References
- Rosenberg PR, Uliss AE, Friedland GH, et al. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: ophthalmic manifestations in ambulatory patients. Ophthalmology. 1983;90:874–878.
- Freeman WR, Lerner CW, Mines JA, et al. A prospective study of the ophthalmological findings in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1984;97: 133–142.
- Holland GN, Gottlieb MS, Yee RD, Schanker HM, Pettet TH. Ocular disorders associated with a new severe acquired cellular immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1982;93: 393–402.
- Kestelyn P, VandePerre P, Dominique R, et al. A prospective study of the ophthalmological findings in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome in Africa. Am J Ophthalmol. 1985; 100:230–238.
- Holland GN, Pepose JS, Pettit TH, et al. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Ocular manifestations. Ophthalmology. 1983;90:859–873.
- Palestine AG, Rodrigues MM, Macher AM, et al. Ophthalmic involvement in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1984;91; 1092–1099.
- Khadem M, Kalish SB, Goldsmith J, et al. Ophthalmological findings in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102; 201–206.
- Davis JL. Neuroophthalmology of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In: Berger JR, Levy RM, editors. AIDS and the nervous system. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997; 383–400.
- Winward KE, Hamed LM, Glaser JS. The spectrum of optic nerve disease in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989; 107:373–380.
- Zaidman GW. Neurosyphilis and retrobulbar neuritis in a patient with AIDS. Ann Ophthalmol. 1986;18:260–261.
- Golnik KC, Newman SA, Wispelway B. Cryptococcal optic neuropathy in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Clin Neuro-Ophthalmol. 1991;11:96–103.
- Grossniklaus HE, Frank KE, Tomsak RL. Cytomegalovirus retinitis and optic neuritis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1987;94:1601–1604.
- Litoff D, Catalano RA. Herpes zoster optic neuritis in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990;108:782–783.
- Lipson BL, Freeman WR, Beniz J, et al. Optic neuropathy associated with cryptococcal arachnoiditis in AIDS patients. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989;107: 523–527.
- Gross JG, Sadun AA, Wiley CA, Freeman WR. Severe visual loss related to isolated peripapillary retinal and optic nerve head cytomegalovirus infection. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989; 108:691–698.
- Yau TH, Rivera-Velaquez PM, Mark AS, et al. Unilateral optic neuritis caused by histoplasma capsulatum in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996;121:324–325.
- Carter JB, Hamill RJ, Matoba AY. Bilateral syphilitic optic neuritis in a patient with a positive test for HIV. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987;105:1485–1486.
- Grossniklaus HE, Specht CS, Allaire G, Leavitt JA. Toxoplasma gondii retinochoroiditis and optic neuritis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1990;97: 1342–1346.
- Newman NJ, Lessell S. Bilateral optic neuropathies with remission in two HIV-positive men. J Clin Neuro Ophthalmol. 1992;12:1–5.
- Brack MJ, Cleland PG, Owen RI, Allen ED. Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Br Med J. 1987;295:696–697.
- Sweeney BJ, Manji H, Gilson RJC, Harrison MJG. Optic neuritis and HIV-1 infection. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 1993;56:705–707.
- Burton BJL, Leff AP, Plant GT. Steroid-responsive HIV optic neuropathy. J Neuro-Ophthalmol. 1998;18:25–29.
- Berger JR, Sheremata WA, Resnick L, et al. Multiple sclerosis-like illness occurring with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Neurology. 1989;39:324–329.
- Feraru ER, Aronow HA, LiptonRB. Neurosyphilis in AIDS patients: initial CSF VDRL may be negative. Neurology. 1990;40:541–543.
- Johns DR, Tierney M, Felsenstein D. Alteration in the natural history of neurosyphilis by concurrent infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:1569–1572.
- Tramont EC. Syphilis in theAIDS era. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:1600.
- Friedman AH. The retinal lesions of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1984;82:447.
- Cantrill HL, Henry K, Jackson B, et al. Recovery of human immunodeficiency virus from ocular tissues in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1988;95: 1458–1462.
- Sadun AA, Pepose JS, Madigan MC, et al. AIDS-related optic neuropathy: a histological, virological and ultrastructural study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1995;233:387–398.
- Schuman JS, Orellana J, Friedman AH, Teich SA. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Surv Ophthalmol. 1987;31:384–410.
- Tenhula WN, Shizao X, Madigan MC, et al. Morphometric comparisons of optic nerve axon loss in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1992;113:14–20.
- Honrubia FM, Ferrer E, Torron C, Gonzalez I. Study of retinal fiber layer in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ger J Ophthalmol. 1994;3:1–4.
- Geier SA, Kronawitter U, Bogner JR, et al. Impairment of colour contrast sensitivity and neuroretinal dysfunction in patients with symptomatic HIV infection or AIDS. Br J Ophthalmol. 1993;77:716–720.
- Quiceno JI, Capparelli E, Sadun AA, et al. Visual dysfunction without retinitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1992;113:8–13.
- Bansal AK, Mactutus CF, Nath A, et al. Neurotoxicity of HIV-1 proteins gp120 and tat in the rat striatum. Brain Res. 2000;879;42–49.
- Nath A. Pathobiology of human immunodeficiency virus dementia. Semin Neurol. 1999;19:113–127.
- Nath A, Geiger JD. Neurobiological aspects of HIV infections: neurotoxic mechanisms. Prog Neurobiol. 1998; 54:19–33.
- Kakuda TN. Pharmacology of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor-induced mitochondrial toxicity. Clin Ther. 2000;22:685–708.