The Neuronal Control of the Lower Urinary Tract: A Model of Architecture and Control Mechanisms

References

• Andersson KE (1986): Clinical relevance of some findings in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the lower urinary tract. Clin Sci Suppl 14 (70): 21–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awad SA, Downie JW (1976): Relative contributions of smooth and striated muscles to the canine urethral pres-sure profile. Br J Urol 48: 347–354.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baljet B (1981): The Innervation of the Abdominal, Pelvic and Adjoining Viscera in the Female. Thesis, Amsterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Baljet B, Drukker J (1979): The extrinsic innervation of the pelvic organs in the female rat. Acta Anat 107: 241–267.
   Google Scholar
• Bastiaanssen EHC, Vanderschoot J, Van Leeuwen JL (1993): Learning procedure in a neural control model for the uri-nary bladder. Neurourol Urodynam 12 (3): 285–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaivas JG (1982): The neurophysiology of micturition: A clinical study of 550 patients. J Urol 127: 958–963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaivas JG (1985): Pathophysiology of lower urinary tract dysfunction. Clin Obstet Gynecol 12 (2): 295–309.
   Google Scholar
• Blaivas JG (1990): Mechanisms of micturition. In: Scientific Foundations of Urology. Chisholm GD, Fair WR, Eds., 3th Ed. Heinemann Medical Books, Oxford. pp. 273-286.
   Google Scholar
• Blok BFM, Holstege G (1999): The two pontine micturition centers in the cat are not interconnected; implications for the central organisation of micturition. J Comp Neurol 403: 209–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley WE (1969a): Micturition reflex amplification. J Urol 101: 403–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley WE (1969b): Regulation of the micturition reflex by negative feedback. J Urol 101: 400–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley WE (1978): Innervation of the male urinary bladder. Urol Clin North Am 5: 279–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley WE, Teague CT (1968a): The pelvic ganglia. J Urol 100: 649–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley WE, Teague CT (1968b): Spinal cord organization of micturition reflex afferents. Exp Neurol 22: 504–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley WE, Teague CT (1969): Spinal cord representation of the peripheral neural pathways of the micturition reflex. J Urol 101: 220–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley WE, Timm GW, Scott FB (1974): Innervation of the detrusor muscle and urethra. Urol Clin North Am 1: 3–27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coote JH, Fleetwood-Walker SM, Gilbey MP, Peterson DF (1982): Possible role of oxytocin, vassopression and the paraventriculo-spinal pathway in the regulation of sympa-thetic preganglionic neurons. J Physiol 324: 81P.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham DT (1972): In: Cunningham 's Textbook of Anatomy: Romanes GJ, Ed., 1 1 th Ed. Oxford University Press, London. pp. 755–756,762-764.
   Google Scholar
• De Groat WC (1975): Nervous control of the urinary bladder of the cat. Brain Res 87: 201–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Groat WC, Booth AM, Krier J (1979a): Interaction between sacral parasympathetic and lumbar sympathetic inputs to pelvic ganglia. In: Integrative Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System: McC Brooks C, Koizumi K, Sato A, Eds., Tokyo University Press, Tokyo. ch 15, pp. 234–247.
   Google Scholar
• De Groat WC, Booth AM, Krier J, Milne RJ, Morgan C, Nadelhaft I (1979b): Neural control of the urinary blad-der and large intestine. In: Integrative Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System: McC Brooks C, Koizumi K, Sato A, Eds., Tokyo University Press, Tokyo. ch 4, pp. 50–67.
   Google Scholar
• De Groat WC, Lalley PM (1972): Reflex firing in the lumbar sympathetic outflow to activation of vesical afferent fibres. J Physiol 226: 289–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Groat WC, Saum WR (1971): Adrenergic inhibition in mammalian para-sympathetic ganglia. Nature 231: 188–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Groat WC, Steers WD (1990): Autonomic regulation of the urinary bladder and sexual organs. In: Central Regu-lation of Autonomic Functions: Loewy AD, Spyer KM, Eds., Oxford University Press, New York. pp. 310–323.
   Google Scholar
• Dijkema HE, Weil EHJ, Janknegt RA (1992): Eerste ervarin-gen met neuromodulatie als behandeling voor incontinen-tie en mictiestoornissen in Nederland. Ned Tijdschr. Geneeskd 136: 88–90.
   Google Scholar
• Dixon J, Gosling J (1987): Structure and innervation in the human. In: The Physiology of the Lower Urinary Tract: Torrens MJ, Morrison JFB, Eds., Springer Verlag, Lon-don. ch 1, pp. 3–22.
   Google Scholar
• Donker PJ (1986): A study of myelinated fibres in the branches of the pelvic plexus. Neurourol Urodynam 5: 185–202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Droes JTPM (1972): De Musculatuur van Blaas en Urethra in de Menselijke Foetus. Thesis. Leiden: Leiden University.
   Google Scholar
• Elbadawi A (1984): Ultrastructure of vesicourethral innerva-tion. II. Postganglionic axoaxonal synapses in intrinsic innervation of the vesicourethral lissosphincter: A new structural and functional concept in micturition. J Urol 131: 781–790.
   Google Scholar
• Elbadawi A (1987a): Comparative neuromorphology in ani-mals. In: The Physiology of the Lower Urinary Tract: Tor-rens MJ, Morrison JFB, Eds., Springer Verlag, London. ch 2, pp. 23–52.
   Google Scholar
• Elbadawi A (1987b): Neuromuscular Mechanisms of Mic-turition. In: The Principles and Practice of Neurourology and Urodynamics: Yalla SV, McGuire EJ, Elbadawi A, Blaivas JG, Eds., Macmillan, New York. ch 1, pp. 3–35.
   Google Scholar
• Elbadawi A (1991): Anatomy and innervation of the vesi-courethral muscular unit of micturition. In: Clinical Neuro-Urology: Krane RJ, Siroky MB, Eds., 2nd Ed. Little, Brown & Company, Boston. ch 2, pp. 5–23.
   Google Scholar
• Fall M (1984): Does electrostimulation cure urinary inconti-nence? J Urol 131: 664–667.
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher TF, Bradley WE (1978): Neuroanatomy of the blad-der-urethra. J Urol 119: 153–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler CJ, Fowler C (1987): Clinical neurophysiology. In: The Physiology of the Lower Urinary Tract: Torrens MJ, Morrison JFB, Eds., Springer Verlag, London. ch 4, pp. 89–131.
   Google Scholar
• Getting PA (1989): Reconstruction of small neural networks. In: Methods in Neuronal Modelling, from Synapses to Net-works: Koch C, Segev I, Eds., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge. pp. 171–194.
   Google Scholar
• Gill-Vernet S (1964): Innervation somatique et végétative des organes génito-urinaire. J Urol Nephrol (Paris) 70: 45–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gosling JA (1985): Structure of the lower urinary tract and pelvic floor. Clin Obstet Gynecol 12 (2): 285–301.
   Google Scholar
• Gosling JA, Dixon JS, Humpherson JR (1983): Gross, and microscopic anatomy of the urethra, I and II. In: Functional Anatomy of the Urinary Tract: Gosling JA, Dixon JS, Humpherson JR, Eds., Churchill Livingstone, Eding-burgh. chs 4 and 5.
   Google Scholar
• Gray H (1985): In: Anatomy of the Human Body: Clement CD Ed., 30th Am. Ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. pp. 509–511,1234-1245,1539-1545.
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths D, Holstege G, Dalm E, De Wall H (1990): Control and coordination of bladder and urethral function in the brain stem of the cat. Neurourol Urodynam 9: 3–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths DF (1987): Mechanics of micturition. In: The Prin-ciples and Practice of Neurourology and Urodynam-ics:Yalla SV, McGuire EJ, Elbadawi A, Blaivas JG, Eds., Macmillan, New York. ch 5, pp. 96–121.
   Google Scholar
• Hertz J, Krogh A, Palmer RG (1991): Introduction of the The-ory of Neural Computation. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Hickey DS, Phillips JI, Hukins DWL (1982): Arrangements of collagen fibrils and muscle fibres in the female urethra and their implications for the control of micturition. Br J Urol 54: 556–561.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hodgkin AL, Huxley AF (1952): A quantitative description of membrane currence and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve. J Physiol 117: 500–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holstege G (1989): Neuronal organization of micturition. In: Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction: from Cell to Clinical Approach: Micro-symposium. Erasmus University Rot-terdam, Rotterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Holstege G, Griffiths D (1990): Neuronal organization of micturition. In: The Human Nervous System: Paxinos G, Ed., Academic Press, Inc, San Diego e.o. pp. 297–306.
   Google Scholar
• Ingram DA (1982): Neurophysiological Investigation of Cen-tral Motor Pathways Controlling Pelvic Floor Sphincter Muscles. Ch 18.
   Google Scholar
• Iwatsubo T, Kuzuhara S, Kanemitsu A, Shimada H, Toyokura Y (1990): Corticofugal projections to the motor nuclei of the brainstem and spinal cord in humans. Neurology 40: 309–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiinemann KP, Lue TF, Schmidt RA, Tanagho EA (1988): Clinical significance of sacral and pudendal nerve anatomy. J Urol 139: 74–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinder MV, Bastiaanssen EHC, Janknegt RA, Marani E (1995): Neuronal circuitry of the lower urinary tract; cen-trl and peripheral neuronal control of the micturition cycle. Anat Embryo' 192: 195–209.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kinder MV, Gommer ED, Janknegt RA, Van Waalwijk van Doom ESC (1997): A method for the electromyographic mapping of the detrusor smooth muscle. Arch Physiol Biochem 105: 673–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinder MV, Gommer ED, Janknegt RA, Van Waalwijk van Doom ESC (1998b): Recording the detrusor electromyo-gram is still a difficult and controversial enterprise. Neu-rourol Urodyn 17: 571–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinder MV, Van Waalwijk van Doom ESC, Gommer ED Janknegt RA (1998a): A non-invasive method for bladder electromyography in humans. Arch Physiol Biochem 106: 2–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kok JJ (1985): Systeemkunde en regeltechniek. In: Handlei-ding Werktuigkundige Regeltechniek: Kok, Ed., Eind-hoven University of Technology, Eindhoven.
   Google Scholar
• Krongrad A, Sotolongo JR Jr (1996): Bladder neck dysyner- gia in spinal cord injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 75: 204–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakke EAJF (1997) The projections to the spinal cord of the rat durong development: A timetable of descent. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 135: I-XIV, 1–143.
   Google Scholar
• Lakke EAJF, Hinderink JB (1989): Development of the spinal projections of the nucleus paraventricularis hypothalami of the rat: An intra-uterine WGA-HRP study. Develop-ment Brain Res 49: 115–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakke EAJF, Hinderink JB, Marani E (1990): The develop-ment of the descending projection of the nucleus tegmen-talis laterodorsalis in the rat. In: Dysfunction of the Lower Urinary Tract: Present Achievements and Future Per-spectives: Kerrebroeck PEV, Debruyne FMJ, Eds., Medicom Europe, Bussum, pp. 3–9.
   Google Scholar
• Marani E, Pijl MEJ, Kraan MC, Lyckama a Nijeholt GAB, Videleer AC (1993): Interconnections of the upper ventral rami of the human sacral plexus: Areappraisal for dorsal rhizotomy in neurostimulation operations. Neurourol Uro-dynam 12: 585–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattiason A, Andersson K, Sjorgen C (1984): Adrenoceptors and cholinoceptors controlling noradrenaline release from adrenergic nerves in the urethra of rabbit and man. J Urol 131: 1190–1195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayo ME (1978): Detrusor hyperreflexia: the effect of pos-ture and pelvic floor activity. J Urol 119: 635–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mersdorf A, Schmidt RA, Tanagho EA (1993): Topographic-anatomical basis of sacral neurostimulation: Neuro-anatomical variations. J Urol 149: 345–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris LR (1942): In: Morris' Human Anatomy: Parsons-Schaeffer J, Ed., 10th Ed. Blakiston, Philadelphia. pp. 1131–1144.
   Google Scholar
• Morrison JFB (1987a): Neural connections between the lower urinary tract and the spinal cord. In: The Physiology of the Lower Urinary Tract: Torrens MJ, Morrison JFB, Eds., Springer Verlag, London. ch 3, pp. 53–85.
   Google Scholar
• Morrison JFB (1987b): Sensations arising from the lower uri-nary tract. In: The Physiology of the Lower Urinary Tract: Torrens MJ, Morrison JFB, Eds., Springer Verlag, Lon-don. ch 4, pp. 89–131.
   Google Scholar
• Morrison JFB (1987c): Reflex control of the lower urinary tract. In: The Physiology of the Lower Urinary Tract: Tor-rens MJ, Morrison JFB, Eds., Springer Verlag, London. ch 7, pp. 193–235.
   Google Scholar
• Morrison JFB (1987d): Bladder control: role of higher levels of the central nervous system. In: The Physiology of the Lower Urinary Tract: Torrens MJ, Morrison JFB, Eds., Springer Verlag, London. ch 8, pp. 237–274.
   Google Scholar
• Oudega M, Lakke EAJF, Marani E, Thomeer RTWM (1993): Development of the rat spinal cord: Immuno- and enzymehistochemical approaches. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 129: 1–164.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park JM, Bloom DA, McGuire EJ (1997): The guarding reflex revisited. Br J Urol 80: 940–945.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paturet G (1964): Traité d 'Anatomie Humaine. Système Nerveux, Tome IV. Masson et Cie, Paris, pp. 1021–1040.
   Google Scholar
• Pernkopf E (1941): Topografische Anatomie des Menschen. Bauch, Becken und BeckengliedmaBe 2. Bd, Berlin: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1. Hälfte pp. 102–105,2. Hälfte pp. 470–482.
   Google Scholar
• Pick J (1970): The Autonomic Nervous System. Lipincott Company, Philidelphia.
   Google Scholar
• Piersol GA (1930): In: Piersol's Human Anatomy: Huber GC, Ed., 9th Ed. Lippincott, Philadelphia. pp. 1331–1334, 1345–1351.
   Google Scholar
• Raz S (1978): Pathophysiology of male incontinence. Urol Clin North Am 5: 295–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt RA, Tanagho EA (1990): Klinische Anwendung der Elektrostimulation. Urologe A 29: 191–195.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schoen (1969): The corticofugal projection on the brain stem and spinal cord in man. Psychiatr Neurol Neurochir 72: 121–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shafik A (1990): Levator-urethral reflex. A new reflex with clinical significance. Urology 36: 93–95
   Google Scholar
• Shafik A (1992a): Anaurethral reflex. Description of a reflex and its clinical significance: preliminary study. Paraple-gia 30: 210–213.
   Google Scholar
• Shafik A (1992b): Rectourethral reflex: Description of a reflex and its clinical significance. Urol Int 48: 302–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafik A (1993a): Vaginocavernosus reflex: Clinical signifi-cance and role in sexual act. Genaecol Obstet Invest 35: 114–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafik A (1993b): The vesicocavernosus reflex: Role in the act of micturition. Int Urogynecol J 4: 346–349.
   Google Scholar
• Shafik A (1993c): Vesicolevator reflex. Description of a new reflex and its clinical significance. Urology 41: 96–100.
   Google Scholar
• Shafik A (1994a): Ano-vesical reflex: Role in inducing mic-turition in paraplegic patients. Paraplegia 32: 104–107.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shafik A (1994b): Uterocervical reflex: Description of the reflex and its clinical significance. Gynecol Obstet Invest 38: 241–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafik A (1994c): Olfactory micturition reflex. Experimental study in dogs. Biol Signals 3: 307–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shafik A (1995a): Study of the response of the urinary blad-der to stimulation of the cervix uteri and clitoris — the "genito vesical reflex": An experimental study. Int Urog-ynecol J 6: 41–46.
   Google Scholar
• Shafik A (1995b): The "clitoromotor" reflex. Int Urogynecol J6: 329–336.
   Google Scholar
• Shafik A (1995c): The peno-motor reflex: Study of the response of the puborectalis and levator ani muscles to glans penis stimulation. Int J Impotence Res 7: 239–246.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shafik A (1995d): Vagino-levator reflex: Description of a reflex and its role in sexual performance. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 60: 161–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafik A (1997a): Study of the uterine response to vaginal distension: The `vagino-uterine reflex'. Gynecol Obstet Invest 44: 265–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafik A (1997b): Deflation reflex: Description and clinical significance. Anat Rec 249: 405–408.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siegel SW (1992): Management of voiding dysfunction with an implantable neuroprosthesis. Urol Clin North Am 19–1: 163–170.
   Google Scholar
• Tanagho EA, Schmidt RA, de Araujo GG (1982): Urinary striated sphincter: What is its nerve supply? Urology 20: 415–417.
   Google Scholar
• Tanagho EA, Schmidt RA, Orvis BR (1989): Neural stimula-tion for control of voiding dysfunction: A preliminary report in 22 patients with serious neuropathic voiding dis-orders. J Urol 142: 340–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thon WF, Schmidt RA, Jonas U, Tanagho EA (1991): Neuro-stimulation der sakralen Spinalnerven bei Blasenfunk- tionsstörungen. Aktive Urologie 22: 41–44
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torrens M (1987): Urodynamics. In: The Physiology of the Lower Urinary Tract: Torrens MJ, Morrison JFB, Eds., Springer Verlag, London. ch 9, pp. 277–307.
   Google Scholar
• Van Arsdalen K, Wein AJ (1991): Physiology of micturition and continence. In: Clinical Neuro-Urology: Krane RJ, Siroky MB, Eds., 2nd Ed. Little, Brown and Company, Boston, ch 3, pp. 25–82.
   Google Scholar
• Venema (1988): De Klinische Betekenis van de Instabiele Urethra van de Vrouw, Thesis, Leiden University.
   Google Scholar