What's the use of worrying? Its function and its dysfunction

References

• Thomas L. The medusa and the snail: more notes of a biology watcher. Allen Lane, London 1974
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 1994
   Google Scholar
• Borkovec T D. The nature, functions, and origins of worry. Worrying: perspectives on theory, assessment and treatment, G CL Davey, F Tallis. Wiley, London 1994; 5–33
   Google Scholar
• Borkovec T D, Inz J. The nature of worry in generalised anxiety disorder: a predominance of thought activity. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1990; 21: 69–73
   Google Scholar
• Freeston M H, Dugas M, Ladouceur R. Thoughts, images, worry and anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1996; 20: 265–273
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tallis R, Davey G CL, Capuzzo N. The phenomenology of non-pathological worry: a preliminary investigation. Worrying: perspectives on theory, assessment and treatment, G CL Davey, F Tallis. Wiley, 1994, 61–89, London
   Google Scholar
• Borkovec T D, Shadick R, Hopkins M. The nature of normal and pathological worry. Chronic anxiety and generalised anxiety disorder and mixed anxiety-depression, R Rapee, D H Barlow. Guilford, New York 1991; 29–51
   Google Scholar
• Mathews A. Why worry? The cognitive function of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1990; 28: 455–468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey G CL. Pathological worry as exacerbated problem solving. Worrying: perspectives on theory, assessment and treatment, G CL Davey, F Tallis. Wiley, London 1994; 35–59
   Google Scholar
• Davey G CL, Levy S. Catastrophic worrying: personal inadequacy and a perseverative iterative style as features of catastrophizing process. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1998; 107: 576–586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasey M W, Borkovec T D. A catastrophizing assessment of worrisome thoughts. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1992; 6: 505–520
   Google Scholar
• Dugas M J, Letarte H, Rheaume J, Freeston M H, Ladouceur R. Worry and problem solving: evidence of a specific relationship. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1995; 19: 109–120
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey G CL. A comparison of three worry questionnaires. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1993; 31: 51–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeston M H, Rheaume J, Letarte L, Dugas M J, Ladouceur R. Why do people worry?. Personality and Individual Differences 1994; 17: 791–802
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tallis F, Eysenck M W, Mathews A. Worry: a critical analysis of some theoretical approaches. Anxiety Research 1991; 4: 97–108
   Google Scholar
• Meyer T J, Miller M L, Metzger R L, Borkovec T D. Development and validation of the penn state worry questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1990; 28: 487–495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pruzinsky T, Borkovec T D. Cognitive and personality characteristics of worriers. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1990; 28: 507–512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod A K, Williams M G, Bekerian D A. Worry is reasonable: the role of pessimism about future personal events. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1991; 100: 478–486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner S M, Beidel D C, Stanley M A. Are obsessional thoughts and worry different cognitive phenomena?. Clinical Psychology Review 1992; 12: 257–270
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells A, Papageorgiou C. Relationship between worry, obsessive-compulsive symptoms and meta-cognitive beliefs. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1998; 36: 899–913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodruff R A, Goodwin D W, Guze S B. Psychiatric diagnosis. Oxford University Press, New York 1974
   Google Scholar
• Clark D A, Claybourn M. Process characteristics of worry and obsessive intrusive thoughts. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1997; 35: 1139–1141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross P R, Eifert G H. Components of generalized anxiety: the role of intrusive thoughts vs worry. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1990; 28: 421–428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells A, Morrison A P. Qualitative dimensions of normal worry and normal obsessions: a comparative study. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1994; 32: 867–870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borkovec T D, Ray W J, Stober J. Worry: a cognitive phenomenon intimately linked to affective, physiological and interpersonal behavioral processes. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1998; 22: 561–576
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenck M W. Anxiety: the cognitive perspective. Erlbaum, Hove, UK 1992
   Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema S. Sex differences in uniploar depression: evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin 1987; 101: 259–282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema S. Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1991; 100: 569–582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema S. Chewing the cud and other ruminations. Advances in Social Cognition, R S Wyer. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 1996; 135–144
   Google Scholar
• Watkins E, Baracaia S. Why do people ruminate in dysphoric moods?. Personality and Individual Differences 2001; 30: 723–734
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borvokec T D, Roemer L. Perceived functions of worry among generalized anxiety disorder subjects: distraction from more emotional topics?. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 1995; 26: 25–30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vrana S R, Cuthbert B N, Lang P J. Fear imagery and text processing. Psychophysiology 1986; 23: 247–253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker D M, Newman J P. Verbal versus imaginal strategies in the inhibition of emotional arousal. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1981; 5: 197–202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borkovec T D, Hu S. The effect of worry on cardiovascular response to phobic imagery. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1990; 28: 69–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janis I L, Leventhal H. Psychological aspects of physical illness and hospital care. Handbook of clinical psychology, B B Wolman. McGraw-Hill, New York 1965; 1360–1377
   Google Scholar
• Morris L W, Davis M A, Hutchings C H. Cognitive and emotional components of anxiety: literature review and a revised worry-emotionality scale. Journal of Educational Psychology 1981; 73: 541–555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehrer P M, Woolfolk R L. Self-report assessment of anxiety: somatic, cognitive and behavioral modalities. Behavioural Assessment 1982; 4: 167–177
   Google Scholar
• Deffenbacher J L. Worry, emotionality. Test anxiety: theory, research and applications, I G Sarason. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 1980; 111–128
   Google Scholar
• Carter W R, Johnson M C, Borkovec T D. Worry: an electrocortical analysis. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy 1986; 8: 193–204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyonfields J D, Borkovec T D, Thayer J F. Vagal tone in generalized anxiety disorder and the effects of aversive imagery and worrisome thinking. Behavior Therapy 1995; 26: 457–466
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa E B, Kozak M J. Emotional processing of fear: exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin 1986; 99: 20–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray J A. Precis of The neuropsychology of anxiety: an enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocample system. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1982; 5: 469–534
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray J A. The neuropsychology of anxiety. Oxford University Press, New York, NJ 1980
   Google Scholar
• Starcevic V. Pathological worry in major depression: a preliminary report. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1994; 33: 55–56
   Google Scholar
• Morrow J, Nolen-Hoeksema S. Effects of responses to depression on the remediation of depressive affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1990; 58: 519–527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema S, Morrow J. Effects of rumination and distraction on naturally occurring depressed mood. Cognition and Emotion 1993; 7: 561–570
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyubomirsky S, Nolen-Hoeksema S. Effects of self-focused rumination on negative thinking and inter-personal problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1995; 69: 176–190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyubomirsky S, Caldwell N D, Nolen-Hoeksema S. Effects of ruminative and distracting responses to depressed mood on retrieval of autobiographical memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998; 75: 166–177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diefenbach G J, McCarthy-Larzelere M E, Williamson D A, Mathews A, Manguno-Mire G M, Bentz B G. Anxiety, depression and the content of worries. Depression and Anxiety 2001; 14: 247–250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews W, Parker G, Barrett E. The SSRI antidepressants: exploring their ‘other’ possible properties. Journal of Affective Disorders 1998; 49: 141–144
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Craske M G, Rapee R M, Jackel L, Barlow D H. Qualitative dimensions of worry in DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder subjects and nonanxious controls. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1989; 27: 397–402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlow D H. Anxiety and its disorders. Guilford, New York 1988
   Google Scholar
• Brown T A, O’Leary T A, Barlow D H. Generalized anxiety disorder. Clinical handbook of psychological disorders, 2nd edn., D H Barlow. Guilford, New York 1993; 137–188
   Google Scholar
• Wells A. Meta-cognition and worry: a cognitive model of generalised anxiety disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 1995; 23: 301–320
   Google Scholar
• Sanderson W C, Barlow D H. A description of patients diagnosed with DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1990; 178: 588–591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roemer L, Molina S, Borkovec T. An investigation of worry content among generally anxious individuals. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1997; 185: 314–319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dugas M J, Freeston M H, Ladouceur R, Rheaume J, Provencher M, Boisvert J-M. Worry themes in primary GAD, secondary GAD, and other anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 1998; 12: 253–261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey GCL, Hampton J, Farrell J, Davidson S. Some characteristics of worrying: evidence for worrying and anxiety as separate constructs. Personality and Individual Differences 1992; 13: 133–147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells A, Carter K. Preliminary tests of a cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1999; 37: 585–594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown T A. The nature of generalized anxiety disorder and pathological worry: current evidence and conceptual models. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 1997; 42: 817–824
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wegner D M, Schneider D J, Carter S R, White T L. Paradoxical effects of thought suppression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1987; 53: 5–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegner D M. Ironic processes of mental control. Psychological Review 1994; 101: 34–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purdon C. Thought suppression and psychopathology. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1999; 37: 1029–1054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cade B, O’Hanlon W H. A brief guide to brief therapy. Norton, New York 1993
   Google Scholar
• Durham R C, Allan T. Psychological treatment of generalised anxiety disorder. A review of the clinical significance of results in outcome studies since 1980. British Journal of Psychiatry 1993; 163: 19–26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ost L-G, Breitholtz E. Applied relaxation vs. cognitive therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2000; 38: 777–790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ost L-G. Applied relaxation: description of a coping technique and review of controlled studies. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1987; 25: 397–409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joormann J, Stober J. Somatic symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder from the DSM–IV. associations with pathological worry and depressive symptoms in a nonclinical sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 1999; 13: 491–503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar