Population regulation in Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor): the role of intraspecific competition for nesting sites and food during breeding

References

• Ainley, D. G. (1997). Factors regulating population size and colony formation of Adélie Penguins in the Ross Sea. Antarctic Journal 32, 107–108.
   Google Scholar
• Ainley, D. G., Leresche, R. E., and Sladen, W. J. L. (1983). ‘Breeding Biology of the Adelie Penguin.’ (University of California Press: Berkeley, CA.)
   Google Scholar
• Ainley, D. G., Nur, N., and Woehler, E. J. (1995). Factors affecting the distribution and size of pygoscelid penguin colonies in the Antarctic. Auk 112, 171–182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ainley, D. G., Ford, R. G., Brown, E. D., Suryan, R. M., and Irons, D. B. (2003). Prey resources, competition and geographic structure of Kittiwake colonies in Prince William Sound. Ecology 84, 709–723.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ainley, D. G., Ribic, C. A., Ballard, G., Heath, S., Gaffney, I., Karl, B. J., Barton, K. J., Wilson, P. R., and Webb, S. (2004). Geographic structure of Adelie Penguin populations: overlap in colony-specific foraging areas. Ecological Monographs 74, 159–178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashmole, N. P. (1963). The regulation of numbers in tropical oceanic birds. Ibis 103B, 458–473.
   Google Scholar
• Ashmole, N. P. (1971). Seabird ecology and the marine environment. In ‘Avian Biology. Vol. 1’. (Eds D. S. Farner and J. R. King.) pp. 223–286. (Academic Press: New York.)
   Google Scholar
• Barton, D. (1978). Breeding Fairy Penguins at Twofold Bay, NSW. Corella 2, 71–72.
   Google Scholar
• Baudinette, R. V, and Gill, P. (1985). The energetics of ‘flying’ and ‘paddling’ in water: locomotion in penguins and ducks. Journal of Comparative Physiology: Part B 155, 515–520.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birkhead, T. R., and Furness, R. W. (1985). Regulation of seabird populations. In ‘Behavioural Ecology’. (Eds R. M. Sibley and R. H. Smith.) pp. 145–167. (Blackwell: Oxford, UK.)
   Google Scholar
• Birt, V L., Birt, T. P., Goulet, D., Cairns, D. K., and Montevecchi, W. A. (1987). Ashmole's halo: direct evidence for prey depletion by a seabird. Marine Ecology Progress Series 40, 205–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowker, G. (1980). Seabird Islands No. 99. Griffiths Island. Corella 4, 104–106.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, C. R., Stutchbury, B. J., and Walsh, P. D. (1990). Choice of colony size in birds. Trends in Recent Evolutionary Ecology 5, 398–403. doi:10.1016/0169-5347(90)90023-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairns, D. K. (1989). The regulation of seabird colony size: a hinterland model. American Naturalist 134, 141–146. doi:10.1086/284970
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairns, D. K. (1992). Population regulation of seabird colonies. Current Ornithology 9, 37–61.
   Google Scholar
• Clode, D. (1993). Colonially breeding seabirds: predators or prey? Trends in Recent Evolutionary Ecology 8, 336–338. doi:10.1016/0169-5347(93)90242-H
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, M., Cullen, J. M., and Dann, P. (1999). Seasonal and annual foraging movements of Little Penguins from Phillip Island, Victoria. Wildlife Research 26, 705–721. doi:10.1071/WR98003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford, R. J. M., and Shelton, P. A. (1978). Pelagic fish and seabird interrelationships off the coast of South West and South Africa. Biological Conservation 14, 85–109. doi: 10.1016/0006-3207(78)90026–5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croxall, J. P., and Rothery, P. P. (1991). Population regulation of sea- birds: implications of their demography for conservation. In ‘Bird Population Studies: Relevance to Conservation and Management’. (Eds C. M. Perrins, J.-D. LeBrereton and G. J. M. Hirons.) pp. 272–296. (Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK.)
   Google Scholar
• Croxall, J. P., Evans, P. G. H., and Schreiber, R. W. (Eds) (1984). ‘Status and Conservation of the World's Seabirds.’ International Council for Bird Preservation Technical Publication No. 2 (ICPB: Cambridge, UK.)
   Google Scholar
• Cullen, J. M., Blake, N., and Bickham, M. (1996). Urban penguins. Nature Australia 25, 22–28.
   Google Scholar
• Dann, P. (1988). An experimental manipulation of clutch size in the Little Penguin Eudyptula minor. Emu 88, 101–103.
   Google Scholar
• Dann, P. (1992). Distribution, population trends and factors influencing the population size of Little Penguins Eudyptula minor on Phillip Island, Victoria. Emu 91, 263–272.
   Google Scholar
• Dann, P. (1994). Breeding distribution, abundance and nest-sites of Blue Penguins Eudyptula minor in Otago. Notornis 41, 157–166.
   Google Scholar
• Dann, P., and Cullen, J. M. (1990). Survival, patterns of reproduction, and lifetime reproductive output in the Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor) on Phillip Island, Victoria, Australia. In ‘Penguin Biology’. (Eds L. S. Davis and J. T. Darby.) pp. 63–84. (Academic Press: New York.)
   Google Scholar
• Dann, P., Cullen, J. M., Thoday, R., and Jessop, R. (1992). Movements and patterns of mortality at sea of Little Penguins Eudyptula minor from Phillip Island, Victoria. Emu 91, 278–286.
   Google Scholar
• Dann, P., Norman, F. I., Cullen, J. M., Neira, F. J., and Chiaradia, A. (2000). Mortality and breeding failure of Little Penguins Eudyptula minor in Victoria, 1995–6 following a widespread mortality of pilchard Sardinops sagax. Marine and Freshwater Research 51, 355–362. doi:10.1071/MF99114
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dann, P., Jessop, R., and Healy, M. (2001). The distribution and abundance of Little Penguins in Western Port, Victoria. Victorian Naturalist 117, 230–235.
   Google Scholar
• Dann, P., Mackay, M., Menkhorst, P., and Kirkwood, R. (2004). Notes on the birds of Lady Julia Percy Island in western Victoria. Victorian Naturalist 121, 59–66.
   Google Scholar
• Duffy, D. C. (1983). The ecology of tick parasitism on densely nesting Peruvian seabirds. Ecology 64, 110–119. doi:10.2307/1937334
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forero, M. G., Tella, J. L., Hobson, K. A., Bertellotti, M., and Blanco, G. (2002). Conspecific food competition explains variability in colony size: a test in Magellanic Penguins. Ecology 83, 3466–3475.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortescue, M. E. (1995). Biology of the Little Penguin Eudyptula minor on Bowen Island and at other Australian colonies. In ‘The Penguins: Ecology and Management’. (Eds P. Dann, I. Norman and P. Reilly.) pp. 364–392. (Surrey Beatty: Sydney.)
   Google Scholar
• Fortescue, M. E. (1999). The marine and terrestrial ecology of a northern population of the Little Penguin, Eudyptula minor, from Bowen Island, Jervis Bay. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Canberra.
   Google Scholar
• Fullagar, P. J., Heyligers, P. C., Crowley, M. A., and Klomp, N. I. (1995). Gabo Island penguin survey November 1994. M. I. Partners Report No. 4, Moruya, NSW.
   Google Scholar
• Furness, R. W., and Barrett, R. T. (1985). The food requirements and ecological relationships of a seabird community in north Norway. Ornis Scandinavica 16, 305–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furness, R. W., and Birkhead, T. R. (1984). Seabird colony distributions suggest competition for food supplies during the breeding season. Nature 311, 655–666. doi:10.1038/311655a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gales, R. (1985). Breeding seasons and double brooding of the Little Penguin Eudyptula minor in New Zealand. Emu 85, 127–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaston, A. J., and Nettleship, D. N. (1981). ‘The Thick-billed Murres of Prince Leopold Island.’ Canadian Wildlife Service Monograph Series No. 6. (Canadian Wildlife Service: Ottawa.)
   Google Scholar
• Gaston, A. J., Chapdelaine, G., and Noble, D. G. (1983). The growth of Thick-billed Murre chicks at colonies in Hudson Strait: inter- and intra-colony variation. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61, 2465–2475.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs, C. F. (1992). Oceanography of Bass Strait: implications for the food supply of Little Penguins Eudyptula minor. Emu 91, 395–401.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs, H., Norman, F. I., and Ward, S. J. (2000). Reproductive parameters, chick growth and adult ‘age’ in Australasian Gannets Morus serrator breeding in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, in 1994–1995. Emu 100, 175–185. doi:10.1071/MU9849
   Google Scholar
• Gillham, M. E. (1960). Destruction of indigenous heath vegetation in Victorian seabird colonies. Australian Journal of Botany 8, 277–317. doi:10.1071/BT9600277
   Google Scholar
• Gillham, M. E. (1961). Plants and seabirds of granite islands in southeast Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 74, 21–36.
   Google Scholar
• Gillham, M. E. (1962). Granite islands of south-east Victoria as a seabird habitat. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 75, 45–63.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, M. P., and Deerson, D. M. (1980). Seabird Islands. No. 84. Cliffy Island, Seal Islands Group, Victoria. Corella 4, 73–74.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, M. P., and Norman, F. I. (1981). Distribution and status of coastal colonies of seabirds in Victoria. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 42, 89–106.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, M. P., Deerson, D. M., and Brown, R. S. (1980). Seabird Islands. No. 97. South Channel Island, Victoria. Corella 4, 100–101.
   Google Scholar
• Hobday, D. K. (1992). Abundance and distribution of pilchard and Australian anchovy as prey species for the Little Penguin Eudyptula minor at Phillip Island, Victoria. Emu 91, 342–354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, G. L., Eppley, Z. A., and Schneider, D. C. (1986). Reproductive performance of seabirds: the importance of population and colony size. Auk 103, 306–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp, A., and Dann, P. (2001). Egg size, incubation periods and hatching success of Little Penguins, Eudyptula minor. Emu 101, 249–253. doi:10.1071/MU00024
   Google Scholar
• Kirkwood, R., Dann, P., and Belvedere, M. (2000). Effects of the seasonal availability of Short-tailed Shearwaters (Puffinus tenuirostris) on the diet of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) on Phillip Island, Victoria. Australian Mammalogy 22, 87–92.
   Google Scholar
• Lack, D. (1954). ‘The Natural Regulation of Animal Numbers.’ (Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK.)
   Google Scholar
• Lack, D. (1966). ‘Population Studies of Birds.’ (Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK.)
   Google Scholar
• Lane, S. G. (1979). Summary of the breeding seabirds on New South Wales coastal islands. Corella 3, 7–9.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, S., Sherrat, T. M., Hamer, K. C., and Wanless, S. (2001). Evidence of intra-specific competition for food in a pelagic bird. Nature 412, 816–819. doi:10.1038/35090566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchant, S., and Higgins, P. J. (Eds) (1990). ‘Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Vol. 1: Ratites to Ducks.’ (Oxford University Press: Melbourne.)
   Google Scholar
• Menkhorst, P. W., Kerry, K. R., and Gaynor, G. F. (1988). Seabird Islands. No. 181. Mud Islands. Corella 12, 72–77.
   Google Scholar
• Moors, P. (Ed.) (1985). ‘Conservation of Island Birds. Case Studies for the Management of the Threatened Island Species.’ (International Council for the Bird Preservation: Cambridge, UK.)
   Google Scholar
• Norman, F. I. (1992). Distribution and abundance of seabirds off Phillip Island and within Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, 1986–1988. Emu 91, 377–394.
   Google Scholar
• Overeem, R., and Wallis, R. L. (2003). Little Penguin Eudyptula minor at Middle Island, Western Victoria: current status. Victorian Naturalist 120, 76–83.
   Google Scholar
• Potts, G., Coulson, R. J. C., and Deans, I. R. (1980). Population dynamics and the breeding success of the Journal of Animal Ecology 49, 465–484. doi:10.2307/4258
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly, P. N. (1977). Seabird Islands. No.45. Gabo Island, Victoria. Corella 1, 51–53.
   Google Scholar
• Reilly, P. N., and Cullen, J. M. (1979). The Little Penguin Eudyptula minor in Victoria. I: Mortality of adults. Emu 79, 97–102.
   Google Scholar
• Reilly, P. N., and Cullen, J. M. (1981). The Little Penguin Eudyptula minor in Victoria. II: Breeding. Emu 81, 1–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly, P. N., and Cullen, J. M. (1982). The Little Penguin Eudyptula minor in Victoria. III: Dispersal of chicks and survival after banding. Emu 82, 137–142.
   Google Scholar
• Reilly, P. N., and Cullen, J. M. (1983). The Little Penguin Eudyptula minor in Victoria. IV: Moult. Emu 83, 94–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, T., G., Eldershaw, G., and Walraven, E. (1995). Reproductive success of Little Penguins, Eudyptula minor, on Lion Island, New South Wales. Wildlife Research 22, 709–715. doi:10.1071/WR9950709
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer, R. D. (1982). The coast. In ‘Atlas of Victoria’. (Ed. J. S. Duncan.) pp. 136–142. (Victorian Government Printing Office: Melbourne.)
   Google Scholar
• Statsoft (2006). ‘Statistica Version 7.1.’ (Statsoft Inc.: Tulsa, OK.)
   Google Scholar
• Storer, R. W. (1952). A comparison of variation, behaviour and evolution in the seabird genera Uria and Cepphus. University of California Publications in Zoology 52, 121–222.
   Google Scholar
• Thoday, R. (1991). Penguin Study Group report on Rabbit Island visit, 19–22 February 1991. VORG Notes 26, 53–57.
   Google Scholar
• Ward, P., and Zahavi, A. (1973). The importance of certain assemblages of birds as ‘information centres’ for food finding. Ibis 115, 517–534.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wienecke, B. C., Wooller, R. D., and Klomp, N. I. (1995). The ecology and management of Little Penguins on Penguin Island, Western Australia. In ‘The Penguins: Ecology and Management’. (Eds P. Dann, I. Norman and P. Reilly.) pp. 440–447. (Surrey Beatty: Sydney.)
   Google Scholar
• Wittenberger, J. F., and Hunt, G. L. (1985). The adaptive significance of coloniality in birds. In ‘Avian Biology. Vol. 8’. (Eds D. S. Farner, J. R. King and K. C. Parkes.) pp. 1–78. (Academic Press: New York.)
   Google Scholar