51
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Feeding on the wing: hovering in nectar-drinking Old World birds—more common than expected

Pages 171-183 | Received 27 Aug 2012, Accepted 17 Jul 2013, Published online: 22 Dec 2016

References

  • Adamík, P., Korňan, M., and Vojtek, J. (2003). The effect of habitat structure on guild patterns and the foraging strategies of insectivorous birds in forests. Biologia 58, 275–285.
  • Ali, S. (1932). Flower-birds and bird-flowers in India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 35, 573–605.
  • Ali, S. (1962). ‘The Birds of Sikkim.’ (Oxford University Press: Madras.)
  • Ali, S., and Ripley, S.D. (1983). ‘Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan Together With Those of Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka’, compact edn. (Oxford University Press: Delhi.)
  • Altshuler, D. L., and Dudley, R. (2002). The ecological and evolutionary interface of hummingbird flight physiology. Journal of Experimental Biology 205, 2325–2336.
  • Austin, O. L. (1961). ‘Birds of the World.’ (Golden Press: New York.)
  • Bairlein, F., Alström, P., Aymí, R., Clement, P., Dyrcz, A., Gargallo, G., Hawkins, A. F. A., Madge, S. C., Pearson, D. J., and Svensson, L. (2006). Family Sylviidae (Old World warblers). In ‘Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 11: Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers’. (Eds J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott and D.A. Christie.) pp. 492–709. (Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.)
  • Baker, H. G., and Baker, I. (1982a). Chemical constituents of nectar in relation to pollination mechanisms and phylogeny. In ‘Biochemical Aspects of Evolutionary Biology’. (Ed. M. H. Nitecki.) pp. 131–171. (University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL).
  • Baker, I., and Baker, H. G. (1982b). Some chemical constituents of floral nectars of Erythrina in relation to pollinators and systematics. Allertonia 3, 25–37.
  • Baker, H. G., Baker, I., and Hodges, S. A. (1998). Sugar composition of nectar and fruits consumed by birds and bats in the tropics and subtropics. Biotropica 30, 559–586. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.1998.tb00097.x
  • Bannerman, D. A. (1948). ‘The Birds of Tropical West Africa. Vol. 6.’ (The Crown Agents: London.)
  • Berney, F. L. (1937). A note on the Black Honeyeater. Emu 37, 318. doi:10.1071/MU937316f
  • Bishop, K. D., and Jones, D. N. (2001). The montane avifauna of West New Britain, with special references to the Nakanai Mountains. Emu 101, 205–220. doi:10.1071/MU00065
  • Bochenski, Z., and Bochenski, Z. M. (2008). An Old World hummingbird from the Oligocene: a new fossil from Polish Carpathians. Journal of Ornithology 149, 211–216. doi:10.1007/s10336-007-0261-y
  • Brieschke, H. (1991). Brutbiologische und nahrungsökologische Untersuchungen am Kleinen Halsbandnektarvogel (Panaeola chalybea) und am Großen Halsbandnektarvogel (Panaeola afra) im Freiland (Südafrika) und im Labor. Ph.D. Dissertation, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main.
  • Brown, M. (2005a). Malachite Sunbird, Nectariniafamosa. In ‘Roberts Birds of Southern Africa’, 7th edn. (Eds P. A. R. Hockey, W. R. J. Dean and P. G. Ryan.) pp. 985–986. (The Trustees of the John Voelcker Bird Fund: Cape Town.)
  • Brown, M. (2005b). Cape Sugarbird, Promerops cafer. In ‘Roberts Birds of Southern Africa’, 7th edn. (Eds P. A. R. Hockey, W. R. J. Dean and P. G. Ryan.) pp. 1002–1003. (The Trustees of the John Voelcker Bird Fund: Cape Town.)
  • Brown, M., Downs, C. T., and Johnson, S. D. (2009). Pollination of the Redhot Poker Kniphofia caulescens by short-billed opportunistic avian nectarivores. South African Journal of Botany 75, 707–712. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2009.07.015
  • Brown, M., Downs, C. T., and Johnson, S. D. (2010a). Concentration-dependent sugar preferences of the Malachite Sunbird Nectarinia famosa. Auk 127, 151–155. doi:10.1525/auk.2009.09054
  • Brown, M., Downs, C. T., and Johnson, S. D. (2010b). Sugar preferences of an African non-passerine, the Speckled Mousebird. Auk 127, 781–786. doi:10.1525/auk.2010.09244
  • Brown, M., Downs, C. T., and Johnson, S. D. (2010c). Sugar preferences and digestive efficiency in a generalist nectar feeding bird, the Dark-capped Bulbul. Journal of Ornithology 151, 637–643. doi:10.1007/s10336-010-0498-8
  • Burchell, W. J. (1822). ‘Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa. Vol. 1.’ (Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown: London.)
  • Cammerloher, H. (1928). Javanische studien II. Kurze Skizzen über Blumenbesuch durch Vögel. Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 77, 46–61. doi:10.1007/BF01255589
  • Chang, Y.-H., Ting, S.-C., Liu, C.-C., Yang, J.-T., and Soong, C.-Y. (2011). An unconventional mechanism of lift production during the downstroke in a hovering bird (Zosterops japonicas). Experiments in Fluids 51, 1231–1243. doi:10.1007/s00348-011-1145-8
  • Chang, Y.-M., Lin, H.-Y., Hatch, K. A., Yao, C.-T., and Shiu, H.-J. (2013). Brush-tipped tongue structure of the Taiwan Yuhina (Yuhina brunneiceps) and White-eared Sibia (Heterophasia auricularis). Wilson Journal of Ornithology 125, 204–208. doi:10.1676/12-016.1
  • Cheke, A. S. (1987). The ecology of the surviving land-birds of Réunion. In ‘Studies of Mascarene Island Birds’. (Ed. A. W. Diamond.) pp. 301–358. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.)
  • Cheke, R. A., and Mann, C. F. (2001). ‘Sunbirds: A Guide to the Sunbirds, Flowerpeckers, Spiderhunters and Sugarbirds of the World.’ (Christopher Helm: London.)
  • Cheke, R. A., and Mann, C. F. (2008a). Family Nectariniidae (sunbirds). In ‘Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 13: Penduline-tits to Shrikes’. (Eds J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott and D. A. Christie.) pp. 196–243. (Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.)
  • Cheke, R. A., and Mann, C. F. (2008b). Family Dicaeidae (flowerpeckers). In ‘Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 13: Penduline-tits to Shrikes’. (Eds J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott and D. A. Christie) pp. 350–389. (Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.)
  • Coe, M. J. (1967). ‘The Ecology of the Alpine Zone of Mount Kenya.’ (W. Junk: The Hague.)
  • Collar, N. J. (1997). Family Psittacidae (parrots). In ‘Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos’. (Eds J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and D. Christie) pp. 280–477. (Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.)
  • Collins, B. G., and Paton, D. C. (1989). Consequences of differences in body-mass, wing length and leg morphology for nectar-feeding birds. Australian Journal of Ecology 14, 269–289. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1989.tb01437.x
  • Corlett, R. T., and Primack, R. B. (2006). Tropical rainforests and the need for cross-continental comparisons. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 21, 104–110. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2005.12.002
  • Cruden, R. W., and Toledo, V. M. (1977). Oriole pollination of Erythrina brevifolia (Leguminosae): evidence for a polytypic view of ornithophily. Plant Systematics and Evolution 126, 393–403. doi:10.1007/BF00986292
  • Diamond, J. M. (1975). Distributional ecology and habits of some Bougainville birds (Solomon Islands). Condor 77, 14–23. doi:10.2307/1366755
  • Diamond, J., Pimm, S. L., Gilpin, M. E., and LeCroy, M. (1989). Rapid evolution of character displacement in myzomelid honeyeaters. American Naturalist 134, 675–708. doi:10.1086/285006
  • Dobat, K., and Peikert-Holle, T. (1985). ‘Blüten und Fledermäuse. Bestäubung durch Fledermäuse und Flughunde (Chiropterophilie).’ (Kramer: Frankfurt.)
  • Donovan, E. R., Keeney, B. K., Kung, E., Makan, S., Wild, J. M., and Altshuler, D. L. (2013). Muscle activation patterns and motor anatomy of Anna's Hummingbirds Calypte anna and Zebra Finches Taeniopygia guttata. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 86, 27–46. doi:10.1086/668697
  • Douthwaite, R. J. (1976). Fishing techniques and foods of the Pied Kingfisher on Lake Victoria in Uganda. The Ostrich 47, 153–160. doi:10.1080/00306525.1976.9639555
  • Dowsett-Lemaire, F. (1990). Eco-ethology, distribution and status of Nyungwe forest birds (Rwanda). Tauraco Research Report 3, 31–85.
  • Fain, M. G., and Houde, P. (2004). Parallel radiations in the primary clades of birds. Evolution 58, 2558–2573.
  • Feinsinger, P., and Colwell, R. K. (1978). Community organization among Neotropical nectar-feeding birds. American Zoologist 18, 779–795.
  • Fernández, M. J., López-Calleja, M. V., and Bozinovic, F. (2002). Interplay between the energetics of foraging and thermoregulatory costs in the green-backed firecrown hummingbird Sephanoides sephaniodes. Journal of Zoology 258, 319–326. doi:10.1017/S0952836902001450
  • Fjeldså, J., and Krabbe, N. (1990). ‘Birds of the High Andes.’ (Zoologisk Museum: Copenhagen.)
  • Fleming, T. H., and Muchhala, N. (2008). Nectar-feeding bird and bat niches in two worlds: pantropical comparisons of vertebrate pollination systems. Journal of Biogeography 35, 764–780. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01833.x
  • Franklin, D. C. (1997). The foraging behaviour of avian nectarivores in a monsoonal Australian woodland over a six-month period. Corella 21, 48–54.
  • Frith, C. B. (1979). Feeding ecology of land birds on West Island, Aldabra Atoll, Indian Ocean: a preliminary survey. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London—Biological Sciences 286, 195–210. doi:10.1098/rstb.1979.0027
  • Fry, C. H. (2000). Family Nectariniidae: sunbirds and spiderhunters. In ‘The Birds of Africa. Vol. 6: Picathartes to Oxpeckers’. (Eds C. H. Fry, S. Keith and E. K. Urban.) pp. 135–305. (Academic Press: London.)
  • Gannon, G. R. (1962). Distribution of the Australian honeyeaters. Emu 62, 145–166. doi:10.1071/MU962145
  • Geerts, S., and Pauw, A. (2009). African sunbirds hover to pollinate an invasive hummingbird-pollinated plant. Oikos 118, 573–579.
  • Gill, F. B. (1971). Ecology and evolution of the sympatric Mascarene White-eyes, Zosterops borbonica and Zosterops olivacea. Auk 88, 35–60. doi: 10.2307/4083960
  • Gill, F., and Donsker, D. (Eds) (2013). IOC World Bird Names (Version 3.4).’ Available at www.worldbirdnames.org [Verified 11 July 2013].
  • Goldblatt, P., and Manning, J. C. (2006). Radiation of pollination systems in the Iridaceae of sub-Saharan Africa. Annals of Botany 97, 317–344. [Published online early 23 December 2005]. doi:10.1093/aob/mcj040
  • Greig-Smith, P. W. (1980). Foraging, seasonality and nesting of Seychelles Sunbirds Nectarinia dussumieri. Ibis 122, 307–321. doi:10.1111/j.1474919X.1980.tb00885.x
  • Hainsworth, F. R. (1991). Discriminating between foraging rules and why hummingbirds hover. Animal Behaviour 41, 902–903. doi:10.1016/S00033472(05)80359-8
  • Halse, S. A. (1978). Feeding habits of six species of honeyeater in southwestern Australia. Emu 78, 145–148. doi:10.1071/MU9780145
  • Hedrick, T. L., Tobalske, B. W., Ros, I. G., Warrick, D. R., and Biewener, A. A. (2012). Morphological and kinematic basis of the hummingbird flight stroke: scaling of flight muscle transmission ratio. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London—Biological Sciences 279, 1986–1992. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.2238
  • Higgins, P. J., Christidis, L., and Ford, H. A. (2008). Family Meliphagidae (honeyeaters). In ‘Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 13: Penduline-tits to Shrikes’. (Eds J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott and D. Christie.) pp. 498–691. (Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.)
  • Hopper, S. D., and Moran, G. F. (1981). Bird pollination and the mating system of Eucalyptus stoatei. Australian Journal of Botany 29, 625–638. doi:10.1071/BT9810625
  • Hume, A. O. (1890). ‘The Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds. Vol. 2’, 2nd edn. (Taylor and Francis: London.)
  • Janeček, Š., Patáčivá, E., Bartoš, M., Padyšáková, E., Spitzer, L., and Tropek, R. (2011). Hovering sunbirds in the Old World: occasional behaviour or evolutionary trend? Oikos 120, 178–183. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18612.x
  • Jerdon, T. C. (1862). ‘The Birds of India: Being a Natural History of All the Birds Known to Inhabit Continental India, with Descriptions of the Species, Genera, Families, Tribes, and Orders, and a Brief Notice of Such Families as are Not Found in India, Making it a Manual of Ornithology Specially Adapted for India. Vol. 1.’ (Military Orphan Press: Calcutta.)
  • Johnson, S. D., and Nicolson, S. W. (2008). Evolutionary associations between nectar properties and specificity in bird pollination systems. Biology Letters 4, 49–52. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0496
  • Johnson, K. A., McQuillan, P. B., and Kirkpatrick, J. B. (2010). Bird pollination of the climbing heath Prionotes cerinthoides (Ericaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences 171, 147–157. doi:10.1086/648990
  • Jones, D. L. (2006). ‘A Complete Guide to Native Orchids of Australia, Including the Island Territories.’ (New Holland Publishers: Sydney.)
  • Kennedy, R., Gonzales, P. C., Dickinson, E., Miranda, H. C., and Fisher, T. H. Jr (2000). ‘A Guide to the Birds of the Philippines.’ (Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK.)
  • Knuth, P. (1905). ‘Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Volume III: Die bisher in außereuropäischen Gebieten gemachten blütenbiologischen Beobachtungen, Part 2: Clethraceae bis Compositae.’ (Engelmann: Leipzig.).
  • Kraemer, M., and Schmitt, U. (1991). Zur Ökologie hochandiner Kolibris. Trochilus 12, 75–110.
  • Langrand, O. (1990). ‘Guide to the Birds of Madagascar.’ (Yale University Press: New Haven, CT.)
  • Lasiewski, R. C. (1963). Oxygen consumption of torpid, resting, active and flying hummingbirds. Physiological Zoology 36, 122–140.
  • Leach, J. A. (1929). Australian birds and their island home. Emu 29, 16–38. doi:10.1071/MU929016
  • Ley, A. C., and Claßen-Bockhoff, R. (2009). Pollination syndromes in African Marantaceae. Annals of Botany 104, 41–56.
  • Linder, H. P., Dlamini, T., Henning, J., and Verboom, G. A. (2006). Evolutionary history of Melianthus (Melianthaceae). American Journal of Botany 93, 1052–1064. doi:10.3732/ajb.93.7.1052
  • Lloyd, P. (2005). Dark-capped Bulbul Pycnonotus tricolor. In ‘Roberts Birds of Southern Africa’, 7th edn. (Eds P. A. R. Hockey, W. R. J. Dean and P. G. Ryan.) pp. 766–767. (The Trustees of the John Voelcker Bird Fund: Cape Town.)
  • Lotz, C. N., and Nicolson, S. W. (2002). Nectar dilution increases metabolic rate in the Lesser Double-Collared Sunbird. Condor 104, 672–675. doi:10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0672:NDIMRI]2.0.CO;2
  • Louchart, A., Tourment, N., Carrier, J., Roux, T., and Mourer-Chauviré, C. (2008). Hummingbird with modern feathering: an exceptionally well-preserved Oligocene fossil from southern France. Naturwissenschaften 95, 171–175. doi: 10.1007/s00114-007-0309-0
  • Martínez del Rio, C., Baker, H. G., and Baker, I. (1992). Ecological and evolutionary implications of digestive processes: bird preferences and the sugar constituents of floral nectar and fruit pulp. Experientia 48, 544–551. doi:10.1007/BF01920237
  • Mathews, G. M. (1923–24). ‘The Birds of Australia. Vol. 11.’ (H.F. and G. Witherby: London.)
  • Mattingley, A. (1918). The Spinebill (Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris). Emu 18, 209–210. doi:10.1071/MU918209b
  • Mayr, G. (2004). Old World fossil record of modern-type hummingbirds. Science 304, 861–864. doi:10.1126/science.1096856
  • Mayr, G. (2005). Fossil hummingbirds in the Old World. Biologist 52, 12–16.
  • Miller, R. S. (1985). Why hummingbirds hover. Auk 102, 722–726.
  • Motley, J., and Dillwyn, L. L. (1855). ‘Contributions to the Natural History of Labuan, and the Adjacent Coasts of Borneo.’ (J. Van Voorst: London.)
  • North, A. J. (1906). ‘Nests and Eggs of Birds Found Breeding in Australia and Tasmania. Vol. II.’ (F. W. White: Sydney.)
  • Odendaal, T. C., Brown, M., Downs, C. T., and Johnson, S. D. (2010). Sugar preferences and digestive efficiency of the Village Weaver: a generalist avian pollinator of African plants. Journal of Experimental Biology 213, 2531–2535. doi:10.1242/jeb.040329
  • Ortega-Olivencia, A., Rodríguez-Riaño, T., Valtueña, F. J., López, J., and Devesa, J. A. (2005). First confirmation of a native bird-pollinated plant in Europe. Oikos 110, 578–590. doi:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13877.x
  • Ortega-Olivencia, A., Rodríguez-Riaño, T., Pérez-Bote, J. L., López, J., Mayo, C., Valtueña, F. J., and Navarro-Pérez, M. (2012). Insects, birds and lizards as pollinators of the largest-flowered Scrophularia of Europe and Macaronesia. Annals of Botany 109, 153–167. doi:10.1093/aob/mcr255
  • Paterson, J. (1958). Hovering by Nectarinia chalybea and N. venusta. Ostrich 29, 48.
  • Paulus, H. F. (1978). Co-evolution zwischen Blüten und ihren tierischen Bestäubern. Sonderbände des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg 2, 51–81.
  • Peet, N. B., and Atkinson, P. W. (1994). The biodiversity and conservation of the birds of São Tomé and Príncipe. Biodiversity and Conservation 3, 851–867. doi:10.1007/BF00129663
  • Porsch, O. (1924). Vogelblumenstudien I. Jahrbuch für wissenschaftlicher Botanik 63, 553–706.
  • Porsch, O. (1926). Kritische Quellenstudien über Blumenbesuch durch Vögel. I. Biologia Generalis 2, 217–240.
  • Porsch, O. (1927). Kritische Quellenstudien über Blumenbesuch durch Vögel. III. Biologia Generalis 3, 475–548.
  • Potter, N. S. III (1953). The birds of Calicoan, Philippine Islands. Wilson Bulletin 65, 252–270.
  • Pournazeri, S., Segre, P. S., Princevac, M., and Altshuler, D. L. (2013). Hummingbirds generate bilateral vortex loops during hovering: evidence from flow visualization. Experiments in Fluids 54, 1439–1450. doi:10.1007/s00348-012-1439-5
  • Prinzinger, R. (1972). Nektar als Nahrung der Mönchsgrasmücke (Sylvia atricapilla). Anzeiger der Ornithologischen Gesellschaft in Bayern 11, 322.
  • Proctor, M., Yeo, P., and Lack, A. (1996). ‘The Natural History of Pollination.’ (Timber Press: Portland, OR.)
  • Pyke, G. H. (1980). The foraging behaviour of Australian honeyeaters: a review and some comparisons with hummingbirds. Australian Journal of Ecology 5, 343–369. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1980.tb01258.x
  • Pyke, G.H. (1981). Why hummingbirds hover and honeyeaters perch. Animal Behaviour 29, 861–867. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(81)80021-8
  • Rand, A. L. (1967). The flower-adapted tongue of a Timaliinae bird and its implications. Fieldiana 51, 53–61.
  • Recher, H. F., and Davis, W. E. (1998). The foraging profile of a wandoo woodland avifauna in early spring. Australian Journal of Ecology 23, 514–527. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1998.tb00762.x
  • Reuben, R. (1986). Feeding behaviour of sunbirds, Nectarinia zeylonica and N. lotenia. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 83, 446–447.
  • Robertson, J. S. (1945). Bottle-feeding Brown Honeyeaters. Emu 45, 248–249. doi:10.1071/MU945245e
  • Rocca, M. A., and Sazima, M. (2010). Beyond hummingbird-flowers: the other side of ornithophily in the Neotropics. Oecologia Australis 14, 67–99. doi:10.4257/oeco.2010.1401.03
  • Ryan, P. (2009). Fiji, biology. In ‘Encyclopedia of Islands’. (Eds R. G. Gillespie and D. A. Clague.) pp. 298–305. (University of California Press: Berkeley, CA.)
  • Salter, B. (1957). Courtship behaviour of the Eastern Spinebill. Emu 57, 64–66. doi:10.1071/MU957064b
  • Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (1997). ‘Animal Physiology—Adaptation and Environment’, 5th edn. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.)
  • Schuchmann, K.-L. (1999). Trochilidae (hummingbirds). In ‘Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 5: Barn-owls to Hummingbirds’. (Eds J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott and J. Sargatal.) pp. 468–759. (Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.)
  • Serle, W. (1940). Field observations on some northern Nigerian birds. Part II. Ibis 82, 1–47. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1940.tb01645.x
  • Serle, W. (1954). A second contribution to the ornithology of the British Cameroons. Ibis 96, 47–80. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1954.tb04110.x
  • Siegfried, W. R., Rebelo, A. G., and Prys-Jones, R. P. (1985). Stem thickness of Erica plants in relation to avian pollination. Oikos 45, 153–155. doi:10.2307/3565234
  • Simmons, K. E. L. (1954). The behaviour and general biology of the Graceful Warbler Prinia gracilis. Ibis 96, 262–292. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1954.tb04128.x
  • Skead, C. J. (1954). A study of the Larger Double-collared Sunbird, Cinnyris a. afra (Linnaeus). Ostrich 25, 76–88. doi:10.1080/00306525.1954.9633409
  • Skead, C. J. (1962). A study of the Collared Sunbird Anthreptes collaris (Vieillot). Ostrich 33, 38–40. doi:10.1080/00306525.1962.9633432
  • Skead, C. J. (1967). ‘The Sunbirds of Southern Africa Also the Sugarbirds, the White-eyes and the Spotted Creeper.’ (A. A. Balkema: Cape Town, South Africa.)
  • Smith, N., and Tree, A. J. (2005). Lesser Double-Collared Sunbird, Cinnyris chalybeus. In ‘Roberts Birds of Southern Africa’, 7th edn. (Eds P. A. R. Hockey, W. R. J. Dean and P. G. Ryan.) pp. 988–990. (The Trustees of the John Voelcker Bird Fund: Cape Town.)
  • Stelzer, R. (2005). Sammelstrategien bei Hummeln—ein Vergleich zwischen Insel-und Festlandpopulationen. Diploma Thesis, University of Würzburg. Available at http://www.rstelzer.net/files/Ralph_Stelzer_Diplomar-beit_2005.pdf [Verified 26 September 2013].
  • Stolpe, M., and Zimmer, K. (1939). Der Schwirrflug des Kolibri im Zeitlupenfilm. Journal of Ornithology 87, 136–155. doi:10.1007/BF01950821
  • Symes, C. T., Nicolson, S. W., and McKechnie, A. E. (2008). Response of avian nectarivores to the flowering of Aloe marlothii: a nectar oasis during dry South African winters. Journal of Ornithology 149, 13–22. doi:10.1007/s10336-007-0206-5
  • Tennent, J. E. (1859). ‘Ceylon: An Account of the Island, Physical, Historical, and Topographical With Notices of its Natural History, Antiquities and Productions. Vol. 1.’ (Longman: London.)
  • van Balen, S. (2008). Family Zosteropidae (white-eyes). In ‘Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 13: Penduline-tits to Shrikes’. (Eds J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott and D. A. Christie.) pp. 402–485. (Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.)
  • van der Pijl, L. (1937). Disharmony between Asiatic flower-birds and American bird-flowers. Annales du Jardin botanique de Buitenzorg 48, 17–26. [pl. 2–6].
  • Vlok, J., and Schutte-Vlok, A. L. (2010). ‘Plants of the Klein Karoo.’ (Umdaus Press: Hatfield, South Africa.)
  • Vogel, S. (2012).‘Floral-biological Syndromes as Elements of Diversity within Tribes in the Flora of South Africa.’ (Shaker Verlag: Aachen, Germany) [Translation of ‘Blütenbiologische Typen als Elemente der Sippengliederung dargestellt anhand der Flora Südafrikas. Botanische Studien 1, 1–338’].
  • Vogel, S., Westerkamp, C., Thiel, B., and Gesner, K. (1984). Ornithophilie auf den Canarischen Inseln. Plant Systematics and Evolution 146, 225–248. doi:10.1007/BF00989548
  • Werth, E. (1956). ‘Bau und Leben der Blumen.’ (Enke: Stuttgart.)
  • Wester, P. (2013). Sunbirds hover at flowers of Salvia and Lycium. Ostrich 84, 27–32. doi:10.2989/00306525.2013.774300
  • Wester, P., and Claßen-Bockhoff, R. (2006a). Hummingbird pollination in Salvia haenkei (Lamiaceae) lacking the typical lever mechanism. Plant Systematics and Evolution 257, 133–146. doi:10.1007/s00606-005-0366-9
  • Wester, P., and Claßen-Bockhoff, R. (2006b). Bird pollination in South African Salvia species. Flora 201, 396–406. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2005.07.016
  • Wester, P., and Claßen-Bockhoff, R. (2007). Floral diversity and pollen transfer mechanisms in bird-pollinated Salvia species. Annals ofBotany 100, 401–421. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcm036
  • Westerkamp, C. (1990). Bird-flowers: hovering versus perching exploitation. Botanica Acta 103, 366–371.
  • Westerkamp, C. (1996). Heimische Blumenvögel. Palmengarten 60, 17–24.
  • Westerkamp, C. (1999). Vogelblumen—Blumenvögel. In ‘Blütenökologie’. (Eds G. Zizka and S. Schneckenburger.) pp. 88–94. (Kramer: Frankfurt.)
  • Wolstenholme, H. (1922). Notes from Wahroonga, Sydney, NSW. Emu 22, 141–148. doi:10.1071/MU922141
  • Wolstenholme, H. (1924). Notes on the birds observed during the Queensland Congress and Camp-out, 1924. Emu 24, 243–251. doi:10.1071/MU924243
  • Yeatman, L. (1978). Nouveau type d'alimentation du Pouillot véloce Phylloscopus collybita. L'Oiseau 48, 72–73.
  • Zimmer, K. (1943). Der Flug des Nektarvogels (Cinnyris). Journal of Ornithology 91, 371–387. doi:10.1007/BF02013133

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.