References

• ADAMS, R. L. and STADELMAN, W. J. (1978). Effect of growth on leg weakness of tom turkeys. Proceedings of the XVI World Poultry Congress. 559.
   Google Scholar
• ANTONIOU, T., MARQUARDT, R. R. and MISIR, R. (1980). The utilization of rye by growing chicks as influenced by calcium, vitamin D3 and fat type and level. Poultry Science 59: 758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ARMSTRONG, W. D., FEATHERSTON, W. R. and ROGLER, J. C. (1973). Influence of methionine and other dietary additions on the performance of chicks fed bird resistant sorghum grain diets. Poultry Science 52: 1592.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BEIRNE, M. J. and JENSEN, L. S. (1979). Influence of broiler breeder hen diet on incidence of leg disorders in off-spring. Poultry Science 58: 1009. Abst.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BEIRNE, M. J. and JENSEN, L. S. (1981). Influence of high levels of pyridoxine on twisted legs in broilers. Poultry Science 60: 1026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BETTGER, W. J., REEVES, P. G., MOSCATELLI, E. A., REYNOLDS, and O'DELL, B. L. (1979). Interaction of zinc and essential fatty acids in the rat. Journal of Nutrition 109: 480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BETTGER, W. J., REEVES, P. G., MOSCATELLI, E. A., J. E. SAVAGE and O'DELL, B. L. (1980). Interaction of zinc and polyinsaturated fatty acids in the chick. Journal of Nutrition 110: 50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BETTGER, W. J., REECES, P. G., SAVAGE, J. E. and O'DELL, B. I., (1980). Interaction of zinc and vitamin E in the chick. Proceedings of the society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 163: 432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BIRD, F. H., (1978). The effect of aflatoxin B1 on the utilization of cholecalciferol by chicks. Poultry Science 57: 1293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BLAIR, R. and MITARU, B. N. (1983). New information on the role of tannins in the utilization of feedstuffs by growing birds. Florida Nutrition Conference 139.
   Google Scholar
• BORM, F., (1974). Leg problems in broiler-type chickens. Personal communication.
   Google Scholar
• BRIGGS, G. M., LUCKEY, T. D., TEPLEY, L. J., ELVEHJEM, C. A. and HART, C. B. (1943). Studies on nicotinic acid deficiency in the chick. Journal of Biological Chemistry 148: 517.
   Google Scholar
• BRITTON, W. M. and WYATT, R. D. (1978). Effect of dietary aflatoxin on vitamine D3 metabolism in chicks. Poultry Science 57: 163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BURTON, R. W., SHERIDAN, A. K. and HOWLETT, C. R. (1981). The incidence and importance of tibial dyschondroplasia to the commercial broiler industry in Australia. British Poultry Science 22: 153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CALHOUN, N. R., SMITH, T. C. and BECKER, K. L. (1974). The role of zinc in bone metabolism. Clinical Orthopaedics 103: 212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COFFIN, J. L. and COMBS, G. F. (1981). Impaired vitamin E status of chicks fed T.2 toxin. Poultry Science 60: 385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COPE, F. O., STUART, M. and STAKE, P. E. (1979). Reduction in the incidence and severity of curled toes and perosis-like leg abnormalities in caged-reared broilers by high dietary levels of pyridoxine or choline. Poultry Science 58: 1046 (Abst.).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COUSINS, R. J. (1979). Biochemical aspects of zinc, metabolism: relationship to zinc nutrition in animals. Proceedings of the Cornell Nutrition for Feed Manufacturers. 5.
   Google Scholar
• CUNNANE, S. C., (1981). Inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism in the uteri of zinc deficient parturient rats. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 40: 00A.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DANTEL, L. J., FARMER, F. A. and NORRIS, L. C. (1968). Folic acid and perosis. Journal of Biological Chemistry 163: 349.
   Google Scholar
• DINGLE, J. D., (1974). A nutritional factor causing early leg weakness in broilers. Proceedings of the Australian Poultry Science Convention 1974, p. 85.
   Google Scholar
• EDWARDS, H. M., (1982). Effect of dietary calcium and phosphorus levels, breed and sex on incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia (T.D.) in broilers. Poultry Science 61: 1378 (Abst.).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ELKIN, R. G., FEATHERSTON, W. R. and ROGLER, J. C. (1968). Investigation of leg abnormalities in chicks consuming high tannin sorghum diets. Poultry Science 57: 757.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EVANS, G. W., (1980). Normal and abnormal zinc absorption in man and animals: the tryptophan connection. Nutrition Reviews 38: 137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FENWICK, G. R. and CURTIS, R. F. (1980). Rapeseed meal and its use in poultry diet. A review. Animal Feed Science and Technology 5: 255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRIES, C. L., and SCOTT, M. L. (1972). The pathology of pyridoxine deficiency in chicks. Journal of Nutrition 102: 1259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GUILLAUME, J., (1978). Personal communication.
   Google Scholar
• HAYE, U. and SIMONS, P. C. M. (1978). Twisted leg in broilers. British Poultry Science 19: 549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOLMES, W. B. and ROBERTS, R. (1963). A perotic syndrome in chicks fed extracted rapeseed meal. Poultry Science 42: 803.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUFF, W. E., (1980a). Evaluation of tibial dyschondroplasia during aflatoxicosis and feed restriction in young broiler chickens. Poultry Science 59: 991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUFF, W. E., (1980b). Discrepancies between bone ash and toe ash during aflatoxicosis. Poultry Science 59: 2213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUFF, W. E., CHAO-FUCHANG, J. D., GARLICH J. D. and HAMILTON, P. B. (1977). Aflatoxicosis in chickens fed diets varying in calcium and phosphorus. Poultry Science 56: 1724 (Abst.).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HULAN, H. W., PROUDFOOT, F. G., RAMEY, D. and McRAE, K. B. (1980). Influence of genotype and diet of commercial broilers reared to roaster weight. Poultry Science 59: 748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JUKES, T. H., (1940). Effect of choline and other supplements on perosis. Journal of Nutrition. 20: 445.
   Google Scholar
• JUKES, T. H. and BIRD, F. H. (1942). Prevention of perosis by biotin. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 49: 231.
   Google Scholar
• LACASSAGNE, L., (1980). Valcur alimentaire du lupin blane doux (variéeté Kalina) chez le poussin en croissance. In „Matières premières et alimentation des volailles”, I.N.R.A. Edit., Versailles: 43.
   Google Scholar
• LACASSANGNE, L., (1982). Vitamin supplementation and nutritive value of white lupin in 7–28 day broiler diets. Proceedings of the 2nd International lupin Conference, Torremolinos.
   Google Scholar
• LEACH, R. M., (1979). Current status of leg weakness in broilers. Proceedings of the Cornell Nutrition conference for feed Manufacturers 93.
   Google Scholar
• LEACH, R. M., (1981). Effect of electrolytc balance on skeletal abnormalities in the chick. Proceedings of the Georgia Nutrition Conference for feed Industry 3.
   Google Scholar
• LEACH, R. M. and LILBURN, M. S. (1980). Effect of diet and environment on the incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia. Poultry Science 59: 1630.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEACH, R. M. and NESHEIM, M. C. (1965). Nutritional, genetic and morphological studies of an abnormal cartilage formation in young chicks. Journal of Nutrition 86: 236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEACH, R. M. and NESHEIM, M. C. (1972). Further studies on tibial dyschondroplasia (cartilage abnormality) in young chicks. Journal of Nutrition 102: 1673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEACH, R. M. and SIMONS, P. C. M. (1976). Unpublished results.
   Google Scholar
• LEASE, J. G., (1972). Effect of histidine on the tibia alkaline phosphatase of chicks fed zinc-deficient sesame meal diets. Journal of Nutrition 102: 1323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEE, S. and BRITTON, W. M. (1980). Magnesium toxicity: effect on phosphorus utilization by broiler chicks. Poultry Science 59: 1989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEE, S. and BRITTON, W. M. and ROWLAND, G. N. (1980). Magnesium toxicity: bone lesions. Poultry Science 59: 2403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIKOFF, R. O., GUPTILL, D. R., LAWRENCE, L. R., McKAY, C. C., MATHIAS, M. M., NOCKELS, C. F. and TENGERDY, R. P. (1981). Vitamin E and aspirin depress prostaglandins in protection against Escherichia coli infection. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 34: 245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LILBURN, M. S., NGIAM, K. and SMITH, J. H. (1983). The effect of mineral and electrolyte balance on the incidence of leg abnormalities in different strains of commercial broilers. Poultry Science 62: 1353 (Abst.).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacAULIFE, T. and McGINNIS, J. (1976). Effect of ultraviolet light and oral vitamin D3 on rachitie chicks fed diets containing either corn or rye. Poultry Science 55: 2305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacAULIFFE, T., PIETRASZEK, A. and McGINNIS, J. (1976). Variable rachitogenic effects of grain and alleviation by extraction or supplementation with vitamin D, fat and antibiotics. Poultry Science 55: 2142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MERKLEY, J. W., (1979). Tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers. Poultry Science 58: 1021 (Abst.).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOODY, D. L., SLINGER, S. J., LEESON, S. and SUMMERS, J. D. (1978). Utilization of dietary tower rapeseed products by growing turkeys. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 58: 585.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAIRN, M. E. and WATSON, A. R. A. (1972). Leg weakness in poultry. A clinical and pathological characterisation Australian Veterinary Journal 48: 645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIELSEN, F. H., SUNDE, M. L. and HOEKSTRA, W. G. (1968). Alleviation of the leg abnormality in zinc-deficient chicks by various anti-arthritic agents. Journal of Nutrition 94: 527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'DELL, B. L., REYNOLDS, G. and REEVES, R. G. (1977). Analogous effects of zinc deficiency and aspirin toxicity in the pregnant rat. Journal of Nutrition 107: 1222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'DELL, B. L. and SAVAGE, J. E. (1957). Symptoms of zinc deficiency in the chick. Federation Proceedings 16: 394.
   Google Scholar
• PATTERSON, D. S. P., ROBERTS, D. A., SHREEVE, B. J., WRATHALL, A. E. and GITTER, M. (1976). III IUPAC Meeting on Mycotoxins. Paris, Abstract 49.
   Google Scholar
• PLAVNIK, L. and SCOTT, M. L. (1980). Effect of additional vitamins, minerals or brewer's yeast upon leg weakness in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 59: 459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• POULOS, P. W., REILAND, S., ELWINGER, K. and ELWINGER, S. E. (1978). Skeletal lesions in the broiler with special reference to dyschondroplasia (osteochondrosis). Acta Radiologica Diagnostica, Supplement 358: 229.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• RAGHURAMULU, N. and DE LUGA, H. F. (1980). The effect of dietary protein on the biological activity of cholecalciferol and its metabolites in the rachitic rat. Journal of Nutrition 110: 28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RANDALL, C. J. and MILLS, C. P. J. (1981). Observations on leg deformity in broilers with particular reference to the intertarsal joint. Avian Pathology 10: 407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RIDDELL, C., (1975). The development of tibial dyschondroplasia in broiler chickens. Avian Diseases 19: 443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RIDDELL, C., (1981). Skeletal deformities in poultry. Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine 25: 277.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• RIZK, S. W., STAKE, P. E. and SIMMONS, R. W. (1980). Curled toes and perosis-like leg abnormalities in cage reared broilers. Poultry Science 59: 308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROBINETTE, J. A., (1972). Anim. Nutrition Health. June 5. Cited by BLAIR, R., (1978). The prevention of leg and foot problems in growing turkeys. Proceedings of the XVI World Poultry Congress, Vol. III: 279.
   Google Scholar
• ROLAND, D. A. and EDWARDS, H. M. (1971). Effect of essential fatty acid deficiency and type of dietary fat supplementation on biotin-deficient chicks. Journal of Nutrition 101: 811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAUVEUR, B., (1975). Troubles osseux et articulaires des pattes chez les volailles. Hoffman-La Roche et Cie Edit., Neuiley sur Seine, Publication 1357.
   Google Scholar
• SAUVEUR, B., (1983). Bioavailability of phosphorus in plant origin feed ingredients for poultry. Proceedings of the 4th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, Tours. 103.
   Google Scholar
• SAUVEUR, B., GARABEDIAN, M., FELLOT, C., MONGIN, P. and BALSAN, S. (1977). The effect of induced metabolic acidosis on vitamin D3 metabolism in rachitic chicks. Calcified Tissue Research 22: 121.
   Google Scholar
• SAUVEUR, B. and MONGIN, P. (1974). Influence of dietary level of chloride sodium and potassium on chick cartilage abnormalities. Proceedings of the XVth World Poultry Congress 180.
   Google Scholar
• SAUVEUR, B. and MONGIN, P. (1978). Tibial dyschondroplasia, a cartilage abnormality in poultry. Annales de Biologie animale. Biochimie et Biophysique 18: 87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SETH, P. C. C. and CLANDININ, D. R. (1973). Effect of including rapeseed meal in the ration of broiler-type chickens on the incidence of perosis and the ineffectiveness of supplemental manganese. Poultry Science 52: 1158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHARBY, T. F., TEMPLETON, G. E., BEASLEY, J. N. and STEPHENSON, E. L. (1973). Toxicity from feeding experimentally molded corn to broiler chicks. Poultry Science 52: 1007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SUNDERMAN, F. W., NOMOTO, S., MORGAN, R., NECHAY, M. W., BURKE, C. N. and NIELSEN, N. W. (1972). Nickel deprivation in chicks. Journal of Nutrition 102: 259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VELTMANN, J. R. and JENSEN, L. S. (1981). Tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers: comparison of dietary additives and strains. Poultry Science 60: 1473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VOGT, H., HARNISH, S. and KRIEG, R. (1979). Der einsatz von Su Blupinen-schrot im Geflügelfutter. Archiv fur Geflügelkunde 43: 229.
   Google Scholar
• VOIGT, M. N. et al., (1980). Abnormal concentrations of B vitamins and amino acids in plasma, bile and liver of chicks with aflatoxicosis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 40: 870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WAGSTAFF, R. K., JENSEN, L. S., TRIPATHY, S. B. and KENZY, S. G. (1968). Essential fatty acids deficiency and Candida albicans infection in the chick. Avian diseases 12: 185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WALSER, M. M., ALLEN, N. K. and MIROCHA, C. T. (1980). Tibial dyschondroplasia induced by toxins of Fusarium roscum. Poultry Science 59: 1669.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHITEHEAD, C. C., (1977). The use of biotin in poultry nutrition. World's Poultry Science Journal 33: 140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHITEHEAD, C. C., BANNISTER, E. W., EVANS, A. J., SILLER, E. G. and WIGHT, P. A. L. (1976). Biotin deficiency and fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chicks given purified diets containing different fat and protein levels. British Journal of Nutrition. 35: 115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WISE, D. R., (1979). Nutrition-disease interaction of leg weakness in poultry. In HARESIGN, W. AND D. LEWIS, “Recent advances in Animal Nutrition 1978”, Butterworths, London 41.
   Google Scholar
• YOSHIDA, M., ONDA, M. and KOSAKA, K. (1973). Perosis of chicks on diet with inbalanced energy and protein levels. Japanese Poultry Science 10: 57.
   Google Scholar