119: 612-615.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TRIVETT-MOORE, N.L., GILBERT, G.L., LAW, C.L.H., TROTT, D.J. and HAMPSON, D.J. (1998) Isolation of Serpulina pilosicoli from rectal biopsy specimens showing evidence of intestinal spirochetosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36: 261-265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TROTT, D.J., COMBS, B.G., MIKOSZA, A.S.J., OXBERRY, S.L., ROBERTSON, I.D., PASSEY, M., TAIME, J., SEHUKO, R., ALPERS, M.P. and HAMPSON, D.J. (1997) The prevalence of Serpulina pilosicoli in humans and domestic animals in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea. Epidemiology and Infection 119: 369-379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TROTT, D.J., HUXTABLE, C.R. and HAMPSON, D.J. (1996a) Experimental infection of newly weaned pigs with human and porcine strains of Serpulina pilosicoli. Infection and Immunity 64: 4648-4654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TROTT, D.J., MCLAREN, A.J. and HAMPSON, D.J. (1995) Pathogenicity of human and porcine intestinal spirochetes in one-day-old specific-pathogen-free chicks - an animal-model of intestinal spirochetosis. Infection and Immunity 63: 3705-3710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TROTT, D.J., STANTON, T.B., JENSEN, N.S., DUHAMEL, G.E., JOHNSON, J.L. and HAMPSON, D.J. (1996b) Serpulina pilosicoli sp nov; The agent of porcine intestinal spirochetosis. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 46: 206-215.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• VERLINDEN, M., PASMANS, F., GARMYN, A., DE ZUTTER, L., HAESEBROUCK, F. and MARTEL, A. (2012) Occurrence of viable Brachyspira spp. on carcasses of spent laying hens from supermarkets. Food Microbiology 32: 321-324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEISSENBÖCK, H., MADERNER, A., HERZOG, A.M., LUSSY, H. and NOWOTNY, N. (2005) Amplification and sequencing of Brachyspira spp. specific portions of nox using paraffin-embedded tissue samples from clinical colitis in Austrian pigs shows frequent solitary presence of Brachyspira murdochii. Veterinary Microbiology 111: 67-75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar