Factors contributing to verbal self-disclosure

REFERENCES

• Ahrens , C. E. 2006 . Being silenced: The impact of negative social reactions on the disclosure of rape . American Journal of Community Psychology , 38 : 263 – 274 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert , S. and Dabbs , J. M. Jr. 1970 . Physical distance and persuasion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 15 : 265 – 270 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altman , I. 1973 . Reciprocity of interpersonal exhange . Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior; , 3 : 249 – 261 .
   Google Scholar
• Altman , I. and Taylor , D. 1973 . Social penetration: The development of interpersonal relationships New York : Holt, Rinehart & Winston. .
   Google Scholar
• Barnlund , D. C. 1989 . Communicative styles of Japanese and Americans: Images and realities Belmont , CA : Wadsworth. .
   Google Scholar
• Barrett-Lennard , G. 1981 . The empathy cycle: Refinement of a nuclear concept . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 28 : 91 – 100 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister , R. F. 1982 . A self-presentational view of social phenomena . Psychological Bulletin , 91 : 3 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg , J. H. and Derlega , V. J. 1987 . “ Themes in the study of self-disclosure. ” . In Self-disclosure: Theory, research and therapy Edited by: Derlega , V. J. and Berg , J. H. 1 – 8 . New York : Plenum. .
   Google Scholar
• Bermack , E. 1989 . Effect of telephone and face-to-face communication on rated extent of self-disclosure by female college students . Psychological Reports , 65 : 259 – 267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry , D. S. and Pennebaker , J. W. 1993 . Nonverbal and verbal emotional expression and health . Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , 59 : 11 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bok , S. 1989 . Secrets: On the ethics of concealment and revelation New York : Vintage Books .
   Google Scholar
• Bostrom , R. 1970 . Patterns of communicative interaction in small groups . Speech Monographs , 37 : 257 – 263 .
   Google Scholar
• Brehm , J. W. 1966 . A theory of psychological reactance San Diego , CA : Academic Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Brems , C. 2001 . Dimensionality of empathy and its correlates . The Journal of Psychology , 123 : 329 – 337 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruch , M. A. 2002 . Shyness and toughness: Unique and moderated relations with men's emotional inexpression . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 49 : 28 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burchill , S. A.L. and Stiles , W. B. 1988 . Interactions of depressed college students with their roommates: Not necessarily negative . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 55 : 410 – 419 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton , C. M. and King , L. A. 2004 . The health benefits of writing about intensely positive experiences . Journal of Research in Personality , 38 : 150 – 163 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Certner , B. C. 1973 . Exchange of self-disclosures in same-sexed groups of strangers . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 40 : 292 – 297 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaikin , A. L. and Derlega , V. J. 1974a . Liking for the norm-breaker in self-disclosure . Journal of Personality , 42 : 117 – 129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaikin , A. L. and Derlega , V. J. 1974b . Self-disclosure Morristown , NJ : General Learning Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Chaikin , A. L. and Derlega , V. J. 1974c . Variables affecting the appropriateness of self-disclosure . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 42 : 588 – 593 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaikin , A. L. and Derlega , V. J. 1976 . “ Self-disclosure. ” . In Contemporary topics in social psychology Edited by: Thibaut , J. W. , Spence , J. T. and Carson , R. C. 177 – 210 . Morristown , NJ : General Learning Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chaikin , A. L. , Derlega , V. J. , Bayma , B. and Shaw , J. 1975 . Neuroticism and disclosure reciprocity . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 43 : 13 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaikin , A. L. , Derlega , V. J. and Miller , S. J. 1976 . Effects of room environment on self-disclosure in a counseling analogue . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 23 : 479 – 481 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chelune , G. J. 1976a . A multidimensional look at sex and target differences in disclosure . Psychological Reports , 39 : 259 – 263 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chelune , G. J. 1976b . Reactions to male and female disclosure at two levels . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 34 : 1000 – 1003 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , G. M. 1995 . Differences in self-disclosure patterns among Americans versus Chinese . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 26 : 84 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christophe , V. and DiGiacomo , J. P. 1995 . Contenu du partage social secondaire suite à un épisode émotionnel négatif ou positif (Content of the secondary social sharing following a positive or a negative emotional event) Unpublished manuscript. University of Lille III. In Luminet, O., Bouts, P., Delie, F., Manstead, A. Rimé, B. 2000 Social sharing of emotion following exposure to a negatively valenced situation. Cognition and Emotion, 14, 661–688.
   Google Scholar
• Christophe , V. and Rimé , B. 1997 . Exposure to the social sharing of emotion: emotional impact, listener responses and secondary social sharing . European Journal of Social Psychology , 27 : 37 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins , N. L. and Miller , L. C. 1994 . Self-disclosure and liking: A meta-analytic review . Psychological Bulletin , 116 : 457 – 475 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper , C. L. and Bowles , D. 1973 . Physical encounter and self-disclosure . Psychological Reports , 33 : 451 – 454 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cozby , P. D. 1972 . Self-disclosure, reciprocity and liking . Sociometry , 35 : 151 – 160 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Culbert , S. A. 1970 . “ The interpersonal process of self-disclosure: It takes two to see one. ” . In Sensitivity training and the laboratory approach Edited by: Golembiewski , R. L. and Blumberg , A. 73 – 79 . Itasca , IL : F . E. Peacock.
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham , M. R. , Steinberg , J. and Grev , R. 1980 . Wanting to and having to help: Separate motivations for positive mood and guilt-induced helping . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 38 : 181 – 192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham , J. A. and Strassberg , D. S. 1981 . Neuroticism and disclosure reciprocity . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 28 : 455 – 458 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , J. D. 1976 . Self-disclosure in an acquaintance exercise: Responsibility for level of intimacy . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 33 : 787 – 792 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , J. D. and Skinner , A. E.G. 1974 . Reciprocity of self-disclosure in interviews: Modeling or social exchange? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 29 : 779 – 784 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derlega , V. J. and Chaikin , A. L. 1977 . Privacy and self-disclosure in social relationships . Journal of Social Issues , 33 : 102 – 115 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derlega , V. D. , Wilson , M. and Chaikin , A. L. 1976 . Friendship and disclosure reciprocity . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 34 : 578 – 582 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dindia , K. 2002 . “ Self-disclosure research: Knowledge through meta-analysis. ” . In Interpersonal communication research. Advances through meta-analysis Edited by: Allen , M. , Preiss , R. W. , Gayle , B. M. and Burrell , N. A. 169 – 185 . Mahwah , N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. .
   Google Scholar
• Dindia , K. , Fitzpatrick , M. A. and Kenny , D. A. 1997 . Self-disclosure in spouse and stranger dyads: A social relations analysis . Human Communication Research , 23 : 388 – 412 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esterling , B. A. , Antoni , M. H. , Kumar , M. and Schneiderman , N. 1990 . Emotional repression, stress disclosure responses and Epstein-Barr viral capsid antigen titers . Psychosomatic Medicine , 52 : 397 – 410 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkenauer , C. , Engels , R. C.M.E. and Meeus , W. 2002 . Keeping secrets from parents: Advantages and disadvantages of secrecy in adolescence . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 31 : 123 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbein , M. J. and Laird , J. D. 1979 . Concealment and disclosure: Some effects of information control on the person who controls . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 15 : 114 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford , C. A. , Millstein , S. G. , Halpern-Felsher , B. L. and Irwin , C. E. 1997 . Influence of physician confidentiality assurances on adolescents' willingness to disclose information and seek future health care . Journal of the American Medical Association , 278 : 1029 – 1034 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frattaroli , J. 2006 . Experimental disclosure and its moderators: A meta-analysis . Psychological Bulletin , 132 : 823 – 865 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner , W. L. and Martinko , M. J. 1988 . Impression management: An observational study linking audience characteristics with verbal self-presentations . Academy of Management Journal , 31 : 42 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibb , J. R. 1965 . Defensive communication . ETC: A Review of General Semantics , 22 : 221 – 229 .
   Google Scholar
• Giles , H. , Coupland , N. and Coupland , J. 1991 . “ Accommodation theory: Communication context and consequence. ” . In Contexts of accommodation: Developments in applied sociolinguistics Edited by: Giles , H. , Coupland , J. and Coupland , N. 1 – 68 . Cambridge , , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ginter , E. J. 1982 . Self-disclosure as a function of the intensity of four affective states associated with loneliness Edited by: Schwab , S. H. , Scalise , J. J. , Ginter , E. J. and Whipple , G. Athens , GA : The University of Georgia . Unpublished doctoral dissertation. In, 1998.Self-disclosure, loneliness and four interpersonal targets: Friend, group of friends, stranger, and group of strangers. Psychological Reports, 82, 1264–1266.
   Google Scholar
• Goffman , E. 1956 . The presentation of self in everyday life Edinburgh , , UK : University of Edinburgh Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Goffman , E. 1967 . Interaction ritual: Essays on face-to-face behaviour Garden City , NY : Doubleday-Anchor. .
   Google Scholar
• Gouldner , A. W. 1960 . The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement . American Sociological Review , 25 : 161 – 178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guy , A. and Banim , M. 2000 . Personal collections: women's clothing use and identity . Journal of Gender Studies , 9 : 313 – 327 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamid , P. N. 1994 . Self-monitoring, locus of control, and social encounters of Chinese and New Zealand students . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 25 : 353 – 368 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , S. M. , Dersch , C. A. and Mittal , M. 1999 . Look who's talking: Measuring self-disclosure in MFT . Contemporary Family Therapy , 21 : 405 – 412 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatfield , E. 1984 . “ The dangers of intimacy. ” . In Communication, intimacy, and close relationships Edited by: Derlega , V. J. 207 – 220 . New York : Academic Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Heatherington , L. , Burns , A. and Gustafson , T. 1998 . When another stumbles: Gender and self- presentation to vulnerable others . Sex Roles , 38 : 889 – 913 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , C. E. , Siegelman , L. , Gronsky , B. R. , Sturniolo , F. and Fretz , B. R. 1981 . Nonverbal communication and counseling outcome . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 28 : 203 – 212 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , C. T. and Stull , D. E. 1987 . “ Gender and self-disclosure. ” . In Self- disclosure: Theory, research and therapy Edited by: Derlega , V. J. and Berg , J. H. 81 – 100 . New York : Plenum. .
   Google Scholar
• Honos-Webb , L. , Harrick , E. A. , Stiles , W. B. and Park , C. L. 2000 . Assimilation of traumatic experiences and physical health outcomes: Cautions for the Pennebaker paradigm . Psychotherapy , 37 : 307 – 314 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz , M. J. 1976 . Stress responses syndromes New York : Jacob Aronson. .
   Google Scholar
• Ireland , C. and Wooten , G. 1996 . Time to talk: Counseling for people with dysphagia . Disability and Rehabilitation , 18 : 585 – 591 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irwin , K. 2001 . Legitimating the first tattoo: Moral passage through informal interaction . Symbolic Interaction , 24 : 49 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joinson , A. N. 2001 . Self-disclosure in computer-mediated communication: The role of self-awareness and visual anonymity . European Journal of Social Psychology , 31 : 177 – 192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , E. E. 1964 . Ingratiation New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts. .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , W. H. , Freemon , J. E. and Goswick , R. A. 1981 . The persistence of loneliness: Self and other determinants . Journal of Personality , 49 : 27 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan , J. V. , Kaplan , A. G. , Miller , J. B. , Stiver , I. P. and Surrey , J. L. 1991 . Women's growth in connections: Writings from the Stone Center New York : Guilford Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Jourard , S. M. 1959 . Self-disclosure and other cathexis . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 59 : 428 – 431 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jourard , S. M. 1971 . The transparent self Princeton , NJ : Van Nostrand Reinhold . (2 nd ed.).
   Google Scholar
• Jourard , S. M. and Rubin , J. E. 1968 . Self-disclosure and touching: A study of two modes of interpersonal encounter and their inter-relation . The Journal of Humanistic Psychology , 8 : 39 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , A. E. 1998 . Clients' secret keeping in outpatient therapy . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 45 : 50 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , A. E. 2000 . A self-presentational view of psychotherapy: Reply to Hill, Gelso, and Mohr (2000) and to Arkin and Herman (2000) . Psychological Bulletin , 126 : 505 – 511 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiesler , S. and Sproull , L. S. 1986 . Response effects in the electronic survey . Public Opinion Quarterly , 50 : 402 – 413 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobocow , B. , McGuire , J. and Blau , B. 1983 . The influence of confidentiality conditions on the amount of self-disclosure in the early adolescent . Professional Psychology , 14 : 435 – 443 .
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence , B. and Bennett , S. 1992 . Shyness and education: The relationship between shyness, social class and personality variables in adolescents . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 62 : 257 – 263 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leary , M. L. 1979 . Interpersonal orientation and self-presentational style . Psychological Reports , 45 : 451 – 456 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lester , D. 1977 . “ The use of the telephone in counseling and crisis intervention. ” . In The social impact of the telephone Edited by: DeSola , P. I. 454 – 472 . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lewin , K. 1984 . “ Some social-psychological differences between the United States and Germany. ” . In Resolving social conflicts: Selected papers on group dynamics 1935–1946 Edited by: Lewin , K. 3 – 33 . New York : Harper. .
   Google Scholar
• Lomranz , J. and Shapira , A. 1974 . Communicative patterns of self-disclosure and touching behavior . The Journal of Psychology , 88 : 223 – 227 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luminet , O. , Bouts , P. , Delie , F. and Manstead , A. S.R. 2000 . Social sharing of emotion following exposure to a negatively valenced situation . Cognition and Emotion , 14 : 661 – 688 . & Rimé, B.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald , A. P. , Kessel , V. S. and Fuller , J. B. 1972 . Self-disclosure and two kinds of trust . Psychological Reports , 30 : 143 – 148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsushima , R. and Shiomi , K. 2001 . The effect of hesitancy toward and the motivation for self-disclosure on loneliness among Japanese junior high school students . Social Behavior and Personality , 29 : 661 – 670 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayne , T. J. 2001 . “ Emotions and health. ” . In Emotions: Current issues and future directions Edited by: Mayne , T. J. and Bonanno , G. A. 361 – 397 . New York : Guilford Press. .
   Google Scholar
• McAllister , H. A. and Bregman , N. J. 1985 . Reciprocity effects with intimate and nonintimate disclosure: The importance of establishing baseline . The Journal of Social Psychology , 125 : 775 – 776 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuire , J. M. , Graves , S. and Blau , B. 1985 . Depth of self-disclosure as a function of assured confidentiality and videotape recording . Journal of Counseling and Development , 64 : 259 – 263 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenna , K. Y.A. and Bargh , J. A. 1998 . Coming out in the age of the Internet: Identity “demarginalization” through virtual group participation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 75 : 681 – 694 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendes , W. B. , Reis , H. T. , Seery , M. D. and Blascovich , J. 2003 . Cardiovascular correlates of emotional expression and suppression: Do content and gender context matter? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 84 : 771 – 792 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray , E. J. and Segal , D. L. 1994 . Emotional processing in vocal and written expression of feelings about traumatic experiences . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 7 : 391 – 405 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neimeyer , G. J. and Banikiotes , P. G. 1981 . Self-disclosure flexibility, empathy, and perceptions of adjustment and attraction . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 28 : 272 – 275 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neimeyer , G. J. , Banikiotes , P. G. and Winum , P. C. 1979 . Self-disclosure flexibility and counseling- relevant perceptions . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 26 : 546 – 548 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce , W. B. and Sharp , S. M. 1973 . Self-disclosing communication . Journal of Communication , 23 : 409 – 425 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen , D. M. and Breglio , V. J. 1968 . Personality correlates of actual self-disclosure . Psychological Reports , 22 : 495 – 501 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen , D. M. and Higbee , K. L. 1969 . Personality correlates of self-disclosure . Journal of Social Psychology , 78 : 81 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennebaker , J. W. 1989 . “ Confession, inhibition and disease. ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology Edited by: Berkowitz , L. 211 – 244 . New York : Academic Press . 22(pp.).
   Google Scholar
• Pennebaker , J. W. 1992 . “ Inhibition as the linchpin of health. ” . In Hostility, coping and health Edited by: Friedman , H. S. 127 – 139 . Washington D.C. : American Psychological Association. .
   Google Scholar
• Pennebaker , J. W. 1997 . Opening up: The healing power of expressing emotions New York : Guilford Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Pennebaker , J. W. , Kiecolt-Glaser , J. K. and Glaser , R. 1988 . Disclosure of traumas and immune function: Health implications for psychotherapy . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 56 : 239 – 245 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennebaker , J. W. , Mayne , T. and Francis , M. E. 1997 . Linguistic predictors of adaptive bereavement . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 72 : 863 – 871 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennebaker , J. W. , Mehl , M. R. and Niederhoffer , K. G. 2003 . Psychological aspects of natural language use: Our words, our selves . Annual Review of Psychology , 54 : 547 – 577 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennebaker , J. W. and Seagal , J. D. 1999 . Forming a story: The health benefits of narrative . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 55 : 1243 – 1254 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reingold , H. 1993 . The virtual community New York : Addison-Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Richards , J. M. , Beal , W. E. , Seagal , J. D. and Pennebaker , J. W. 2000 . Effects of disclosure of traumatic events on illness behavior among psychiatric prison inmates . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 109 : 156 – 160 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimé , B. 1989 . “ Le partage social des émotions (The social sharing of emotion). ” . In Les émotions Edited by: Rimé , B. and Scherer , K. 271 – 303 . Neuchâtel : Delachaux et Niestlé. .
   Google Scholar
• Rimé , B. 1995 . “ The social sharing of emotional experience as a source for the social knowledge of emotion. ” . In Everyday conceptions of emotions. An introduction to the psychology, anthropology and linguistics of emotion Edited by: Russell , J. A. , Fernandez-Dols , J. M. , Manstead , A. S. R. and Wellenkamp , J. C. 475 – 489 . Doordrecht , , The Netherlands : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Rimé , B. , Finkenauer , C. , Luminet , O. , Zech , E. and Philippot , P. 1998 . Social sharing of emotion: New evidence and new questions . European Review of Social Psychology , 9 : 145 – 189 .
   Google Scholar
• Rimé , B. , Mesquita , B. , Philippot , P. and Boca , S. 1991 . Beyond the emotional event: Six studies on the social sharing of emotion . Cognition and Emotion , 5 : 435 – 465 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimé , B. , Philippot , P. , Boca , S. and Mesquita , B. 1992 . Long-lasting cognitive and social consequences of emotion: Social sharing and rumination . European Review of Social Psychology , 3 : 225 – 258 .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , R. and West , R. 1992 . A comparison of computer and questionnaire methods of history-taking in genito-urinary clinic . Psychology and Health , 6 : 77 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Rotter , J. B. 1971 . Generalized expectancies for interpersonal trust . American Psychologist , 26 : 443 – 452 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotter , J. B. 1980 . Interpersonal trust, trustworthiness and gullibility . American Psychologist , 35 : 1 – 7 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , Z. 1973 . Liking and loving: An invitation to social psychology New York : Holt, Rinehart & Winston. .
   Google Scholar
• Rubin , Z. 1974 . Lovers and other strangers: The development of intimacy in encounters and relationships . American Scientist , 62 : 182 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , Z. 1975 . Disclosing oneself to a stranger: Reciprocity and its limits . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 11 : 233 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlenker , B. R. 1980 . Impression management: The self-concept, social identity and interpersonal relations Monterey , CA : Brooks Cole. .
   Google Scholar
• Schlenker , B. R. , Dlugolecki , D. W. and Doherty , K. 1994 . The impact of self-presentations on self- appraisals and behavior: The power of public commitment . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 20 : 20 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , L. A. and Fox , N. A. 1995 . Individual differences in young adults' shyness and sociability: Personality and health correlates . Personality and Individual Differences , 19 : 455 – 462 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwab , S. H. , Scalise , J. J. , Ginter , E. J. and Whipple , G. 1998 . Self-disclosure, loneliness and four interpersonal targets: Friend, group of friends, stranger and group of strangers . Psychological Reports , 82 : 1264 – 1266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sermat , V. and Smyth , M. 1973 . Content analysis of verbal communication in the development of a relationship: Conditions influencing self-disclosure . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 26 : 332 – 346 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaffer , D. R. , Pegalis , L. J. and Cornell , D. P. 1992 . Gender and self-disclosure revisited: Personal and contextual variations in self-disclosure to same-sex acquaintances . The Journal of Social Psychology , 132 : 307 – 315 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro , A. and Swensen , C. H. 1977 . Self-disclosure as a function of self-concept and sex . Journal of Personality Assessment , 41 : 144 – 149 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheese , B. E. , Brown , E. L. and Graziano , W. G. 2004 . Emotional expression in cyberspace: Searching for moderators of the Pennebaker Disclosure Effect via E-mail . Health Psychology , 23 : 457 – 464 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons-Mackie , N. and Damico , J. S. 2001 . Intervention outcomes: A clinical application of qualitative methods . Top Lang Disord , 21 : 21 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth , J. M. 1998 . Written emotional expression: Effect sizes, outcome types, and moderating variables . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 66 : 174 – 184 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solano , C. H. , Batten , P. G. and Parish , E. A. 1982 . Loneliness and patterns of self-disclosure . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 43 : 524 – 531 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommer , R. 1969 . Personal space: The behavioral basis of design Englewood Cliffs , N.J. : Prentice-Hall. .
   Google Scholar
• Stanley , G. and Bownes , A. F. 1966 . Self-disclosure and neuroticism . Psychological Reports , 18 : 350
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steel , J. L. 1991 . Interpersonal correlates of trust and self-disclosure . Psychological Reports , 68 : 1319 – 1320 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles , W. B. 1987 . “I have to talk to somebody”: A fever model of disclosure. ” . In Self-disclosure: Theory, research and therapy Edited by: Derlega , V. J. and Berg , J. H. 257 – 282 . New York : Plenum. .
   Google Scholar
• Stiles , W. B. , Shuster , P. L. and Harrigan , J. A. 1992 . Disclosure and anxiety: A test of the fever model . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 63 : 980 – 988 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes , J. P. 1987 . “ The relation of loneliness and self-disclosure. ” . In Self-disclosure: Theory, research and therapy Edited by: Derlega , V. J. and Berg , J. H. 175 – 201 . New York : Plenum Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Stroebe , M. , Schut , H. and Stroebe , W. 2006 . Who benefits from disclosure? Exploration of attachment style differences in the effects of expressing emotions . Clinical Psychology Review , 26 : 66 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroebe , M. , Stroebe , W. , Schut , H. , Zech , E. and van den Bout , J. 2002 . Does disclosure of emotions facilitate recovery from bereavement? Evidence from two prospective studies . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 70 : 169 – 178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundstrom , E. 1975 . An experimental study of crowding: Effects of room size, intrusion, and goal-blocking on nonverbal behavior, self-disclosure, and self-reported stress . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 32 : 645 – 654 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , D. A. 1979 . “ Motivational bases. ” . In Self-disclosure: Origins, patterns and implications of openness in interpersonal relationships Edited by: Chelune , G. J. 110 – 151 . San Francisco : Jossey-Bass. .
   Google Scholar
• Walther , J. B. 1996 . Computer-mediated communication: Impersonal, interpersonal and hyperpersonal interaction . Communication Research , 23 : 3 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walther , J. B. , Slovacek , C. L. and Tidwell , L. C. 2001 . Is a picture worth a thousand words? Photographic images in long-term and short-term computer-mediated communication . Communication Research , 28 : 105 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeless , L. R. , Erickson , K. V. and Behrens , J. S. 1986 . Cultural differences in disclosiveness as a function of locus of control . Communication Monographs , 23 : 36 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeless , L. R. and Grotz , J. 1977 . The measurement of trust and its relationship to self-disclosure . Human Communication Research , 3 : 250 – 257 .
   Google Scholar
• Woods , K. and McNamara , J. 1980 . Confidentiality: Its effect on interviewee behavior . Professional Psychology , 11 : 714 – 721 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yalom , I. D. 1970 . The theory and practice of group psychotherapy New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Zimbardo , P. G. 1977 . Shyness New York : Addison-Wesley .
   Google Scholar