Keeping Engaged During Deployment: The Interplay Between Self-Efficacy, Family Support, and Threat Exposure

References

• Adler, A. B., Bliese, P., & Castro, C. A. (Eds.). (2011). Deployment psychology: Evidence-based strategies to promote mental health in the military. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 10.1037/12300-000
   Google Scholar
• Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Andres, M., Moelker, R., & Soeters, J. (2012). A longitudinal study of partners of deployed personnel from the Netherlands’ Armed Forces. Military Psychology, 24, 270–288. 10.1080/08995605.2012.678237
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2005). The crossover of burnout and work engagement among working couples. Human Relations, 58, 661–689. 10.1177/0018726705055967
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: Freeman.
   Google Scholar
• Bartone, P. T. (2006). Resilience under military operational stress: Can leaders influence hardiness? Military Psychology, 18, S131–S148. 10.1207/s15327876mp1803s_10
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartone, P. T., Adler, A. B., & Vaitkus, M. A. (1998). Dimensions of psychological stress in peacekeeping operations. Military Medicine, 163, 587–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartone, P. T., Snook, S. A., & Tremble, T. R., Jr. (2002). Cognitive and personality predictors of leader performance in West Point cadets. Military Psychology, 14, 321–338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartone, P. T., Ursano, R. J., Wright, K. M., & Ingraham, L. H. (1989). The impact of a military air disaster on the health of assistance workers. A prospective study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 177, 317–328. 10.1097/00005053-198906000-00001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beehr, T. A. (1995). Psychological stress in the workplace. London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Benight, C. C., & Bandura, A. (2004). Social cognitive theory of posttraumatic recovery: The role of perceived self-efficacy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 1129–1148. 10.1016/j.brat.2003.08.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benight, C. C., & Harper, M. L. (2002). Coping self-efficacy perceptions as a mediator between acute stress response and long-term distress following natural disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15, 177–186. 10.1023/A:1015295025950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boermans, S. M., Delahaij, R., Korteling, H., & Euwema, M. (2012). Training resilience for high-risk environments: Towards a strength-based approach within the military. In: R. Hughes, A. Kinder, & C. Cooper (Eds.), International handbook of workplace trauma support (pp. 313–328). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Boermans, S. M., Kamphuis, W., Delahaij, R., Korteling, J. E., & Euwema, M. C. (2013). Perceived demands during modern military operations. Military Medicine, 178, 722–729. 10.7205/MILMED-D-12-00463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boermans, S. M., Kamphuis, W., Delahaij, R., van den Berg, C., & Euwema, M. C. (2014). Team spirit makes the difference: The interactive effects of team work engagement and organizational constraints during a military operation on psychological outcomes afterwards. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 30, 386–396. 10.1002/smi.2621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britt, T. W., Adler, A. B., & Bartone, P. T. (2001). Deriving benefits from stressful events: The role of engagement in meaningful work and hardiness. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6, 53–63. 10.1037/1076-8998.6.1.53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dawson, J. F., & Richter, A. W. (2006). Probing three-way interactions in moderated multiple regression: Development and application of a slope difference test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 917–926. 10.1037/0021-9010.91.4.917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delahaij, R., Gaillard, A. W. K., & van Dam, K. (2010). Hardiness and the response to stressful situations: Investigating mediating processes. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 386–390. 10.1016/j.paid.2010.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delahaij, R., & Kramer, F. J. (2012, July). Who can perform during crisis? Discourse on crisis management abilities in the military. Paper presented at the 10th International Conference Discourse and Organization: Practices, Processes, Performance. Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Delahaij, R., Theunissen, N. C., & Six, C. (2014). The influence of autonomy support on self-regulatory processes and attrition in the Royal Dutch Navy. Learning and Individual Differences, 30, 177–181. 10.1016/j.lindif.2013.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 499–512. 10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunkel-Schetter, C., Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1987). Correlates of social support receipt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 71–80. 10.1037/0022-3514.53.1.71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Roma, V., Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Lloret, S. (2006). Burnout and work engagement. Independent factors or opposite poles? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68, 165–174. 10.1016/j.jvb.2005.01.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant-Vallone, E. J., & Donaldson, S. I. (2001). Consequences of work-family conflict on employee well-being over time. Work & Stress, 15, 214–226. 10.1080/02678370110066544
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene, T., Buckman, J., Dandeker, C., & Greenberg, N. (2010). How communication with families can both help and hinder service members’ mental health and occupational effectiveness on deployment. Military Medicine, 175, 745–749. 10.7205/MILMED-D-09-00278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakanen, J. J., Schaufeli, W. B., & Ahola, K. (2008). The job-demands resources model: A three-year cross-lagged study of burnout, depression, commitment and work engagement. Work & Stress, 22, 224–241. 10.1080/02678370802379432
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, J. J., & Segal, D. R. (1985). Observations from the Sinai: The boredom factor. Armed Forces and Society, 11, 235–248. 10.1177/0095327X8501100206
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helgeson, V. S., & Lopez, L. (2010). Social support and growth following adversity. In J. W. Reich, A. J. Zautra, & J. S. Hall (Eds.), Handbook of adult resilience (pp. 309–330). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• House, J. S., & Kahn, R. L. (1985). Measures and concepts of social support. In S. Cohen & L. Syme (Eds.), Social support and health (pp. 83–108). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Interian, A., Kline, A., Janal, M., Glynn, S., & Losonczy, M. (2014). Multiple deployments and combat trauma: Do homefront stressors increase the risk for posttraumatic stress symptoms? Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27, 90–97. 10.1002/jts.21885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamphuis, W., Venrooij, W., & van den Berg, C. E. (2012). A model of psychological resilience for the Netherlands Armed Forces. Proceedings of the 54th International Military Testing Association Conference, Dubrovnik, Croatia.
   Google Scholar
• Llorens, S., Schaufeli, W., Bakker, A., & Salanova, M. (2007). Does a positive gain spiral of resources, efficacy beliefs and engagement exist? Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 825–841. 10.1016/j.chb.2004.11.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luszczynska, A., Mohamed, N. E., & Schwarzer, R. (2005). Self-efficacy and social support predict benefit finding 12 months after cancer surgery: The mediating role of coping strategies. Psychology Health & Medicine, 10, 365–375. 10.1080/13548500500093738
   Google Scholar
• McCrory, P., Cobley, S., & Marchant, P. (2013). The effect of psychological skills training (PST) on self-regulation behavior, self-efficacy, and psychological skill use in military pilot-trainees. Military Psychology, 25, 136–147. 10.1037/h0094955
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietrzak, R. H., Johnson, D. C., Goldstein, M. B., Malley, J. C., Rivers, A. J., Morgan, C. A., & Southwick, S. M. (2010). Psychosocial buffers of traumatic stress, depressive symptoms, and psychosocial difficulties in veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom: The role of resilience, unit support, and postdeployment social support. Journal of Affective Disorders, 120, 188–192. 10.1016/j.jad.2009.04.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen, L. N., Moghadam, L. Z., & Vaitkus, M. A. (1989). The military family’s influence on soldiers’ personal morale: A path analytic model. Military Psychology, 1, 201–213. doi: 10.1207/s15327876mp0104_2
   Google Scholar
• Schaefer, J. A., & Moos, R. H. (1998). The context for posttraumatic growth: Life crises, individual and social resources, and coping. In R. G. Tedeschi, C. L. Park, & L. G. Calhoun (Eds.), Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis (pp. 99–125). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Schaubroeck, J. M., Riolli, L. T., Peng, A. C., & Spain, E. S. (2011). Resilience to traumatic exposure among soldiers deployed in combat. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16, 18–37. 10.1037/a0021006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 293–315. 10.1002/job.248
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire. A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 701–716. doi:10.1177/0013164405282471
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1996). The Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey. In C. Maslach, S. E. Jackson, & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), Maslach Burnout Inventory (3rd ed., pp. 19–26). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schok, M. L., Kleber, R. J., Elands, M., & Weerts, J. M. P. (2008). Meaning as a mission: A review of empirical studies on appraisals of war and peacekeeping experiences. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 357–365. 10.1016/j.cpr.2007.04.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skodol, A. E. (2010). A resilient personality. In J. W. Reich, A. J. Zautra, & J. S. Hall (Eds.), Handbook of adult resilience (pp. 112–125). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Spiro, A., Schnurr, P. P., & Aldwin, C. M. (1997). A life-span perspective on the effects of military service. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 30, 92–128.
   Google Scholar
• Stetz, T. A., Stetz, M. C., & Bliese, P. D. (2006). The importance of self-efficacy in the moderating effects of social support in stressor-strain relationship. Work & Stress, 20, 49–59. 10.1080/02678370600624039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Boxmeer, L. E. L. M., Verwijs, C., Euwema, M., & van Dalenberg, S. (2010, September 27–October 1). Assessing morale and psychological distress during modern military operations. Paper presented at the 52nd Conference of the International Military Testing Association, Lucerne, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, J. Y., Glover, W. J., Rhodes, A. M., & Nightingale, D. (2013). A conceptual model of the psychological health system for U.S. active duty service members: An approach to inform leadership and policy decision making. Military Medicine, 178, 596–606. 10.7205/MILMED-D-12-00429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weins, T. W., & Boss, P. (2006). Maintaining family resiliency before, during and after military separation. In C. A. Castro, A. B. Adler, & T. W. Britt (Eds.), Military life: The psychology of serving in peace and combat (pp. 13–38). Bridgeport, CT: Praeger Security International.
   Google Scholar