90
Views
79
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Avian Life Histories: Is Extended Parental Care the Southern Secret?

Pages 377-399 | Published online: 22 Dec 2016

References

  • Andersen, A.H. & Andersen, A. 1973. The Cactus Wren. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
  • Anthonisen, K., Krokene, C. & Lifjeld, J.T. 1997. Brood division is associated with fledgling dispersion in the Bluethroat (Luscinia svecica). Auk 114, 533–561.
  • Armstrong, D.P., Ewen, J.G., Dimond, W., Lovegrove, T., Bergstrom, A. & Walter, B. 2000. Breeding biology of North Island Robin (Petroica australis longipes) on Tiritiri Matangi Island, Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. Notornis 47, 106–118.
  • Ashmole, N.P. & Tovar, S.H. 1968. Prolonged parental care in Royal Terns and other birds. Auk 85, 90–100.
  • Austad, S.N. & Rabenold, K.N. 1985. Reproductive enhancement by helpers and an experimental enquiry into its mechanism in the Bicolored Wren. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 17, 19–27.
  • Baker, M.C., Mewaldt, L.R. & Stewart, R.M. 1981. Demography of White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli). Ecology 62, 636–644.
  • Bell, H.L. & Ford, H.A. 1986. A comparison of the social organisation of three syntopic species of Australian thornbill Acanthiza. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 19, 381–392.
  • Bertram, B.C. 1970. The vocal behaviour of the Indian Hill Mynah. Animal Behaviour Monographs 3, 79–192.
  • Birkhead, T.R. 1991. The Magpies. T. & A.D. Poyser, London.
  • Boehm, E.F. 1968. Flock habits of Brown-headed Honey- eaters. Australian Bird Bander 6, 21.
  • Broekhuysen, G.J. 1958. Notes on the breeding of the Cape Flycatcher Batis capensis. Ostrich 29, 143–152.
  • Broekhuysen, G.J. 1959. The biology of the Cape Sugarbird Promerops cafer (L.). Ostrich Supplement 3, 180–221.
  • Brooker, B. 2001. Biology of the Southern Scrub-robin Drymodes brunneopygia at Peron Peninsula, Western Australia. Emu 101 (in press).
  • Brooker, M.G. 1969. The nesting of the Chestnut-breasted Quail-thrush in south-western Queensland. Emu 69, 47.
  • Brosset, A. & Erard, C. 1986. Les Oiseaux des Régions Forestière du Nord-Est du Gabon, Vol. 1. Ecologie et Comportement des Espéces. Société Nationale de Protection de la Nature, Paris.
  • Brown, J.L. 1982. Cooperative breeding and the regulation of numbers. pp. 774–782 in Proceedings of the 18th International Ornithological Congress, Moscow 1982. Eds V.D. Ilyichev & V.M. Gavrilov. Nauka, Moscow.
  • Brown, J.L. 1987. Helping and Communal Breeding in Birds: Ecology and Evolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
  • Butler, R.W., Verbeek, N.A.M. & Richardson, H. 1984. The breeding biology of the North-western Crow. Wilson Bulletin 96, 408–418.
  • Caffrey, C. 1992. Female-biased delayed dispersal and helping in American Crows. Auk 109, 609–619.
  • Cale, P.G. 1999. The spatial dynamics of the White-browed Babbler in a fragmented agricultural landscape. Ph.D. Thesis, University of New England, New South Wales.
  • Catterall, C.P., Kikkawa, J. & Gray, C. 1989. Inter-related age-dependent patterns of ecology and behaviour in a population of Silvereyes (Aves: Zosteropidae). Journal of Animal Ecology 58, 557–570.
  • Chapin, J.P. 1953. The birds of the Belgian Congo. Part 3. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 75A, 1–821.
  • Chapin, J.P. 1954. The birds of the Belgian Congo. Part 4. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 75B, 1–846.
  • Clarke, M.F. 1995. Co-operative breeding in Australasian birds: a review of hypotheses and evidence. Corella 19, 73–90.
  • Clarke, M.F. 1997. A review of studies of the breeding biology of Australian birds from 1986–95: biases and conseqences. Emu 97, 283–289.
  • Clarke, M.F. & Heathcote, C.F. 1990. Dispersal, survival and demopgraphy in the cooperatively-breeding Bell MinerManorina melanophrys. Emu 90, 15–23.
  • Cockburn, A. 1996. Why do so many Australian birds cooperate: social evolution in the Corvida? pp. 451–472 in Frontiers in Population Ecology. Eds R.B. Floyd, A.W. Sheppard & P.J. DeBarro. CSIRO, Melbourne.
  • Cockburn, A. 1998. Evolution of helping behavior in cooperative breeding birds. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29, 141–177.
  • Colahan, B.D. 1982. The biology of the Orange-breasted Waxbill. Ostrich 53, 1–30.
  • Coombs, F. 1978. The Crows: a Study of the Corvids of Europe. Batsford, London.
  • Cramp, S. (ed.) 1988. The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Vol. 5. Oxford University Press. Oxford.
  • Cramp, S. (ed.) 1992. The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Vol. 6. Oxford University Press. Oxford.
  • Cramp, S. & Perrins, C.M. (eds) 1993. The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Vol. 7. Oxford University Press. Oxford.
  • Cramp, S. & Perrins, C.M. (eds) 1994. The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Vol. 8. Oxford University Press. Oxford.
  • Curry, R.L. & Grant, P.R. 1990. Galapagos Mockingbirds: territorial cooperative breeding in a climatically variable environment. pp. 289–331 in Cooperative Breeding in Birds: Long-term Studies of Ecology and Behavior. Eds P.B. Stacey & W.D. Koenig. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Delestrade, A. & Stoyanov, G. 1995. Breeding biology and survival of the Alpine Chough Pyrrocorax graculus. Bird Study 42, 222–231.
  • Delius, J.D. 1965. A population study of Skylarks Alauda arvensis. Ibis 107, 466–492.
  • Dennison, M.D., Robertson, H.A. & Crouchley, D. 1984. Breeding of the Chatham Island Warbler (Gerygone albofrontata.) Notornis 31, 97–105.
  • Dhondt, A.A. 1979. Summer dispersal and survival of juvenile Great Tits in southern Sweden. Oecologia 42, 139–157.
  • Dittami, J.P. 1987. A comparison of breeding and moult cycles and life histories in two tropical starling species: the Blue-eared Glossy Starling Lamprotornis chalybeus and Rüppell's Long-tailed Glossy Starling L. purpuropterus. Ibis 129, 69–85.
  • Dow, D.D. 1980. Communally breeding Australian birds with an analysis of distributional and environmental factors. Emu 80, 121–140.
  • Downhower, J. 1978. Observations on the nesting of the Small Ground Finch Geospiza fuliginosa and the Large Cactus Finch G. conirostris on Española, Galapagos. Ibis 120, 340–346.
  • du Plessis, M.A., Siegfried, W.R. & Armstrong, A.J. 1995. Ecological and life history correlates of cooperative breeding in South African birds. Oecologia 102, 180–188.
  • Dunning, J.B. (1994. Handbook of Avian Body Masses. CRC Press, London.
  • Earlé, R.A. & Herholdt, J.J. 1986. Cooperative breeding in the Anteating Chat. Ostrich 57, 188–189.
  • Earlé, R.A. & Herholdt, J.J. 1988. Breeding and moult of the Anteating Chat Myrmecocichla formicivora. Ostrich 59, 155–161.
  • Ekman, J. 1989. Ecology of non-breeding social systems of Parus. Wilson Bulletin 101, 263–288.
  • Ekman, J., Cederholm, G. & Askenmo, C. 1981. Spacing and survival in winter groups of Willow Tit Parus montanus and Crested Tit P. cristatus—a removal study. Journal of Animal Ecology 50, 1–9.
  • Ekman, J., Bylin, A. and Tegelstrøm, H. 1999. Increased lifetime reproductive success for Siberian Jay Perisoreus infaustus males with delayed dispersal. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 266, 911–915.
  • Elliott, G. 1996. Productivity and mortality of Mohua (Mohua ochrocephala.) New Zealand Journal of Zoology 23, 229–237.
  • Felsenstein, 1985. Phylogenies and the comparative method. American Naturalist 125, 1–15.
  • Fogden, M.P.L. 1972. The seasonality and population dynamics of equatorial forest birds in Sarawak. Ibis 114, 307–343.
  • Fraga, R.M. 1980. The breeding of Rufous Horneros. Condor 82, 58–68.
  • Fraga, R.M. 1985. Host-parasite interactions between Chalk-browed Mockingbirds and Shiny Cowbirds. pp. 829–844 in Neotropical Ornithology. Eds P.A. Buckley, M.S. Foster, E.S. Morton, R.S. Ridgely & F.G. Buckley. AOU Ornithological Monographs No. 36. AOU, Washington DC.
  • Frith, C.B. & Frith, D.W. 1990. Nesting biology of the Short-tailed Paradigalla Paradigalla paradigalla. Ibis 134, 77–82.
  • Frith, C.B., Frith, D.W. & Jansen, A. 1997. The nesting biology of the Chowchilla Orthonyx spaldingi (Orthonychidae). Emu 97, 18–30.
  • Gaston, A.J. 1978a. Demography of the Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus. Journal of Animal Ecology 47, 843–870.
  • Gaston, A.J. 1978b. Ecology of the Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus. Ibis 120, 415–432.
  • Gayou, D.C. 1986. The social system of the Texas Green Jay. Auk 103, 540–547.
  • Geffen, E. & Yom-Tov, Y. 2000. Are incubation and fledging periods longer in the tropics? Journal of Animal Ecology 69, 59–73.
  • Grant, B.R. & Grant, P.R. 1989. Evolutionary Dynamics of a Natural Population: the Large Cactus Finch of the Galapagos. Chicago University Press, Chicago.
  • Grant, P.R. 1986. Ecology and Evolution of Darwin's Finches. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
  • Green, D. J. & Cockburn, A. 1999. Life history and demography of an uncooperative Australian passerine, the Brown Thornbill. Australian Journal of Zoology 47, 633–649.
  • Greenberg, R. & Gradwohl, J. 1985. A comparative study of the social organization of antwrens on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. pp. 845–855 in Neotropical Ornithology. Eds P.A. Buckley, M.S. Foster, E.S. Morton, R.S. Ridgely & F.G. Buckley. AOU Ornithological Monographs No. 36. AOU, Washington DC.
  • Grimes, L.R. 1976. Cooperative breeding in African birds. pp. 667–673 in Proceedings of the 16th International Ornithological Congress, Canberra, 1974. Eds H.J. Frith & J.H. Calaby. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra.
  • Grimes, L.R. 1976. The occurrence of cooperative breeding behaviour in African birds. Ostrich 47, 1–15.
  • Grimes, L.R. 1980. Observations on group behaviour and breeding biology of the Yellow-billed Shrike Corvinella corvina. Ibis 122, 166–192.
  • Hall, M. 1999. The importance of pair duration and biparental care to reproductive success in the monogamous Australian Magpie-lark. Australian Journal of Zoology 47, 439–454.
  • Hardy, J.W., Webber, T.A. & Raitt, R.A. 1981. Communal social biology of the southern San Blas Jay. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum 26, 203–264.
  • Harper, D.G.C. 1985. Brood division in robins. Animal Behaviour 33, 466–480.
  • Hatchwell, B.J. & Komdeur, J. 2000. Ecological constraints, life history traits and the evolution of cooperative breeding. Animal Behaviour 59, 1079–1086.
  • Heinsohn, R.G. 1991. Slow learning of foraging skills and extended parental care in cooperative breeding White-winged Choughs. American Naturalist 137, 864–881.
  • Higuchi, H. & Momose, H. 1981. Deferred independence and prolonged infantile behaviour in young Varied Tit, Parus varius, of an island population. Animal Behaviour 29, 523–528.
  • Hockey, P.A. 2000. Patterns and correlates of bird migrations in sub-Saharan Africa. Emu 100, 401–417.
  • Hofshi, H., Gersani, M. & Katzir, G. 1987. Urban nesting of Tristram's Grackle in Israel. Ostrich 58, 156–159.
  • Hudson, W.H. 1920. Birds of La Plata, Vol. 1. J.M. Dent & Sons, London.
  • Immelmann, K. 1965. Australian Finches. Angus & Robertson, Sydney.
  • Immelmann, K. 1966. Notes on the breeding biology of the White-winged Triller, Lalage sueurii tricolor Swainson, in north-western Australia. Emu 66, 1–15.
  • Jansen, A. 1999. Home ranges and group-territoriality in Chowchillas Orthonyx spaldingii. Emu 99, 280–290.
  • Jehl, J.P. 1968. The breeding biology of Smith's Longspur. Wilson Bulletin 80, 123–149.
  • Johnson, J.P., Peach, W.J., Gregory, R.D. & White, S.A. 1997. Survival rates of tropical and temperate passerines: a Trinidadian perspective. American Naturalist 150, 771–789.
  • Jullien, M. & Thiollay, J-M. 1998. Multi-species territoriality and dynamic of neotropical forest understorey bird flocks. Journal of Animal Ecology 67, 227–252.
  • Keith, S., Urban, E.K. & Fry, C.H. 1992. The Birds of Africa, Vol. 4. Academic Press, London.
  • Kiltie, R.A. & Fitzpatrick, J.W. 1984. Reproduction and social organization of the Black-capped Donacobius (Donacobius atricapillus) in south-eastern Peru. Auk 101, 804–811.
  • Komdeur, J. 1994. Experimental evidence for helping and hindering by previous offspring in the cooperative breeding Seychelles Warbler Acrocephalus sechellensis. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 34, 175–186.
  • Komdeur, J. 1996. Breeding of the Seychelles Magpie Robin Copsychus sechellarum and implications for its conservation. Ibis 138, 485–498.
  • Langen, T.A. & Vehrenkamp, S.L. 1999. How White-throated Magpie-jay helpers contribute during breeding. Auk 116, 131–140.
  • Langen, T.A. 2000. Prolonged offspring dependence and cooperative breeding in birds. Behavioral Ecology 11, 367–377.
  • Lewis, D.M. 1982. Cooperative breeding in a population of White-browed Sparrowweavers Plocepasser mahali. Ibis 122, 511–522.
  • Lill, A. 1986. Time-energy budgets during reproduction and the evolution of single parenting in the Superb Lyrebird. Australian Journal of Zoology, 34, 351–371.
  • Lundberg, A. & Alatalo, R.V. 1992. The Pied Flycatcher. T. & A.D. Poyser, London.
  • Maclean, G. L. 1993. Roberts’ Birds of Southern Africa, 6th edn. John Voelcker Bird Book Fund, Cape Town.
  • Maclean, I.G. & Gill, B. J. 1988. Breeding of an island-endemic bird, the New Zealand Whitehead Mohua albicilla; Pachycephalia. Emu 88, 177–182.
  • Magrath, R.D. 1991. Nestling weight and juvenile survival in the Blackbird, Turdus merula. Journal of Animal Ecology 60, 335–351.
  • Magrath, R.D. & Yezerinac, S.M. 1997. Facultative helping does not influence reproductive success or survival in cooperative breeding White-browed Scrubwrens. Journal of Animal Ecology 66, 658–670.
  • Magrath, R.D., Leedman, A.W., Gardner, J.L., Giannesca, A., Nathan, A.C., Yezerinac, S.M. & Nicholls, J.A. 2000. Life in the slow lane—reproductive life history of the White-browed Scrubwren, an Australian endemic. Auk 117, 479–489.
  • Major, R.E. 1991. Breeding biology of the White-fronted Chat Ephthianura albifrons in a salt marsh near Melbourne. Emu 91, 236–249.
  • Martin, T.E. 1996. Life history evolution in tropical and south temperate birds: what do we really know? Journal of Avian Biology 27, 263–272.
  • Martin, T.E., Martin, P.R., Olson, C.R., Heidinger, B.J. & Fontaine, J.J. 2000. Parental care and clutch sizes in North and South American birds. Science 287, 1482–1485.
  • Marzluff & Balda 1992. The Pinyon Jay: Behavioural Ecology of a Colonial and Cooperative Corvid. T. & A.D. Poyser, London.
  • Mason, P. 1985. The nesting biology of some passerines of Buenos Aires, Argentina. pp. 954–972 in Neotropical Ornithology. Eds P.A. Buckley, M.S. Foster, E.S. Morton, R.S. Ridgely & F.G. Buckley. AOU Ornithological Monographs No. 36. AOU, Washington DC.
  • Matthysen, E. 1987. Territory establishment of juvenile nuthatches after fledging. Ardea 75, 53–57.
  • Matthysen, E. 1988. Non-breeding pair territoriality in European Nuthatches (Sitta europaea L.): settlement patterns and territory quality. pp. 2364–2372 in Proceeding of the 19th International Ornithological Congress, Ottawa 1986. Ed. H. Ouellet. National Museum of Natural Sciences, Toronto.
  • McFarland, D.C. 1984. The breeding biology of the Willie Wagtail Rhipidura leucophrys in a suburban woodlot. Corella 8, 77–82.
  • Michelsen-Heath, S. 1989. The breeding biology of the Rock Wren, Xenicus gilviventris, in the Murchison Mountains, Fiordland National Park, South Island, New Zealand. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin.
  • Morehouse, E.L. & Brewer, R. 1968. Feeding of nestling and fledgling Eastern Kingbirds. Auk 85, 44–54.
  • Nilsson, J-A. 1989. Causes and consequences of natal dispersal in the Marsh Tit Parus palustris. Journal of Animal Ecology 58, 619–636.
  • Nilsson, J-A. & Smith, H.G. 1989. Early fledging mortality and the timing of juvenile dispersal in the Marsh Tit Parus palustris. Ornis Scandinavica 16, 293–298.
  • Nolan, V. 1978. The ecology and behavior of the Prairie Warbler Dendroica discolor. Ornithological Monographs No. 26.
  • Oliver, D.L. 1998. The breeding behaviour of the endangered Regent Honeyeater Xanthomyza phrygia, near Armidale, New South Wales. Australian Journal of Zoology 46, 153–170.
  • Oniki, Y. 1975. The behavior and ecology of Slaty Antshrikes (Thamnophilus punctatus) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone. Anais da Academia Brasiliera da Ciencias 47, 477–515.
  • Orell, M., Lahti, K. & Matero, J. 1999. High survival rate and site fidelity on the Siberian Tit Parus cinctus, a focal species of the taiga. Ibis 141, 460–468.
  • Post, W. 1981. Biology of the Yellow-shouldered Blackbird Agelaius on a tropical island. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences, 26, 125–202.
  • Powlesland, R.G. 1983. Breeding and mortality of the South Island Robin in Kowhai bush, Kaikoura. Notornis 30, 265–282.
  • Pravosudova, E. & Grubb, T.C. 1999. An experimental test of the prolonged brood care model in the Tufted Titmouse Baeolophus bicolor. Behavioral Ecology 11, 309–314.
  • Rabenold, K. 1990. Campylorhynchus wrens: the ecology of delayed dispersal and cooperation in the Venezuelan savannah. pp. 159–196 331 in Cooperative Breeding in Birds: Long-term Studies of Ecology and Behavior. Eds P.B. Stacey & W.D. Koenig. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Ricklefs, R.E. 2000a. Lack, Skutch and Moreau: the early development of life history thinking. Condor 102, 3–8.
  • Ricklefs, R.E. 2000b. Density dependence, evolutionary optimization, and the diversification of avian life histories. Condor 102, 9–22.
  • Robinson, A. 1994. Helpers-at-the-nest in Pied Butcherbirds. Ph.D. Thesis, Griffith University, Queensland.
  • Robinson, D. 1990. The social organization of the Scarlet Robin Petroica multicolor and the Flame Robin P. phoenicea in south-eastern Australia: a comparison between sedentary and migratory flycatchers. Ibis 132, 78–94.
  • Robinson, T.R., Robinson, W.D. & Edwards, E.C. 2000. Breeding ecology and nest-site selection of Song Wrens in central Panama. Auk 117, 345–354.
  • Ross, H.A. & McLaren, I.A. 1981. Lack of differential survival among young Ipswich Sparrows. Auk 98, 495–502.
  • Rowan, M.K. 1966. Some observations on reproduction and mortality in the Cape Sparrow Passer melanurus. Ostrich Supplement 6, 425–434.
  • Rowan, M.K. & Broekhuysen, G.J. 1962. A study of the Karoo Prinia. Ostrich 33, 6–30.
  • Rowley, I. 1973. The comparative ecology of Australian corvids. IV. Nesting and the rearing of young to independence. CSIRO Wildlife Research 18, 91–130.
  • Rowley, I. 1976. Cooperative breeding in Australian birds pp. 657–666 in Proceedings of the 16th International Ornithological Congress, Canberra, 1974. Eds H.J. Frith & J.H. Calaby. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra.
  • Rowley, I. 1978. Communal activities among White-winged Choughs Corcorax melanorhamphos. Ibis 120, 178–197
  • Rowley, I. 1999. Cooperative breeding by Black-faced Woodswallows Artamus cinereus. Corella 23, 63–66.
  • Rowley, I. & Russell, E.M. 1995. The breeding biology of the White-winged Fairy-wren Malurus leucopterus leuconotus in a Western Australian coastal heathland. Emu 95, 175–184.
  • Rowley, I. & Russell, E.M. 1997. Fairy-wrens and Grasswrens. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Russell, E.M. & Rowley, I. 1993. The demography of the cooperatively breeding Splendid Fairy-wren, Malurus splendens. Australian Journal of Zoology, 41, 475–505.
  • Russell, E.M. & Rowley, I. 2000. Demography and social organisation of the Red-winged Fairy-wren Malurus elegans. Australian Journal of Zoology 48, 161–200.
  • Schmidt, R.K. 1964. The Lesser Double-collared Sunbird Cinnyris chalybeus (Linnaeus) in the south-western Cape. Ostrich 35, 86–94.
  • Schodde, R. & Mason, I.J. 1999. The Directory of Australian Birds: Passerines. CSIRO, Melbourne.
  • Sherley, G. 1994. Cooperative parental care: contribution of the male Rifleman (Acanthisitta chloris) to the breeding effort. Notornis 41, 71–81.
  • Sibley, C.G, & Ahlquist, J.E. 1990. Phylogeny and Classification of Birds. Yale University Press, New Haven.
  • Skutch, A. F. 1951. Life history of the Boat-billed Flycatcher. Auk 68, 30–49.
  • Skutch, A.F. 1954. Life Histories of Central American Birds I. Pacific Coast Avifauna No. 31. Cooper Ornithological Society, Berkeley, California.
  • Skutch, A.F. 1960. Life Histories of Central American Birds II. Pacific Coast Avifauna No. 34. Cooper Ornithological Society, Berkeley, California.
  • Skutch, A.F. 1967. Life Histories of Central American Highland Birds. Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club No. 7. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Skutch, A.F. 1969. Life Histories of Central American Birds III. Pacific Coast Avifauna No. 35. Cooper Ornithological Society, Berkeley, California.
  • Skutch, A.F. 1972. Studies of Tropical American Birds. Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club No. 10. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Skutch, A.F. 1981. New Studies of Tropical American Birds. Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club No. 19. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Skutch, A.F. 1985. Clutch size, nesting success, and predation on nests of Neotropical birds, reviewed. pp. 575–594. in Neotropical Ornithology. Eds P.A. Buckley, M.S. Foster, E.S. Morton, R.S. Ridgely & F.G. Buckley. AOU Ornithological Monographs No. 36. AOU, Washington DC.
  • Skutch, A.F. 1996a. Antbirds and Ovenbirds. University of Texas Press, Austin.
  • Skutch, A.F. 1996b. Orioles, Blackbirds and their Kin. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
  • Skutch, A.F. 1996c. Parent Birds and Their Young. University of Texas Press, Austin.
  • Smith, G. T. 1987. Observations on the biology of the Western Bristlebird Dasyornis longirostris. Emu 87, 111–118.
  • Smith, H.G. 1993. Seasonal decline in clutch size of the Marsh Tit (Parus palustris) in relation to date-specific survival of offspring. Auk 110, 889–899.
  • Smith, J.N.M. 1988. Determinants of lifetime reproductive success in the Song Sparrow. pp. 154–172 in Reproductive Success. Ed. T.H. Clutton-Brock. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Smith, S. 1950. The Yellow Wagtail. Collins, London.
  • Smith, R.D. & Marquiss, M. 1995. Production and costs of nesting attempts in Snow Buntings Plectrophenax nivalis: why do they attempt second broods? Ibis 137, 469–477.
  • Steyn, P. 1966. Nesting Birds. Fernwood Press, Vlaeberg.
  • Strickland, D. & Ouellet, H. 1993. Perisoreus canadensis. Gray Jay. In The Birds of North America, No. 40. Eds A. Poole, P. Stettenheim & F. Gill. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia & The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, DC.
  • Sullivan, K. 1989. Predation and starvation: age specific mortality in juvenile juncos (Junco phaenotus.) Journal of Animal Ecology 58, 275–286.
  • Summers-Smith, J.D. 1988. The Sparrows. T. & A.D. Poyser, Calton.
  • Sydemann, W.J. 1989. Effects of helpers on nestling care and breeder survival in Pygmy Nuthatches. Condor 91, 147–155.
  • Thomas, B.T. 1983. The Plain-fronted Thornbird: nest construction material choice, and nest defense behavior. Wilson Bulletin 95, 106–117.
  • Urban, E.K., Fry, C.H. & Keith, S. 1997. The Birds of Africa, Vol. 5. Academic Press, London.
  • van Riper, C. 1987. Breeding biology of the Hawaian Common Amakihi. Condor 89, 85–102.
  • van Someren, V.G.L. 1956. Days with birds: studies of habits of some East African species. Fieldiana: Zoology 38, 1–520.
  • Ward, P. 1965. The breeding biology of the Black-faced Dioch (Quelea quelea) in Nigeria. Ibis 107, 327–349.
  • Wilkinson, R. 1982. Social organization and communal breeding in the Chestnut-bellied Starling (Spreo pulcher.) Animal Behaviour 30, 1118–1128.
  • Willis, E.O. 1967. The behavior of Bicolored Antbirds. University of California Publications in Zoology, 79, 1–125.
  • Willis, E.O. 1972. The behavior of Spotted Antbirds. Ornithological Monographs 10, 1–162.
  • Willis, E.O. 1973. The behavior of Ocellated Antbirds. Smithsonian Contributions in Zoology, 144, 1–57.
  • Wilson, S.M. & Kikkawa, J. 1988. Post-fledging parental investment in the Capricorn Silvereye. Emu 88, 81–87.
  • Wittenberger, J.F. 1978. The breeding biology of an isolated Bobolink population in Oregon. Condor 80, 355–371.
  • Wolf, L.L. & Wolf, J.S. 1976. Mating system and reproductive biology of Malachite sunbirds. Condor 78, 27–39.
  • Wolf, L., Ketterson, E.D. & Nolan, V. 1988. Paternal influence on growth and survival of Dark-eyed Junco young: do parental males benefit? Animal Behaviour 36, 1601–1618.
  • Woodworth, B.L., Faaborg, J. & Arendt, W.J. 1999. Survival and longevity of Puerto Rican Vireo. Wilson Bulletin 111, 376–380.
  • Woolfenden, G.E. & Fitzpatrick, J.W. 1984. The Florida Scrub Jay. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
  • Young, B.E. 1994. Geographic and seasonal patterns of clutch-size variation in House Wrens. Auk 111, 545–555.
  • Zahavi, A. 1990. Arabian Babblers: the quest for social status in a cooperative breeder pp. 103–130 in Cooperative Breeding in Birds: Long-term Studies of Ecology and Behavior. Eds P.B. Stacey & W.D. Koenig. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Zaias, J. & Breitwisch, R. 1989. Intra-pair cooperation, fledgling care, and renesting by Northern Mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos.) Ethology 80, 94–110.
  • Zann, R.A. 1976. Distribution, status and breeding of Black-throated Finches Poephila cincta in northern Queensland. Emu 76, 201–206.
  • Zann, R.A. 1994. Reproduction in a Zebra Finch colony in south-eastern Australia: the significance of monogamy, precocial breeding and multiple broods in a highly mobile species. Emu 94, 285–299.
  • Zann, R.A. & Runcimann, D. 1994. Survivorship, dispersal and sex ratios of Zebra Finches Taeniopygia guttata in south-east Australia. Ibis 136, 136–146.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.