References

• ANNISON, E. F. (1971). Lipid and acetate metabolism. In: Physiology and Biochemistry of the domestic fowl vol. I, eds.: J. Bell, and B. M. Freeman, Academic Press, London and New York, 1972.
   Google Scholar
• BALNAVE, D. and J. PEARCE, (1969). Adaption of the laying hen (gallus domesticus) to dietary fat with special reference to changes in liver and ovarian lipid content and liver enzyme activity. Comp. Bioch. Physiol. 29: 539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BARTON, T. L., C. J. FLEGAL, and P. J. SCHAIBLE, (1966). “Fatty liver” syndrome in laying hens as influenced by protein-energy ratios (abstract). Poult. Sci. 45: 1068.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BULL, H. S. (1968). Fatty liver syndrome in laying hens. Proc. Texas Nutr. Conf., October 1968, 219.
   Google Scholar
• BUTLER, E. J. (1975). Lipid metabolism in the fowl under normal and abnormal circumstances. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 34: 29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BUTLER, E. J. (1976). Fatty liver diseases in the domestic fowl. A review. Avian Pathology 5: 1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• COUCH, J. R. (1956). Fatty livers in laying hens—a condition which may occur as a result of increased strain. Feedstuffs 28(47): 46.
   Google Scholar
• COUCH, J. R. (1968). Fatty liver syndrome—a summary of papers presented before the 1968 Texas Nutrition Conference. Feedstuffs 40(49): 48.
   Google Scholar
• COUCH, J. R. and A. E. SALOMA, (1968). Fat metabolism in the laying hen. Proc. Texas Nutr. Conf., October 1968, 174.
   Google Scholar
• DEACON, L. E. (1968). The fatty liver syndrome—history and early observations. Proc. Texas Nutr. Conf., October 1968, 124.
   Google Scholar
• DORP, D. A. van (1975). Essential fatty acid metabolism. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 34: 279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUKE, M. J., R. K. RINGER, and J. H. WOLFORD, (1968). Failure of plasma protein level to indicate developing fatty liver in chickens. Poult. Sci. 47: 1098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GARLICH, J. D., J. D. OLSON, W. E. HUFF, and P. B. HAMILTON, (1974). Liver lipid content of twenty varieties of laying hens from three confinement systems (abstact). Poult. Sci. 53: 1927.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GERLACH, H., I. GYLSTORFF, S. DAMMERT, and H. GIESSLER, (1974). Untersuchungen über das Auftreten von Lipiden in Leber und Serum von weissen Leghorn im Rahmen eines Fútterungsversuches bei unterschiedlichem Zusatz von Methionin, Cholin und Vitamin B12. Arch. Geflugelk. 38: 32.
   Google Scholar
• GOODRIDGE, A. G. (1972). Regulation of the activity of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase by palmitoyl coenzyme A and citrate. J. Biol. Chem. 247: 6946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOODRIDGE, A. G. (1973). Regulation of fatty acid synthesis in isolated hepatocytes (Evidence for a physiological role for long chain fatty acyl coenzyme A and citrate). J. Biol. Chem. 248: 4318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GREUEL, E. and W. HARTFIEL, (1968). Veränderungen im Fettgehalt und Fettsäurenmuster bei Hennen mit Fettleber-Syndrom. D. T. W. 75: 294.
   Google Scholar
• GREUEL, E. and W. HARTFIEL, (1968). Fettlebersyndrom bei Legehühnern. Kraftfutter 52: 167.
   Google Scholar
• GRIFFITH, M., A. J. OLINDE, R. SCHEXNAILDER, R. F. DAVENPORT, and W. F. McKNIGHT, (1969). Effect of choline, methionine and vitamin B12 on liver fat, egg production and egg weight in hens. Poultr. Sci. 48: 2160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRIFFITH, M. and R. SCHEXNAILDER, (1972). Evaluation of choline and some other nutrients for effect on the liver fat of the laying hen (abstract). Poult. Sci. 51: 1813.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GROSSIE, V. Jr. (1975). A biochemical study of induced fatty liver-haemorrhagic syndrome in laying hens. Diss. Texas A & M University, 1975.
   Google Scholar
• GUENTER, W., D. B. BRAGG, and P. A. KONDRA, (1971). Effect of dietary linoleic acid on fatty acid composition of egg yolk, liver and adipose tissue. Poult. Sci. 50: 845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HALL, S. A. (1974). A hepatosis of laying fowls characterised by an apparent lysis of reticulin and massive liver haemorrhage. Vet. Rec. 94: 42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HARTFIEL, W., H. GRASSMANN, and F. LÜKE, (1973). Untersuchungen über das Auftreten von Fettleber bei Legehennen verschiedener Herküunfte. Arch. Geflugelk. 37: 57.
   Google Scholar
• HARTFIEL, W., E. GREUEL, and H. GRASSMANN, (1970). Weitere Ergebnisse zum Fettlebersyndrom bei Legehennen. Arch. Geflugelk. 34: 190.
   Google Scholar
• HARTFIEL, W., E. GREUEL, and R. -M. WEGNER, (1970). Untersuchungen zum Fettleber-syndrom. Vergleich von Boden- und Käfighaltung. Arch. Geflugelk. 34: 140.
   Google Scholar
• HARTFIEL, W. and I. KIRCHNER, (1973). Die Bedeutung der Nicotinsäure und ihr Einfluss auf den Leberfettgehalt der Legehenne. Arch. Geflugelk. 37: 114.
   Google Scholar
• HARTFIEL, W., I. KIRCHNER, and W. FISCHER, (1975). Verminderung des Leberfettge-haltes durch Chlormanidonacetat bei Hennen mit hoher Legeleistung. Arch. Geflugelk. 39: 1.
   Google Scholar
• HARTFIEL, W., H. SPLITTGERBER, and F. K. WEIN, (1972). Untersuchungen zum Fetlebersyndrom der Legehenne. II. Mitteilung: Vergleich von Boden-und Käfighaltung. Arch. Geflugelk. 36: 11.
   Google Scholar
• HARTFIEL, W. and R. TULLER, (1973). Einfluss von Fetten mit unterschiedlicher Zahl von Kohlenstoffatomen und Doppelbindungen auf den Leberfettgehalt der Legehenne. Arch. Geflugelk. 37: 238.
   Google Scholar
• HARTFIEL, W., and R. TULLER, (1974). Einfluss von Legehennen Alleinfutter mit unterschiedlichen Energiegehalten auf die Leberverfettung. Arch. Geflugelk. 39: 122.
   Google Scholar
• HARTFIEL, W., R. -M. WEGNER, and B. BRELOH, (1971). Einfluss von Futterzucker, Inosit und Sajäol auf die Leistung und den Leberfettgehalt bei Legehennen. Kraftfutter 54: 70.
   Google Scholar
• JENSEN, L. S., C. H. CHANG, and R. D. WYATT, (1976). Influence of carbohydrate source on liver fat accumulation in hens. Poult. Sci. 55: 700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JENSEN, L. S., G. W. SCHUMAIER, A. D. FUNK, T. C. SMITH, and L. FALEN, (1974). Effect of selenium and lipotropic factors on liver fat accumulation in laying hens. Poult. Sci. 53: 296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KIM, S. M., M. B. PATEL, S. J. REDDY, and J. McGINNIS, (1976). Effects of different cereal grains in diets for laying hens on production parameters and liver fat content. Poult. Sci. 55: 520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KIRCHNER, I. and W. HARTFIEL, (1974). Blut- und Serum- Tests bei Gallus Domesticus und ihre Eignung zur Diagnose der Leberverfettung. Arch. Geflugelk. 38: 65.
   Google Scholar
• LEE, K., C. J. FLEGAL, and J. H. WOLFORD, (1975). Factors affecting liver fat accumulation and liver haemorrhages associated with fatty liver haemmorhagic syndrome in laying chickens. Poult. Sci. 54: 374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEVILLE, G. A., D. R. ROMSOS, Y. -Y. YEH, and E. K. O'HEA, (1975). Lipid biosynthesis in the chick. A consideration of site of synthesis, influence of diet and possible regulatory mechanisms. Poult. Sci. 54: 1075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOMBARDI, B., P. PANI, and F. F. SCHLUNK, (1968). Choline-deficiency fatty liver: impaired release of hepatic triglycerides. J. Lipid Res. 9: 437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LÜKE, F., W. TRAPPMANN, and A. FESTERLING, (1976). Einfluss von FÜtterung und Haltung auf die Ergebnisse der Legeleistungsprufüngen. Dtsch. Geflugelw. Schweinepr. (1): 5.
   Google Scholar
• MÜLLER, R., W. HARTFIEL, I. KIRCHNER, and H. ENBERGS, (1973). Die Fettleber der Legehenne und Aflatoxine. Arch. Geflugelk. 37: 6.
   Google Scholar
• NESHEIM, M. C., M. J. NARVELL, E. CEBALLOS, and R. M. LACH Jr. (1971). The effect of choline supplementation of diets for growing pullets and laying hens. Poult. Sci. 50: 320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'HEA, E. K. and G. A. LEVEILLE, (1969). Lipid biosynthesis and transport in the domestic chick (gallus domesticus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 30: 149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PARKER, R. O. and L. E. DEACON, (1968). Field cases of the fatty liver syndrome. Proc. Texas Nutr. Conf. October 1968, 226.
   Google Scholar
• PEARCE, J. (1971). An investigation of the effects of dietary lipid on hepatic lipogenesis in the growing chick. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 40 B: 215.
   Google Scholar
• POLIN, D. and J. H. WOLFORD, (1976). Various types of diets, sources of energy and positive energy balance in the induction of fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome. Poult. Sci. 55: 325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PRICE, J. D., A. H. McDANIEL, D. N. SMITH, Jr., J. H. QUISENBERRY, B. L. REID, and J. R. COUCH, (1957). The effect of energy and protein levels on egg production, feed efficiency and some lipid constituents of blood and liver of caged layers. Poult. Sci. 36: 316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RAGLAND, W. W., D. W. CAROLIN, D. C. SNETSINGER, R. A. ZIMMERMAN, and D. F. GREENE, (1970). Effect of insositol on lyaing performance and body characteristics (abstract). Poult. Sci. 49: 1430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• REED, J. R., L. E. DEACON, F. FARR, and J. R. COUCH, (1968). Inositol and the fatty liver syndrome. Proc. Texas Nutr. Conf. October 1968, 204.
   Google Scholar
• ROTHENBACHER, H. and L. D. SCHWARTZ, (1972). Obesity and hepatic rupture in caged laying chickens—Environmental problem. Am. J. Vet. Res. 33: 415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SALLMANN, H. P. (1973). Untersuchungen zum Fettlebersyndrom der Legehenne. Diss. Hannover, 1973.
   Google Scholar
• SCHEXNAILDER, R. and M. GRIFFITH, (1973). Liver fat and egg production of laying hens as influenced by choline and other nutrients. Poult. Sci. 52: 1188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHALABY, A. M. R. (1974). Der Einfluss der Futterzusammensetzung auf Fettgehalt und Fettsäuremuster der Hühnerleber, des Serums und des Eidotters. Diss Hohenheim, October, 1974.
   Google Scholar
• SPLITTGERBER, H., F. K. WEIN, and R. ARHELGER, (1969). Untersuchungen über die Höhe des Fettgehaltes der Leber von Hühnern bei verschiedenen Futtermischungen. Dtsch. Geflugelw. 21: 1021.
   Google Scholar
• SPLITTGERBER, H., F. K. WEIN, and R. ARHELBER, (1970). Untersuchungen zur Fetteber bei Legehennen. Dtsch. Geflugelw. 22: 646.
   Google Scholar
• SUTTON, J. B., M. W. PASVOGEL, A. R. KEMMERER, and M. G. VAVICH, (1957). The influence of choline and methionine on the deposition of fat in the liver of the mature laying hen (abstract). Poult. Sci. 36: 1161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THAYER, R., E. C. NELSON, E. T. CLEMENS, R. R. JOHNSON, and A. L. MALLE, (1973). Lipid composition of livers from laying hens. Poult. Sci. 52: 2270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VOGT, H. (1972). Versuche über den Einfluss erhöhter Cholinegehalte im Legehennenfutter. Arch. Geflugelk. 36: 161.
   Google Scholar
• WEISS, J. F., E. X. NABER, and R. M. JOHNSON, (1967). Effect of dietary fat and cholesterol on the invitro incorporation of acetate-1-14C into hen liver and ovarian lipids. J. Nutr. 93: 142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WOLFORD, J. H. (1971). The effect of temperature and iodinated casein on liver lipids of laying chickens. Poult. Sci. 50: 1321.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WOLFORD, J. H. and D. MURPHY, (1972). Effect of diet on fatty liver-haemorrhagic syndrome incidence in laying chickens. Poult. Sci. 51: 2087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WOLFORD, J. H. and D. POLIN, (1974). Induced fatty liver-haemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) and accumulation of hepatic lipid in force-fed laying chickens. Poult. Sci. 53: 65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WOLFORD, J. H. and D. POLIN, (1975). Effect of inositol, lecithin vitamins (B12 with choline and E) and iodinated casein on induced fatty liver-haemorrhagic syndrome in laying chicken. Poult. Sci. 54: 981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WOLFORD, J. H., R. K. RINGER, C. C. SHEPPARD, T. L. BARTON, and C. J. FLEGAL, (1971). Fatty liver syndrome—A photographic description. Feedstuffs 43 (4): 28.
   Google Scholar
• WRIGHT, K. N. (1970). Fatty liver syndrome in commercial layers. Nutr. Rep. Intern. 2: 209.
   Google Scholar
• YAMASHIRO, S., M. M. BHATNAGAR, J. R. SCOTT, and S. J. STINGER, (1975). Fatty haemorrhagic liver syndrome in laying hens on diets supplemented with rapeseed products. Res. Vet. Sci. 19: 312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar