Generalizability of Evidence-Based PTSD Psychotherapies to Suicidal Individuals: A Review of the Veterans Administration and Department of Defense Clinical Practice Guidelines

References

• American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2000). The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-IV-TR. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Press.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Press.
   Google Scholar
• Başoglu, M., Salcioglu, E., & Livanou, M. (2007). A randomized controlled study of single-session behavioural treatment of earthquake-related post-traumatic stress disorder using an earthquake simulator. Journal of Psychological Medicine, 37, 203–213. 10.1017/S0033291706009123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard, E. B., Hickling, E. J., Devineni, T., Veazey, C. H., Galovski, T. E., Mundy, E., . . . Buckley, T. C. (2003). A controlled evaluation of cognitive behavioural therapy for posttraumatic stress in motor vehicle accident survivors. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 79–96. 10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00131-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan, C. J., Clemans, T. A., Hernandez, A. M., Mintz, J., Peterson, A. L., & Yarvis, J. S. (2015). Evaluating potential iatrogenic suicide risk in trauma-focused group cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of PTSD in active duty military personnel. Depression and Anxiety. Advance online publication. 10.1002/da.22456
   Google Scholar
• Bryant, R. A., Moulds, M. L., Guthrie, R. M., Dang, S. T., Mastrodomenico, J., Nixon, R. D. V., . . . Creamer, M. (2008). A randomized controlled trial of exposure therapy and cognitive restructuring for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 76, 695–703. 10.1037/a0012616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, R. A., Moulds, M. L., & Nixon, R. V. D. (2003). Cognitive behaviour therapy of acute stress disorder: A four-year follow-up. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 489–494. 10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00179-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2013). Web-based injury statistics query and reporting system (WISQARS). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Chard, K. M. (2005). An evaluation of cognitive processing therapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 965–971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloitre, M., Courtois, C. A., Charuvastra, A., Carapezza, R., Stolbach, B. C., & Green, B. L. (2011). Treatment of complex PTSD: Results of the ISTSS expert clinician survey on best practices. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24, 615–627. 10.1002/jts.20697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloitre, M., Koenen, K. C., Cohen, L. R., & Han, H. (2002). Skills training in affective and interpersonal regulation followed by exposure: A phase-based treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 1067–1074. 10.1037/0022-006X.70.5.1067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloitre, M., Stovall-McClough, K. C., Nooner, K., Zorbas, P., Cherry, S., Jackson, C. L., . . . Petkova, E. (2010). Treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse: A randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 915–924. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09081247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, N. A., & Clum, G. A. (1989). Imaginal flooding as a supplementary treatment for PTSD in combat veterans: A controlled study. Behavior Therapy, 20, 381–391. 10.1016/S0005-7894(89)80057-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottraux, J., Note, I., Yao, S. N., de Mey-Guillard, C., Bonasse, F., Djamoussian, D., . . . Chen, Y. (2008). Randomized controlled comparison of cognitive behavior therapy with Rogerian supportive therapy in chronic post-traumatic stress disorder: A 2-year follow-up. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 77, 101–110. 10.1159/000112887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cougle, J. R., Keough, M. E., Riccardi, C. J., & Sachs-Ericsson, N. (2009). Anxiety disorders and suicidality in the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43, 825–829. 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.12.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosby, A. E., Ortega, L., & Melanson, C. (2011). Self-directed violence surveillance: Uniform definitions and recommended data elements, version 1.0. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/Self-Directed-Violence-a.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense (VA/DoD). (2010). VA/DoD clinical practice guidelines for the management of posttraumatic stress. Retrieved from http://www.healthquality.va.gov/Post_Traumatic_Stress_Disorder_PTSD.asp
   Google Scholar
• Difede, J., Malta, L. S., Best, S., Henn-Haase, C., Metzler, T., Bryant, R., & Marmar, C. (2007). A randomized controlled clinical treatment trial for World Trade Center attack-related PTSD in disaster workers. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 861–865. 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181568612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy, M., Gillespie, K., & Clark, D. M. (2007). Post-traumatic stress disorder in the context of terrorism and other civil conflict in Northern Ireland: Randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal, 334, 1147–1150. 10.1136/bmj.39021.846852.BE
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunne, R. L., Kenardy, J., & Sterling, M. (2012). A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of PTSD in the context of chronic whiplash. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 28, 755–765. 10.1097/AJP.0b013e318243e16b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., & Fennell, M. (2005). Cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: Development and evaluation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 413–431. 10.1016/j.brat.2004.03.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., Grey, N., Wild, J., Liness, S., Albert, I., . . . Clark, D. M. (2014). A randomized controlled trial of 7-day intensive and standard weekly cognitive therapy for PTSD and emotion-focused supportive therapy. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 294–304. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13040552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feske, U. (2008). Treating low-income and minority women with posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot study comparing prolonged exposure and treatment as usual conducted by community therapists. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23, 1027–1040. 10.1177/0886260507313967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., Dancu, C. V., Hembree, E. A., Jaycox, L. H., Meadows, E. A., & Street, G. P. (1999). A comparison of exposure therapy, stress inoculation training, and their combination for reducing posttraumatic stress disorder in female assault victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 194–200. 10.1037/0022-006X.67.2.194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., Cahill, S. P., Rauch, S. A., Riggs, D. S., Feeny, N. C., & Yadin, E. (2005). Randomized trial of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder with and without cognitive restructuring: Outcome at academic and community clinics. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 953–964. 10.1037/0022-006X.73.5.953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2004). Cognitive changes during prolonged exposure versus prolonged exposure plus cognitive restructuring in female assault survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 879–884. 10.1037/0022-006X.72.5.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., Rothbaum, B. O., Riggs, D. S., & Murdock, T. B. (1991). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in rape victims: A comparison between cognitive-behavioral procedures and counseling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 715–723. 10.1037/0022-006X.59.5.715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., Zoellner, L. A., & Feeny, N. C. (2006). An evaluation of three brief programs for facilitating recovery after assault. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, 29–43. 10.1002/jts.20096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, J. D., Courtois, C. A., Steele, K., Hart, O., & Nijenhuis, E. R. S. (2005). Treatment of complex posttraumatic self-dysregulation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 437–447. 10.1002/jts.20051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gahm, G., & Reger, M. (2008). Army suicide event report (ASER): Calendar year 2007. Retrieved from http://media.mcclatchydc.com/smedia/2008/05/29/19/Army-Suicide.source.prod_affiliate.91.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Galovski, T. E., Harik, J. M., Blain, L. M., Elwood, L., Gloth, C., & Fletcher, T. D. (2016). Augmenting cognitive processing therapy to improve sleep impairment in PTSD: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84, 167–177. 10.1037/ccp0000059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gersons, B. P. R., Carlier, I. V. E., Lamberts, R. D., & van der Kolk, B. A. (2000). Randomized clinical trial of brief eclectic psychotherapy for police officers with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 333–347. 10.1023/A:1007793803627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghahramanlou-Holloway, M., Cox, D. W., & Greene, F. N. (2012). Post-admission cognitive therapy: A brief intervention for psychiatric inpatients admitted after a suicide attempt. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 19, 233–244. 10.1016/j.cbpra.2010.11.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillespie, K., Duffy, M., Hackmann, A., & Clark, D. M. (2002). Community based cognitive therapy in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder following the Omagh bomb. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 345–357. 10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00004-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gradus, J. L., Suvak, M. K., Wisco, B. E., Marx, B. P., & Resick, P. A. (2013). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder reduces suicidal ideation. Depression and Anxiety, 30, 1046–1053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harned, M. S., Korslund, K. E., Foa, E. B., & Linehan, M. M. (2012). Treating PTSD in suicidal and self-injuring women with borderline personality disorder: Development and preliminary evaluation of a dialectical behavior therapy prolonged exposure protocol. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 381–386. 10.1016/j.brat.2012.02.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harned, M. S., Tkachuck, M. A., & Youngberg, K. A. (2013). Treatment preference among suicidal and self-injuring women with borderline personality disorder and PTSD. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69, 749–761. 10.1002/jclp.21943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hensel-Dittmann, D., Schauer, M., Ruf, M., Catani, C., Odenwald, M., Elbert, T., & Neuner, F. (2011). Treatment of traumatized victims of war and torture: A randomized controlled comparison of narrative exposure therapy and stress inoculation training. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 80, 345–352. 10.1159/000327253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoge, C. W., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D. I., & Koffman, R. L. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. The New England Journal of Medicine, 351, 13–22. 10.1056/NEJMoa040603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ioannidis, J. P. A., Evans, S. J. W., Gøtzsche, P. C., O’Neill, R. T., Altman, D. G., Schulz, K., & Moher, D. (2004). Better reporting of harms in randomized trials: An extension of the CONSORT statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 141, 781–788. 10.7326/0003-4819-141-10-200411160-00009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ironson, G., Freund, B., Strauss, J. L., & Williams, J. (2002). Comparison of two treatments for traumatic stress: A community-based study of EMDR and prolonged exposure. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 113–128. 10.1002/jclp.1132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jobes, D. A. (2012). The Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS): An evolving evidence-based clinical approach to suicidal risk. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 42, 640–653. 10.1111/j.1943-278X.2012.00119.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keane, T. M., Fairbank, J. A., Caddell, J. M., & Zimering, R. T. (1989). Implosive (flooding) therapy reduces symptoms of PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans. Behavior Therapy, 20, 245–260. 10.1016/S0005-7894(89)80072-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krysinska, K., & Lester, D. (2010). Post-traumatic stress disorder and suicide risk: A systematic review. Archives of Suicide Research, 14, 1–23. 10.1080/13811110903478997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C., Gavriel, H., Drummond, P., Richards, J., & Greenwald, R. (2002). Treatment of PTSD: Stress inoculation training with prolonged exposure compared to EMDR. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 1071–1089. 10.1002/jclp.10039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindauer, R. J. L., Gersons, B. P. R., van Meijel, E. P. M., Blom, K., Carlier, I. V. E., Vrijlandt, I., & Olff, M. (2005). Effects of brief eclectic psychotherapy in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: Randomized clinical trial. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 205–212. 10.1002/jts.20029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovell, K., Marks, I., Noshirvani, H., Thrasher, S., & Livanou, M. (2001). Do cognitive and exposure treatments improve various PTSD symptoms differently? A randomized controlled trial. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 29, 107–112. 10.1017/S1352465801001126
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks, I., Lovell, K., Noshirvani, H., Livanou, M., & Thrasher, S. (1998). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder by exposure and/or cognitive restructuring: A controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 317–325. 10.1001/archpsyc.55.4.317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonagh, A., Friedman, M., McHugo, G., Ford, J., Sengupta, A., Mueser, K., . . . Descamps, M. (2005). Randomized trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 515–524. 10.1037/0022-006X.73.3.515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyahira, S. D., Folen, R. A., Hoffman, H. G., Garcia-Palacios, A., Spira, J. L., & Kawasaki, M. (2012). The effectiveness of VR exposure therapy for PTSD in returning warfighters. Annual Review of Cybertherapy and Telemedicine, 181, 128–132.
   Google Scholar
• Monson, C. M., Schnurr, P. P., Resick, P. A., Friedman, M. J., Young-Xu, Y., & Stevens, S. P. (2006). Cognitive processing therapy for veterans with military-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 898–907. 10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neely, L. L., Irwin, K., Carreno Ponce, J. T., Perera, K., Grammer, G., & Ghahramanou-Holloway, M. (2013). Post-admission cognitive therapy (PACT) for the Prevention of Suicide in military personnel with histories of trauma: Treatment development and case example. Clinical Case Studies, 12, 457–473. 10.1177/1534650113501863
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuner, F., Onyut, P. L., Ertl, V., Odenwald, M., Schauer, E., & Elbert, T. (2008). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder by trained lay counselors in an African refugee settlement: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 686–694. 10.1037/0022-006X.76.4.686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuner, F., Schauer, M., Klaschik, C., Karunakara, U., & Elbert, T. (2004). A comparison of narrative exposure therapy, supportive counseling, and psychoeducation for treating posttraumatic stress disorder in an African refugee settlement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 579–587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oquendo, M. A., Stanley, B., Ellis, S. P., & Mann, J. J. (2004). Protection of human subjects in intervention research for suicidal behavior. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1558–1563. 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.9.1558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panagioti, M., Gooding, P., & Tarrier, N. (2009). Post-traumatic stress disorder and suicidal behavior: A narrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 471–482. 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paunovic, N., & Ost, L. G. (2001). Cognitive-behavior therapy vs. exposure therapy in the treatment of PTSD in refugees. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 1183–1197. 10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00093-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson, J. L., Stanley, B., King, C. A., & Fisher, C. B. (2001). Intervention research with persons at high risk for suicidality: Safety and ethical considerations. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62, 17–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Power, K., McGoldrick, T., Brown, K., Buchanan, R., Sharp, D., Swanson, V., & Karatzias, A. (2002). A controlled comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing versus exposure plus cognitive restructuring versus waiting list in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 9, 299–318. 10.1002/cpp.341
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resick, P. A., Galovski, T. E., O’Brien Uhlmansiek, M., Scher, C. D., Clum, G. A., & Young-Xu, Y. (2008). A randomized clinical trial to dismantle components of cognitive processing therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in female victims of interpersonal violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 243–258. 10.1037/0022-006X.76.2.243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resick, P. A., Nishith, P., Weaver, T. L., Astin, M. C., & Feuer, C. A. (2002). A comparison of cognitive-processing therapy with prolonged exposure and a waiting condition for the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in female rape victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 867–879. 10.1037/0022-006X.70.4.867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothbaum, B. O., Astin, M. C., & Marsteller, F. (2005). Prolonged exposure versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for PTSD rape victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 607–616. 10.1002/jts.20069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnurr, P. P., Friedman, M. J., Engel, C. C., Foa, E. B., Shea, M. T., Chow, B. K., . . . Bernardy, N. (2007). Cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in women: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 297, 820–830. 10.1001/jama.297.8.820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010). CONSORT 2010 statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomized trials. Annals of Internal Medicine, 152, 726–732. 10.7326/0003-4819-152-11-201006010-00232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shemesh, E., Annunziato, R. A., Weatherley, B. D., Cotter, G., Feaganes, J. R., Santra, M., . . . Rubinstein, D. (2011). A randomized controlled trial of the safety and promise of cognitive-behavioral therapy using imaginal exposure in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder resulting from cardiovascular illness. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72, 168–174. 10.4088/JCP.09m05116blu
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sijbrandij, M., Olff, M., Reitsma, J. B., Carlier, I. V. E., de Vries, M. H., & Gersons, B. P. R. (2007). Treatment of acute posttraumatic stress disorder with brief cognitive behavioral therapy: A randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 82–90. 10.1176/ajp.2007.164.1.82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, T. C., Wingard, D. L., Ryan, M. A. K., Kritz-Silverstein, D., Slymen, D. J., & Sallis, J. F. (2009). PTSD prevalence, associated exposures, and functional health outcomes in a large, population-based military cohort. Public Health Reports, 124, 90–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolenski, D. J., Reger, M. A., Bush, N. E., Kinn, J. T., Skopp, N. A., Zhang, Y., & Campise, R. R. (2014). Department of Defense suicide event report (DoDSER) calendar year 2013 annual report. Retrieved from http://t2health.dcoe.mil/programs/dodser
   Google Scholar
• Smyth, J. M., Hockemeyer, J. R., & Tulloch, H. (2008). Expressive writing and post-traumatic stress disorder: Effects on trauma symptoms, mood states, and cortisol reactivity. British Journal of Health Psychology, 13, 85–93. 10.1348/135910707X250866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spence, J., Titov, N., Dear, B. F., Johnston, L., Solley, K., Lorian, C., . . . Schwenke, G. (2011). Randomized controlled trial of Internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 28, 541–550. 10.1002/da.20835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stemler, S. E., & Tsai, J. (2008). Best practices in interrater reliability: Three common approaches. In J. Osborne (Ed.), Best practices in quantitative methods (pp. 10–13). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 10.4135/9781412995627.d5
   Google Scholar
• Surís, A., Link-Malcolm, J., Chard, K., Ahn, C., & North, C. (2013). A randomized clinical trial of cognitive processing therapy for veterans with PTSD related to military sexual trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26, 28–37. 10.1002/jts.21765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talbot, L. S., Maguen, S., Metzler, T. J., Schmitz, M., McCaslin, S. E., Richards, A., . . . Neylan, T. C. (2014). Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Sleep, 37, 327–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarrier, N., Pilgrim, H., Sommerfield, C., Faragher, B., Reynolds, M., Graham, E., & Barrowclough, C. (1999). A randomized trial of cognitive therapy and imaginal exposure in the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 13–18. 10.1037/0022-006X.67.1.13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, S., Thordarson, D. S., Maxfield, L., Fedoroff, I. C., Lovell, K., & Ogrodniczuk, J. (2003). Comparative efficacy, speed, and adverse effects of three PTSD treatments: Exposure therapy, EMDR, and relaxation training. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 330–338. 10.1037/0022-006X.71.2.330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, J. L., Wilk, J. E., Riviere, L. A., McGurk, D., Castro, C. A., & Hoge, C. W. (2010). Prevalence of mental health problems and functional impairment among active component and National Guard soldiers 3 and 12 months following combat in Iraq. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 614–623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Kolk, B. A., Spinazzola, J., Blaustein, M. E., Hopper, J. W., Hopper, E. K., Korn, D. L., & Simpson, W. B. (2007). On treatment with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), fluoxetine, and pill placebo in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Treatment effects and long-term maintenance. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68, 37–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Emmerik, A. A. P., Kamphuis, J. H., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2008). Treating acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder with cognitive behavioral therapy or structured writing therapy: A randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 77, 93–100. 10.1159/000112886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Minnen, A., Harned, M. S., Zoellner, L., & Mills, K. (2012). Examining potential contraindications for prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 3, 18805. 10.3402/ejpt.v3i0.18805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar