4,233
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The role of users’ engagement in shaping financial reporting: should activists target accounting more?

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Acemoglu, D, Hassan, T.A., and Tahoun, A., 2018. The power of the street: evidence from Egypt's arab spring. Review of Financial Studies, 31 (1), 1–42.
  • Adams, T. and Neururer, T., 2020. Is future shareholder activism associated with current financial reporting quality? Evidence from the US. Working paper, Available online at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3361802 [Accessed October 2020].
  • Agrawal, A.K., 2012. Corporate governance objectives of labor union shareholders: Evidence from proxy voting. The Review of Financial Studies, 25 (1), 187–226.
  • Ahern, K.R. and Sosyura, D., 2014. Who writes the news? Corporate press releases during merger negotiations. The Journal of Finance, 69 (1), 241–291.
  • Ahn, M., Drake, M., Kyung, H., and Stice, H., 2019. The role of the business press in the pricing of analysts’ recommendation revisions. Review of Accounting Studies, 24 (1), 341–392.
  • Alles, M., Brennan, G., Kogan, A., and Vasarhelyi, M.A., 2006. Continuous monitoring of business process controls: a pilot implementation of a continuous auditing system at Siemens. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 7 (2), 137–161.
  • American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), 1994. Improving business reporting-a customer focus: Meeting the information needs of investors and creditors. American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. Special Committee on Financial Reporting.
  • Armstrong, C.S., Ittner, C.D., and Larcher, D.F., 2012. Corporate governance, compensation consultants and CEO pay levels. Review of Accounting Studies, 17 (2), 322–351.
  • Asare, S.K. and Wright, A.M., 2012. Investors’, auditors’, and lenders’ understanding of the message conveyed by the standard audit report on the financial statements. Accounting Horizons, 26 (2), 193–217.
  • Aslan, H. and Kumar, P., 2016. The product market effects of hedge fund activism. Journal of Financial Economics, 119 (1), 226–248.
  • Ball, R., Robin, A., and Sadka, G., 2008. Is financial reporting shaped by equity markets or by debt markets? An international study of timeliness and conservatism. Review of Accounting Studies, 13, 168–205.
  • Baloria, V.P. and Heese, J., 2018. The effects of media slant on firm behavior. Journal of Financial Economics, 129 (1), 184–202.
  • Baloria, V.P., Klassen, K.J., and Wiedman, C.L., 2019. Shareholder activism and voluntary disclosure initiation: the case of political spending. Contemporary Accounting Research, 36 (2), 904–933.
  • Baloria, V.P., Marquardt, C.A., and Wiedman, C.I., 2017. A lobbying approach to evaluating the whistleblower provision of the Dodd-Frank Reform Act of 2010. Contemporary Accounting Research, 34 (3), 1305–1339.
  • Bao, Y., Ke, B., Li, B., Yu, Y.J., and Zhang, J., 2020. Detecting accounting fraud in publicly traded U.S. firms using a machine learning approach. Journal of Accounting Research, 58 (1), 199–236.
  • Barker, R. and Imam, S., 2008. Analysts’ perceptions of “earnings quality”. Accounting and Business Research, 38 (4), 313–329.
  • Barth, M., 2018. Accounting in 2036: a learned profession. Part I: the role of research. The Accounting Review, 93 (6), 383–385.
  • Barua, A., Raghunandan, K., and Rama, D.V., 2017. Shareholder votes on auditor ratification and subsequent auditor dismissals. Accounting Horizons, 31 (1), 129–139.
  • Batta, G., Heredia, R.S., and Weidenmier, M., 2014. Political connections and accounting quality under high expropriation risk. European Accounting Review, 23 (4), 485–517.
  • Bauer, R., Moers, F., and Viehs, M., 2015. Who withdraws shareholder proposals and does it matter? An analysis of sponsor identity and pay practices. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 23 (6), 472–488.
  • Beaver, W.H., McNichols, M.F., and Wang, Z.Z., 2020. Increased market response to earnings announcements in the 21st century: An empirical investigation. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 69 (1), 101–244.
  • Bebchuk, L.A., Brav, A., Jian, W., and Keusc, T., 2020. Dancing with activists. Journal of Financial Economics, 137 (1), 1–41.
  • Bebchuk, L. and Fried, J., 2006. Pay without performance: overview of the issues. Academy of Management Perspectives, 20 (1), 5–24.
  • Becht, M., Franks, J., Mayer, C., and Rossi, S., 2009. Returns to shareholder activism: evidence from a clinical study of the Hermes UK focus fund. The Review of Financial Studies, 22 (8), 3093–3129.
  • Bédard, J., Gonthier-Besacier, N., and Schatt, A., 2019. Consequences of expanded audit reports: Evidence from the justifications of assessments in France. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 38 (3), 23–45.
  • Belifanti, T., 2010. The proxy advisory and corporate governance industry: The case for increased oversight and control. Stanford Journal of Law. Business and Finance, 14 (2), 384–439.
  • Bénabou, R. and Tirole, J., 2010. Individual and corporate social responsibility. Economica, 77 (305), 1–19.
  • Bernard, V.L. and Thomas, J.K., 1989. Post-earnings-announcement drift: delayed price response or risk premium? Journal of Accounting Research, 27, 1–36.
  • Bertomeu, J., Darrough, M., and Xue, W., 2017. Optimal conservatism with earnings manipulation. Contemporary Accounting Research, 34 (2), 252–284.
  • Bethel, J. and Gillan, S., 2002. The impact of the institutional and regulatory environment on shareholder voting. Financial Management, 31 (4), 29–54.
  • Beyer, A., Cohen, D.A., Lys, T.Z., and Walther, B.R., 2010. The financial reporting environment: Review of the recent literature. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 50 (2–3), 296–343.
  • Bird, A. and Karolyi, S.A., 2016. Do institutional investors demand public disclosure? The Review of Financial Studies, 29 (12), 3245–3277.
  • Bischof, J., Daske, H., and Sextroh, C.J., 2020. Why do politicians intervene in accounting regulation? The role of ideology and special interests. Journal of Accounting Research, 58 (3), 589–642.
  • Black, F., 1972. Capital market equilibrium with restricted borrowing. The Journal of Business, 45 (3), 444–455.
  • Blankespoor, E., deHaan, E., and Zhu, C., 2018. Capital market effects of media synthesis and dissemination: evidence from robo-journalism. Review of Accounting Studies, 23 (2), 1–36.
  • Blankespoor, E., deHaan, E., and Marinovic, I. 2020. Disclosure processing costs, investors' information choice, and equity market outcomes: A review. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 70 (2–3), 101–344.
  • Blankespoor, E., Dehann, E., Wertz, J., and Zhu, C., 2019. Why do individual investors disregard accounting information? The roles of information awareness and acquisition costs. Journal of Accounting Research, 57 (1), 53–81.
  • Blankespoor, R., Miller, G., and White, H., 2014. The role of dissemination in market liquidity: Evidence from firms’ use of twitter. The Accounting Review, 89 (1), 79–112.
  • Bloomfield, R., 2002. The “incomplete revelation hypothesis” and financial reporting. Accounting Horizons, 16 (3), 233–243.
  • Bonsall IV, S.B., Green, J., and Muller III, K.A., 2020. Market uncertainty and the importance of media coverage at earnings announcements. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 69 (1), 101–264.
  • Bourveau, T. and Schoenfeld, J., 2017. Shareholder activism and voluntary disclosure. Review of Accounting Studies, 22 (1), 1307–1339.
  • Bova, F., 2013. Labor unions and management’s incentive to signal a negative outlook. Contemporary Accounting Research, 30 (1), 14–41.
  • Bozanic, Z., Hoopes, J.L., Thornock, J.R., and Williams, B., 2017. IRS attention. Journal of Accounting Research, 55 (1), 79–114.
  • Bradley, D., Gokkaya, S., Liu, X., and Xie, F., 2017. Are all analysts created equal? industry expertise and monitoring effectiveness of financial analysts. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 63 (2–3), 179–206.
  • Brav, A., Jiang, W., Partnoy, F., and Thomas, R., 2008. Hedge fund activism, corporate governance, and firm performance. The Journal of Finance, 63 (4), 1729–1775.
  • Broccardo, E., Hart, O.D., and Zingales, L., 2020. Exit vs. Voice, Working Paper. Available on SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3680815 [Accessed October 2020].
  • Brochet, F. and Srinivasan, S., 2014. Accountability of independent directors: Evidence from firms subject to securities litigation. Journal of Financial Economics, 111 (2), 430–449.
  • Brown, T., Grant, S.M., and Winn, A.M., 2020. The effect of mobile device use and headline focus on investor judgment. accounting. Organizations and Society, 83, 1–13.
  • Brown-Liburd, H., Issa, H., and Lombardi, D., 2015. Behavioral implications of big data’s impact on audit judgment and decision making and future research directions. Accounting Horizons, 29 (2), 451–468.
  • Buchanan, B., Netter, J.M., and Yang, T., 2015. Are shareholder proposals an important corporate governance device? Evidence from US and UK shareholder proposals. Working Paper. Available on SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1572016, [Accessed October 2020].
  • Burke, J.J., Hoitash, R., and Hoitash, U., 2019. Auditor response to negative media coverage of client environmental, social and governance practices. Accounting Horizons, 33 (3), 1–23.
  • Bushee, B.J., Cedergren, M.C., and Michels, J., 2020. Does the media Help or hurt retail investors during the IPO quiet period? Journal of Accounting and Economics, 69 (1), 101–261.
  • Bushee, B.J., Core, J.E., Guay, W., and Hamm, S.J.W., 2010. The role of the business press as an information intermediary. Journal of Accounting Research, 48 (1), 1–19.
  • Bushee, B.J., Matsumoto, D.A., and Miller, G.S., 2003. Open versus closed conference calls: the determinants and effects of broadening access to disclosure. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 34, 149–180.
  • Bushee, B.J. and Miller, G.S., 2012. Investor relations, firm visibility, and investor following. The Accounting Review, 87 (3), 867–897.
  • Cadman, B., Carter, M.E., and Hillegeist, S., 2010. The incentives of compensation consultants and CEO pay. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 49 (3), 263–280.
  • Cahan, S., 1992. The effect of antitrust investigations on discretionary accruals: a refined test of the political cost hypothesis. The Accounting Review, 67 (1), 77–95.
  • Cai, J., Garner, J.L., and Walkling, R.A., 2009. Electing directors. The Journal of Finance, 64 (5), 2389–2421.
  • Cai, J. and Walkling, R.A., 2011. Shareholders’ say on pay: does it create value? Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 46 (2), 299–339.
  • Campbell, C., Gillian, S., and Niden, C., 1999. Current perspectives of shareholder proposals: lessons from the 1997 proxy season. Financial Management, 28 (1), 89–98.
  • Cao, S., Jiang, W., Yang, B., and Zhang, A.L., 2020. How to talk when a machine is listening: Corporate disclosure in the age of AI. Working paper. Available on SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3683802 [Accessed October 2020].
  • Carleton, W.T., Nelson, J.M., and Weisbach, M.S., 1998. The influence of institutions on corporate governance through private negotiations: Evidence from TIIA-CREF. The Journal of Finance, 53 (4), 1335–1362.
  • Cascino, S., Clatworthy, M., Garcia Osma, B., Gassen, J., Imam, S., and Jeanjean, T., 2014. Who uses financial reports and for what purpose? Evidence from capital providers. Accounting in Europe, 11 (2), 185–209.
  • Cascino, S., Correia, M., and Tamayo, A., 2020. Does consumer protection enhance disclosure credibility in reward crowdfunding? Journal of Accounting Research, 57 (5), 1247–1302.
  • Casey, C.J., 1980. Variation in accounting information load: The effect on loan officers’ predictions of bankruptcy. The Accounting Review, 55 (1), 36–49.
  • Cassell, C.A., Kleppe, T.J., and Shipman, J.E., 2020. Retail investors and the efficacy of proxy voting: Evidence from auditor ratifications. Working Paper, available online at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3113807 [Accessed October 2020].
  • Chaney, P.K., Faccio, M., and Parsley, D., 2011. The quality of accounting information in politically connected firms. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 51 (1-2), 58–76.
  • Chang, S. and Suk, D., 1998. Stock prices and secondary dissemination of information: the Wall Street Journal’s “insider trading spotlight” column. Financial Review, 33 (3), 115–128.
  • Chapman, K.L., Reiter, N., White, H.D., and Williams, C.D., 2019. Information overload and disclosure smoothing. Review of Accounting Studies, 24 (4), 1486–1522.
  • Chen, J., Cumming, D., Hou, W., and Lee, E., 2016. Does the external monitoring effect of financial analysts deter corporate fraud in China? Journal of Business Ethics, 134 (4), 727–742.
  • Chen, H., De, P., Hu, Y.J., and Hwang, B-H., 2014. Wisdom of crowds: The value of stock opinions transmitted through social media. Review of Financial Studies, 27 (5), 1367–1403.
  • Chen, H., Zhu, Y., and Chang, L., 2019. Short-selling constraints and corporate payout policy. Accounting and Finance, 59 (4), 2273–2305.
  • Cheng, C.S.A., Huang, H.H., and Li, Y., 2015. Hedge fund intervention and accounting conservatism. Contemporary Accounting Research, 32 (1), 392–421.
  • Cho, J., Hwang, I., and Hyun, J., 2020. Compensation consultant fees and CEO pay. Journal of Management Accounting Research, 32 (1), 51–78.
  • Choi, S., Fisch, J., and Kahan, M., 2010. The power of proxy advisors: myth or reality? Emory Law Journal, 59 (4), 869–916.
  • Christie, A., 1990. Aggregation of test statistics an evaluation of the evidence on contracting and size hypotheses. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 12 (1–3), 15–36.
  • Chu, J., Faasse, J., and Rau, P.R., 2018. Do compensation consultants enable higher CEO pay? A disclosure rule change as a separating device. Management Science, 64 (10), 4915–4935.
  • Chung, R., Lee, B.B., and Sohn, B.C., 2016. Do managers withhold good news from labor unions? Management Science, 62 (1), 42–68.
  • Coffee, J.C. and Palia, D., 2016. The wolf at the door: The impact of hedge fund activism on corporate governance. Columbia Law and Economics Working Paper No. 521.
  • Cohen, L. and Lou, D., 2012. Complicated firms. Journal of Financial Economics, 104 (2), 383–400.
  • Cohen, L., Malloy, C., and Nguyen, Q., 2020. Lazy prices. The Journal of Finance, 75 (3), 1371–1415.
  • Conyon, M.J., Peck, S.I., and Sadler, G.V., 2009. Compensation consultants and executive pay: Evidence from the United States and the United Kingdom. Academy of Management Perspectives, 23 (1), 43–55.
  • Cooper, D. and Morgan, W., 2013. Meeting the evolving corporate reporting needs of government and society: arguments for a deliberative approach to accounting rule making. Accounting and Business Research, 43 (4), 418–441.
  • Copland, J. and Larcker, D.F., 2018. The big thumb on the scale: An overview of the proxy advisory industry. Working Paper Stanford University Graduate School of Business Research.
  • Correia, M., 2014. Political connections and SEC enforcement. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 57 (2–3), 241–262.
  • Cunningham, L.M., 2017. Auditor ratification: can’t get no (dis)satisfaction. Accounting Horizons, 31 (1), 159–175.
  • Cuñat, V., Gine, M., and Guadalupe, M., 2012. The vote is the cast: the effect of corporate governance on shareholder value. The Journal of Finance, 67 (5), 1943–1977.
  • Dai, L., Parwada, J.T., and Zhang, B., 2015. The governance effect of the media’s news dissemination role: evidence from insider trading. Journal of Accounting Research, 53 (2), 331–366.
  • Daley, L.S. and Vigeland, R.L., 1983. The effects of debt covenant and political costs on the choice of accounting methods: the case of accounting for R & D costs. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 5 (1), 195–211.
  • Dao, M., Mishra, S., and Raghunandan, K., 2008. Auditor tenure and shareholder ratification of the auditor. Accounting Horizons, 22 (3), 297–314.
  • Dao, M., Raghunandan, K., and Rama, D., 2012. Shareholder voting on auditor selection, audit fees, and audit quality. The Accounting Review, 87 (1), 149–172.
  • Dasgupta, A. and Piacentino, G., 2015. The Wall Street walk when blockholders compete for flows. The Journal of Finance, 70 (6), 2853–2896.
  • David, P., Bloom, M., and Hillman, A.J., 2007. Investor activism, managerial responsiveness, and corporate social performance. Strategic Management Journal, 28 (1), 91–100.
  • David, P., Hitt, M.A., and Gimeno, J., 2001. The influence of activism by institutional investors on R&D. The Academy of Management Journal, 44 (1), 144–157.
  • DeAngelo, H. and DeAngelo, L., 1991. Union negotiations and corporate policy: A study of labor concessions in the domestic steel industry during the 1980s. Journal of Financial Economics, 30 (1), 3–43.
  • Debreceny, R., Gray, G.L., and Rahman, A., 2002. The determinants of internet financial reporting. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 21 (4), 371–394.
  • Dechow, P.M. and Dichev, I.D., 2002. The quality of accruals and earnings: The role of accrual estimation errors. The Accounting Review, 77, 35–59.
  • Dechow, P.M., Sloan, R.G., and Sweeney, A.P., 1995. Detecting earnings management. The Accounting Review, 70 (2), 193–225.
  • Degeorge, F., Patel, J., and Zeckhauser, R., 1999. Earnings management to exceed thresholds. The Journal of Business, 72 (1), 1–33.
  • Del Guercio, D., Seery, L., and Woidtke, T., 2008. Do boards pay attention when institutional investor activists “just vote no”? Journal of Financial Economics, 90 (1), 84–103.
  • Del Guercio, D. and Woidtke, T., 2018. Can strong corporate governance selectively mitigate the negative influence of ‘special interest’ shareholder activists? Evidence from the labor market for directors. Working Paper, available on SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2448920.
  • Dhaliwal, D., Salomon, J., and Smith, E.D., 1982. The effect of owner versus management control on the choice of accounting methods. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 4 (1), 41–53.
  • Dimitrov, V. and Jain, P.C., 2011. It’s showtime: Do managers report better news before annual shareholder meetings? Journal of Accounting Research, 49 (5), 1193–1221.
  • Dimson, E., Karakas, O., and Li, X., 2015. Active ownership. The Review of Financial Studies, 28 (12), 3325–3368.
  • Dou, Y., Hope, O-K., Thomas, W.B., and Zou, Y., 2016. Blockholder exit threats and financial reporting quality. Contemporary Accounting Research, 35 (2), 1004–1028.
  • Drake, M.S., Guest, N.M., and Twedt, B.J., 2014. The media and mispricing: the role of the business press in the pricing of accounting information. The Accounting Review, 89 (5), 1673–1701.
  • Drake, M.S., Hales, J., and Rees, L., 2019. Disclosure overload? A professional user perspective on the usefulness of general-purpose financial statements. Contemporary Accounting Research, 36 (4), 1935–1965.
  • Drake, M.S., Roulstone, D.T., and Thornock, J.R., 2012. Investor information demand: evidence from Google searches around earnings announcements. Journal of Accounting Research, 50 (4), 1001–1040.
  • Drake, M.S., Thornock, J.R., and Twedt, B.J., 2017. The internet as an information intermediary. Review of Accounting Studies, 22 (2), 543–576.
  • Durocher, S., Fortin, A., and Côté, L., 2007. Users’ participation in the accounting standard-setting process: a theory-building study. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 32 (1–2), 29–59.
  • Durocher, S. and Gendron, Y., 2011. IFRS: On the docility of sophisticated users in preserving the ideal of comparability. European Accounting Review, 20 (2), 233–262.
  • Dyck, A., Morse, A., and Zingales, L., 2010. Who blows the whistle on corporate fraud? The Journal of Finance, 65 (6), 2213–2253.
  • Dyck, A., Volchkova, N., and Zingales, L., 2008. The corporate governance role of the media: Evidence from russia. The Journal of Finance, 63 (3), 1093–1135.
  • Dyck, A. and Zingales, L., 2002. The corporate governance role of the media. Working paper.
  • Dyer, T., Lang, M., and Stice-Lawrence, L., 2017. The evolution of 10-K textual disclosure: Evidence from latent dirichlet allocation. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 64 (2–3), 221–245.
  • Dyreng, S.D., Hoopes, J.L., and Wilde, J.H., 2016. Public pressure and corporate tax behavior. Journal of Accounting Research, 54 (1), 147–186.
  • Elliott, W.B., Grant, S.M., and Hodge, F.D., 2018. Negative news and investor trust: the role of $Firm and #CEO twitter use. Journal of Accounting Research, 56 (5), 1483–1519.
  • Elliott, W.B., Hodge, F.D., and Jackson, K.E., 2008. The association between nonprofessional investors’ information choices and their portfolio returns: the importance of investing experience. Contemporary Accounting Research, 25 (2), 473–498.
  • Elliott, W.B., Hodge, F.D., and Sedor, L.M., 2012. Using online video to announce a restatement: influences on investment decisions and the mediating role of trust. The Accounting Review, 87 (2), 513–535.
  • Engelberg, J.E. and Parsons, C.A., 2011. The causal impact of media in financial markets. The Journal of Finance, 66 (1), 67–97.
  • Ertimur, Y., Ferri, F., and Muslu, V., 2011. Shareholder activism and CEO pay. The Review of Financial Studies, 24 (2), 535–592.
  • Ertimur, Y., Ferri, F., and Oesch, D., 2013. Shareholders votes and proxy advisors: evidence from Say on Pay. Journal of Accounting Research, 51 (5), 951–996.
  • Ertimur, Y., Ferri, F., and Oesch, D., 2017. Understanding uncontested director elections. Management Science, 64 (7), 2973–3468.
  • Ertimur, Y., Ferri, F., and Stubben, S., 2010. Board of directors’ responsiveness to shareholders: evidence from shareholder proposals. Journal of Corporate Finance, 16 (1), 53–72.
  • European Commission, 2018. Directive of the European parliament and of the council on the protection of persons reporting on breaches of Union law. Available from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32019L1937&from=EN [Accessed December 2020].
  • Faccio, M., Masulis, R.W., and McConnell, J.J., 2006. Political connections and corporate bailouts. The Journal of Finance, 61 (6), 2597–2635.
  • Faleye, O., Mehrotra, V., and Morck, R., 2006. When labor has a voice in corporate governance. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 41 (3), 489–510.
  • Fan, Z., Radhakrishnan, S., and Zhang, Y., 2020. Corporate governance and earnings management: evidence from shareholder proposals. Contemporary Accounting Research, forthcoming.
  • Fang, V.W., Huang, A.H., and Karpoff, J.M., 2016. Short selling and earnings management: a controlled experiment. The Journal of Finance, 71 (3), 1251–1294.
  • Fang, L. and Peress, J., 2009. Media coverage and the cross-section of stock returns. The Journal of Finance, 64 (5), 2023–2052.
  • Fang, L.H., Peress, J., and Zheng, L., 2014. Does media coverage of stocks affect mutual funds’ trading and performance? Review of Financial Studies, 27 (12), 3441–3466.
  • Farber, D.B., Johnson, M.F., and Petroni, K.R., 2007. Congressional intervention in the standard-setting process: analysis of the stock option accounting reform act of 2004. Accounting Horizons, 21, 1–22.
  • Ferri, F. and Sandino, T., 2009. The impact of shareholder activism on financial reporting and compensation: the case of employee stock options expensing. The Accounting Review, 84, 433–466.
  • Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), 2018. Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 8: Chapter 8, Notes to Financial Statements. Norwalk, CT: FASB Foundation.
  • Fishbane, A., Ouss, A., and Shah, A. K. 2020. Behavioral nudges reduce failure to appear for court. Science, 370 (6517), Forthcoming.
  • Flammer, C., 2015. Does corporate social responsibility lead to superior financial performance? A regression discontinuity approach. Management Science, 61 (11), 2549–2568.
  • Flammer, C., Toffel, M.W., and Viswanathan, K., 2020. Shareholder activism and firms’ voluntary disclosure of climate change risks. Working Paper, Available online at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3468896 [Accessed October 2020].
  • Fos, V. and Tsoutsoura, M., 2014. Shareholder democracy in play: career consequences of proxy contest,s. Journal of Financial Economics, 114 (2), 316–340.
  • Friedman, H.L. and Heinle, M.S., 2016. Lobbying and uniform disclosure regulation. Journal of Accounting Research, 54 (3), 863–893.
  • Gal-Or, R., Hoitash, R., and Hoitash, U., 2016. The efficacy of shareholder voting in staggered and non-staggered boards: The case of audit committee elections. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 35 (2), 73–95.
  • Gantchev, N. and Giannetti, M., 2020. The costs and benefits of shareholder democracy: gadflies and low-cost activism. The Review of Financial Studies, forthcoming.
  • Gao, M. and Huang, J., 2020. Informing the market: the effect of modern information technologies on information production. The Review of Financial Studies, 33 (4), 1367–1411.
  • Garcia Osma, B., Gomez-Conde, J., and Lopez-Valeiras, E., 2021. Management control systems and real earnings management: Effects on future firm performance. Working paper. Available on SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3449178 [Accessed March 2021].
  • Garcia Osma, B., Mora, A., and Sabater, A.M., 2015. Strategic accounting choice around firm-level labor negotiations. Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, 30 (2), 246–277.
  • Gassen, J. and Muhn, M., 2018. Financial transparency of private firms: Evidence from a randomized field experiment. Working Paper. Available on SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3290710 [Accessed October 2020].
  • Georgiou, G., 2010. The IASB standard-setting process: participation and perceptions of financial statement users. The British Accounting Review, 42 (2), 103–118.
  • Georgiou, O., 2018. The worth of fair value accounting: dissonance between users and standard setters. Contemporary Accounting Research, 35 (3), 1297–1331.
  • Gill-de-Albornoz, B. and Illueca, M., 2005. Earnings management under price regulation: empirical evidence from the Spanish electricity industry. Energy Economics, 27 (2), 279–304.
  • Gillan, S.L. and Starks, L.T., 2000. Corporate governance proposals and shareholder activism: The role of institutional investors. Journal of Financial Economics, 57 (2), 275–305.
  • Giner, B. and Arce, M., 2012. Lobbying on accounting standards: Evidence from IFRS 2 on share-based payments. European Accounting Review, 24 (4), 655–691.
  • Giner, B. and Mora, A., 2020. Political interference in private entities’ financial reporting and the public interest: Evidence from the Spanish financial crisis. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, forthcoming.
  • Gleason, C.A. and Glendening, M., 2019. Lobbying and opposition to SFAS No. 123(R): an examination of campaign contributions from CEOs and PACs. Accounting Horizons, 33 (1), 103–124.
  • Goldman, E., Rocholl, J., and So, J., 2013. Politically connected boards of directors and the allocation of procurement contracts. Review of Finance, 17 (5), 1617–1648.
  • Goldstein, M., 2014. Defining engagement: an update on the evolving relationships between shareholders, directors and executives. Institutional Shareholder Services, and Investor Responsibility Research Centre Institute. Available online (registration required): https://www.issgovernance.com/library/defining-engagement-update-evolving-relationship-shareholders-directors-executives/ [Accessed October 2020].
  • Gomez-Carrasco, P., Guillamón-Saorín, E., and Garcia Osma, B., 2021. Stakeholders versus firm communication in social media: the case of twitter and corporate social responsibility information. European Accounting Review, 30 (1), 31–62.
  • Goranova, M. and Ryan, L.V., 2014. Shareholder activism: a multidisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 40 (5), 1230–1268.
  • Gordon, S. and Hafer, C., 2005. Flexing muscle: corporate political expenditures as signals to the bureaucracy. American Political Science Review, 99 (2), 245–261.
  • Gordon, L. and Pound, J., 1993. Information, ownership structure, and shareholder voting: evidence from shareholder-sponsored corporate governance proposals. Journal of Finance, 48 (2), 697–718.
  • Grant, S.M., 2020. How does using a mobile device change investors’ reaction to firm disclosures? Journal of Accounting Research, 58 (3), 741–775.
  • Grant, S.M., Hodge, F.D., and Sinha, R.K., 2018. How disclosure medium affects investor reaction to CEO bragging, modesty and humblebragging. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 68, 118–134.
  • Gray, G.L., Turner, J.L., Coram, P.J., and Mock, T.J., 2011. Perceptions and misperceptions regarding the unqualified auditor’s report by financial statement prepares, users, and auditors. Accounting Horizons, 25 (4), 659–684.
  • Green, T.C., Jame, R., Markov, S., and Subasi, M., 2014. Broker-hosted investor conferences. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 58 (1), 142–166.
  • Greenwood, R. and Schor, M., 2009. Investor activism and takeovers. Journal of Financial Economics, 92 (3), 362–375.
  • Grewal, J., Serafeim, G., and Yoon, A., 2016. Shareholder activism on sustainability issues. Harvard Business School Working Paper. Available online at: https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/27864360 [Accessed October 2020].
  • Griffin, J.M., Hirschey, N.H., and Kelly, P.J., 2011. How important is the financial media in global markets? Review of Financial Studies, 24 (12), 3941–3992.
  • Gross, C., Königsgruber, R., Pantzalis, C., and Perotti, P., 2016. The financial reporting consequences of proximity to political power. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 35 (6), 609–634.
  • Grossman, S. and Hart, O., 1980. Takeover bids, the free rider problem, and the theory of the corporation. Bell Journal of Economics, 11 (1), 42–64.
  • Grossman, G.M. and Helpman, E., 1994. Protection for sale. American Economic Review, 84 (4), 833–850.
  • Grossman, S. and Stiglitz, J., 1980. On the impossibility of informationally efficient markets. The American Economic Review, 70 (3), 393–408.
  • Guay, W., Samuels, D., and Taylor, D., 2016. Guiding through the Fog: financial statement complexity and voluntary disclosure. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 62 (2), 234–269.
  • Guedhami, O., Pittman, J.A., and Saffar, W., 2014. Auditor choice in politically connected firms. Journal of Accounting Research, 52 (1), 107–162.
  • Guest, N., 2018. Do Journalists Help Investors Analyze Firms’ Earnings News? Working Paper Cornell University.
  • Gul, F.A., 2006. Auditors’ response to political connections and cronyism in Malaysia. Journal of Accounting Research, 13 (4), 365–383.
  • Guo, F., Lin, C., Masli, A., and Wilkins, M. S. 2021. Auditor responses to shareholder activism. Contemporary Accounting Research, 38 (1), 63–95.
  • Gutierrez, E., Minutti-Meza, M., Tatum, K.W., and Vulcheva, M., 2018. Consequences of adopting an expanded auditor’s report in the United Kingdom. Review of Accounting Studies, 23 (2), 1543–1587.
  • Hamm, S.J.W., Jung, B., and Lee, W., 2018. Labor unions and income smoothing. Contemporary Accounting Research, 35 (3), 1201–1228.
  • Han, J. and Wang, S., 1998. Political costs and earnings management of oil companies during the 1990 Persian gulf crisis. The Accounting Review, 73 (1), 103–117.
  • Hand, J.R.M. and Green, J., 2011. The importance of accounting information in portfolio optimization. Journal of accounting. Auditing and Finance, 26 (1), 1–31.
  • Harris, M. and Raviv, A., 2010. Control of corporate decisions: shareholders vs. management. The Review of Financial Studies, 23 (11), 4115–4147.
  • Hayne, C. and Vance, M., 2019. Information intermediary or de facto standard setter? Field evidence on the indirect and direct influence of proxy advisors. Journal of Accounting Research, 57, 969–1012.
  • Heninger, W.G., 2001. The association between auditor litigation and abnormal accruals. The Accounting Review, 76 (1), 111–126.
  • Henrichs, A., Park, J., and Soltes, E.F., 2019. Who consumes firm disclosure? Evidence from Earnings Conference Calls. The Accounting Review, 94 (3), 205–231.
  • Hermanson, D.R., Krishnan, J., and Ye, Z., 2009. Adverse section 404 opinions and shareholder dissatisfaction toward auditors. Accounting Horizons, 23 (4), 391–409.
  • Hermanson, D.R., Rama, D.V., and Ye, Z., 2019. Shareholder proposals on the auditor-client relationship: The case of nonaudit service purchases. Journal of Accounting Auditing and Finance, 34, 179–203.
  • Hillert, A., Jacobs, H., and Müller, S., 2014. Media makes momentum. Review of Financial Studies, 27 (12), 3467–3501.
  • Hillman, A. and Hitt, M., 1999. Corporate political strategy formulation: A model of approach, participation, and strategy decisions. Academy of Management Review, 24 (4), 825–842.
  • Hirschman, A.O., 1970. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Hirshleifer, D. and Teoh, S.H., 2003. Limited attention, information disclosure and financial reporting. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 36 (1–3), 337–386.
  • Hitz, J. and Lehmann, N., 2018. Empirical evidence on the role of proxy advisors in European capital markets. European Accounting Review, 27 (4), 713–745.
  • Hochberg, Y.V., Sapienza, P., and Vissing-Jorgensen, A., 2009. A lobbying approach to evaluating the sarbanes-oxleay Act of 2002. Journal of Accounting Research, 47 (2), 519–583.
  • Hodge, F.D., 2001. Hyperlinking unaudited information to audited financial statements: effects on investor judgements. The Accounting Review, 76 (4), 675–691.
  • Hodge, F.D., Kennedy, J.J., and Maines, L.A., 2004. Does search-facilitating technology improve the transparency of financial reporting? The Accounting Review, 79 (3), 687–703.
  • Hodge, F.D., Mendoza, K.I., and Sinha, R.K. 2021. The effect of humanizing robo-advisors on investor judgments. Contemporary Accounting Research, 38 (1), 770–792.
  • Hodge, F.D. and Pronk, M., 2006. The impact of expertise and investment familiarity on investors’ use of online financial report information. Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, 21 (3), 267–292.
  • Holthausen, R. and Leftwich, R., 1983. The economic consequences of accounting choice: implications of costly contracting and monitoring. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 5 (1), 77–117.
  • Hopwood, A., 1994. Some reflections on the harmonization of accounting within the EU. European Accounting Review, 3 (2), 241–253.
  • Huang, K., Li, M., and Markov, S., 2020. What do employees know? Evidence from a social media platform. The Accounting Review, 95 (2), 199–226.
  • Institute of Chartered Accountants of England and Wales (ICAEW), 2013. Financial Reporting Disclosures: Market and Regulatory Failures. London: ICAEW. Available online at: https://www.icaew.com/-/media/corporate/files/technical/financial-reporting/information-for-better-markets/ifbm-reports/frd-final.ashx [Accessed November 2020].
  • Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland (ICAS), 2011. Losing the Excess Baggage – Reducing Disclosures in Financial Statements to What’s Important. Edinburgh: ICAS and New Zealand Institute of Chartered Accountants. Available online at: http://www.focusifrs.com/content/download/6318/33050/version/1/file/Jul_11_Losing_the_excess_baggage_ICAS.pdf [Accessed October 2020].
  • Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS), 2019a. United States. Proxy Voting Guidelines. Benchmark Policy Recommendations. Effective for Meetings on or after February 1, 2020. ISS Governance, available online: https://www.issgovernance.com/file/policy/active/americas/US-Voting-Guidelines.pdf [Accessed October 2020].
  • Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS), 2019b. United Kingdom and Ireland. Proxy Voting Guidelines. Benchmark Policy Recommendations. Effective for Meetings on or after February 1, 2020. ISS Governance, Available online: https://www.issgovernance.com/file/policy/active/emea/UK-and-Ireland-Voting-Guidelines.pdf [Accessed October 2020].
  • Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS), 2019c. Continental Europe. Proxy Voting Guidelines. Benchmark Policy Recommendations. Effective for Meetings on or after February 1, 2020. ISS Governance. Available online: https://www.issgovernance.com/file/policy/active/emea/Europe-Voting-Guidelines.pdf [Accessed October 2020].
  • International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), 2012. IASB hosts public forum to discuss disclosure overload. News and Events: IFRS Foundation, November 12. Available online at: https://www.ifrs.org/news-and-events/2012/11/iasb-hosts-public-forum-to-discuss-disclosure-overload/ [Accessed October 2020].
  • International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), 2018. Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. London, U.K.: IFRS Foundation.
  • International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), 2019a. Exposure Draft ED/2019/7: General Presentation and Disclosures. London, U.K.: IFRS Foundation. Available online: https://cdn.ifrs.org/-/media/project/primary-financial-statements/exposure-draft/ed-general-presentation-disclosures.pdf [Accessed October 2020].
  • International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), 2019b. Exposure Draft ED/2019/6: Disclosure of Accounting Policies. Proposed Amendments to IAS 1 and IFRS Practice Statement 2. London, U.K.: IFRS Foundation. Available online: https://cdn.ifrs.org/-/media/project/disclosure-initative/disclosure-initiative-accounting-policies/ed-di-accounting-policies-ias-1-ifrs-practice-statement-2.pdf [Accessed October 2020].
  • International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB), 2015. Communicating Key Audit Matters in the Independent Auditor’s Report. International Standard on Auditing (ISA) 701. New York, NY: International Federation of Accountants.
  • Irani, A.J. and Karamnou, I., 2003. Regulation fair disclosure, analyst following, and analyst forecast dispersion. Accounting Horizons, 17 (1), 15–29.
  • Iselin, E.R., 1988. The effects of information load and information diversity on decision quality in a structured decision task. accounting. Organizations and Society, 13 (2), 147–164.
  • Jensen, M., 1993. The modern industrial revolution, exit, and the failure of internal control systems. The Journal of Finance, 48 (3), 831–880.
  • Jensen, M.C. and Murphy, K.J., 1990. CEO incentives-it’s not how much you pay, but how. Harvard Business Review, 68 (3), 138–149.
  • Jiang, H., Habib, A., and Hasan, M.M., 2020. Short-selling: A review of the literature and implications for future research. European Accounting Review, forthcoming
  • Jones, J., 1991. Earnings management during import relief investigations. Journal of Accounting Research, 29 (2), 193–228.
  • Jorissen, A., Lybaert, N., Orens, R., and Van Der Tas, L., 2012. Formal participation in the IASB’s due process of standard setting: A multi-issue/multi-period analysis. European Accounting Review, 21 (4), 693–729.
  • Kachelmeier, S., Rasmussen, S.J., and Schmidt, J.J., 2016. When do ineffective audit committee members experience turnover? Contemporary Accounting Research, 33 (1), 228–260.
  • Kanodia, C. and Sapra, H., 2016. A real effects perspective to accounting measurement and disclosure: implications and insights for future research. Journal of Accounting Research, 54 (2), 623–676.
  • Karpoff, J.M., Malatesta, P.H., and Walkling, R.A., 1996. Corporate governance and shareholder initiatives: empirical evidence. Journal of Financial Economics, 42 (3), 365–395.
  • Khan, U., Li, B., Rajgopal, S., and Venkatachalam, M., 2018. Do the FASB’s standards add shareholder value? The Accounting Review, 93 (2), 209–247.
  • Kirk, M. and Vincent, J., 2014. Professional investor relations within the firm. The Accounting Review, 89 (4), 1421–1452.
  • Klein, A. and Zur, E., 2009. Entrepreneurial shareholder activism: hedge funds and other private investors. The Journal of Finance, 64 (1), 187–229.
  • Klein, A. and Zur, E., 2011. The impact of hedge fund activism on the target firm’s existing bondholders. The Review of Financial Studies, 24 (5), 1735–1771.
  • Klibanoff, P., Lamont, O., and Wizman, T.A., 1998. Investor reaction to salient news in closed-end country funds. The Journal of Finance, 53 (2), 673–699.
  • Koch, A.S., Craig, E.L., and Robinson, J.R., 2013. Regulation FD: A review and synthesis of the academic literature. Accounting Horizons, 27 (3), 619–646.
  • Kothari, S., Li, X., and Short, J., 2009. The effects of disclosures by management, analysts and business press on cost of capital, return volatility and analysts’ forecasts: A study using content analysis. The Accounting Review, 84 (5), 1639–1670.
  • Krishnan, J. and Ye, Z., 2005. Why some companies seek shareholder ratification on auditor selection. Accounting Horizons, 19 (4), 237–254.
  • LaFond, R and Watts, R., 2008. The information role of conservatism. The Accounting Review, 83, 447–478.
  • Larcker, D.F., McCall, A.L., and Ormazabal, G., 2013. Proxy Advisory Firms and stock option repricing. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 56 (2-3), 149–169.
  • Larcker, D.F., McCall, A.L., and Ormazabal, G., 2015. Outsourcing shareholder voting to proxy Advisory firms. Journal of Law and Economics, 58 (1), 173–204.
  • Lawrence, A., 2013. Individual investors and financial disclosure. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 56 (1), 130–147.
  • Lazard’s Shareholder Advisory Group, 2020. “2019 Review of Shareholder Activism,” Available online at: https://www.lazard.com/media/451141/lazards-2019-review-of-shareholder-activism-vf.pdf [Accessed November 2020].
  • Lee, L.F., Hutton, A., and Shu, S., 2015. The role of social media in the capital market: evidence from consumer product recalls. Journal of Accounting Research, 53 (2), 367–404.
  • Lee, C. and Souther, M.E., 2020. Managerial reliance on the retail shareholder vote: Evidence from proxy delivery methods. Management Science, 66 (4), 1717–1736.
  • Leuz, C. and Oberholzer-Gee, F., 2006. Political relationships, global financing and corporate transparency: evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Financial Economics, 81 (2), 411–439.
  • Lev, B. and Rajgopal, S., 2016. Why FASB should hit pause. Accounting Today. Available online at: https://www.accountingtoday.com/news/why-fasb-should-hit-pause [Accessed October 2020].
  • Lev, B. and Zarowin, P., 1999. The boundaries of financial reporting and how to extend them. Journal of Accounting Research, 37 (2), 353–385.
  • Levit, D. and Malenko, N., 2011. Nonbinding voting for shareholder proposals. The Journal of Finance, 56 (5), 1579–1614.
  • Li, E.X., Ramesh, K., and Shen, M., 2011. The role of newswires in screening and disseminating value-relevant information in periodic SEC reports. The Accounting Review, 86 (2), 669–701.
  • Libby, R., 1976. Prediction achievement and simulated decision makers as an extension of the predictive ability criterion: a reply. The Accounting Review, 51 (3), 672–676.
  • Libby, R. and Emett, S., 2014. Earnings presentation effects on manager reporting choices and investor decisions. Accounting and Business Research, 44 (4), 410–438.
  • Libby, R. and Lewis, B.L., 1977. Human information processing research in accounting: The state of the art. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 2 (3), 245–268.
  • Liberty, S.E. and Zimmerman, J.L., 1986. Labor union contract negotiations and accounting choices. The Accounting Review, 61 (4), 692–712.
  • Lilien, S. and Pastena, V., 1982. Determinants of intra-method choice in the oil and gas industry. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 4 (3), 145–170.
  • Linn, S., Nagler, J., and Morales, M.A., 2010. Economics, elections and voting behavior. In Jan E. Leighley ed. The Oxford Handbook of American Elections and Political Behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1–33.
  • Lintner, J., 1965. Security prices, risk and maximal gains from diversification. The Journal of Finance, 20 (4), 587–615.
  • Liu, L., Raghunandan, K., and Rama, D., 2009. Financial restatements and shareholder ratifications of the auditor. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 28 (1), 225–240.
  • Loughran, T. and McDonald, B., 2014. Measuring readability in financial disclosures. The Journal of Finance, 69 (4), 1643–1671.
  • Loughran, T. and McDonald, B., 2017. The use of EDGAR filings by investors. Journal of Behavioral Finance, 18 (2), 231–248.
  • Madsen, J. and Niessner, M., 2019. Is investor attention for sale? The role of advertising in financial markets. Journal of Accounting Research, 57 (3), 763–795.
  • McCahery, J.A., Sautner, Z., and Starks, L.T., 2016. Behind the scenes: The corporate governance preferences of institutional investors. The Journal of Finance, 71 (6), 2905–2932.
  • McEnroe, J.E. and Martens, S.C., 2001. Auditors’ and investors’ perceptions of the «expectation gap. Accounting Horizons, 15 (4), 345–358.
  • McInnis, J. and Collins, D.W., 2011. The effect of cash flow forecasts on accrual quality and benchmark beating. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 51 (3), 219–239.
  • McLeay, S., Ordelheide, D., and Young, S., 2000. Constituent lobbying and its impact on the development of financial reporting regulations: evidence from Germany. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 25 (1), 79–98.
  • Mehta, M.N. and Zhao, W., 2020. Politician careers and SEC enforcement against financial misconduct. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 69 (1-2), 1–30.
  • Merton, R.C., 1973. An intertemporal capital asset pricing model. Econometrica, 41 (5), 867–887.
  • Merton, R.C., 1987. A simple model of capital market equilibrium with incomplete information. The Journal of Finance, 42 (3), 483–510.
  • Miller, G.S., 2006. The press as a watchdog for accounting fraud. Journal of Accounting Research, 44 (5), 1001–1033.
  • Miller, G.S. and Skinner, D.J., 2015. The evolving disclosure landscape: How changes in technology, the media, and capital markets are affecting disclosure. Journal of Accounting Research, 53 (2), 221–239.
  • Minutti-Meza, M., 2020. The art of conversation: the extended audit report. Accounting and Business Research, forthcoming.
  • Mishra, S., Raghunandan, K., and Rama, D.V., 2005. Do investors’ perceptions vary with types of non-audit fees? Evidence from auditor ratification voting. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 24 (2), 9–25.
  • Mitchell, R.K., Agle, B.R., and Wood, D.J., 1997. Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: defining the principle of who and what really counts. Academy of Management Review, 22 (4), 853–886.
  • Monga, V. and Chasan, E., 2015. The 109,894-Word Annual Report. The Wall Street Journal, June 1. Available online at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-109-894-word-annual-report-1433203762 [Accessed October 2020].
  • Murphy, K.J. and Sandino, T., 2010. Executive pay and “independent” compensation consultants. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 49 (3), 247–262.
  • Murphy, K.J. and Sandino, T., 2020. Compensation consultants and the level, composition and complexity of CEO pay. The Accounting Review, 95 (1), 311–341.
  • Navissi, F., 1999. Earnings management under price regulation. Contemporary Accounting Research, 16 (2), 281–304.
  • No, W.G., Lee, K., Huang, F., and Li, Q., 2019. Multidimensional audit data selection (MADS): a framework for using data analytics in the audit data selection process. Accounting Horizons, 33 (3), 127–140.
  • Oberwallner, K., Pelger, C., and Sellhorn, T., 2020. Corporate reporting and users’ information needs – A preparer perspective. Working Paper.
  • Patel, S.S., 2014. Should you trade stock on your iPhone? MarketWatch.com, April 13, Available online: https://www.marketwatch.com/story/the-rise-of-the-iphone-stock-trader-2014-04-07 [Accessed October 2020].
  • Pelger, C., 2016. Practices of standard-setting: An analysis of the IASB’s and FASB’s process of identifying the objective of financial reporting. accounting. Organizations and Society, 50 (1), 51–73.
  • Peltzman, S., 1976. Toward a more general theory of regulation. The Journal of Law and Economics, 19 (2), 211–240.
  • Peress, J., 2014. The media and the diffusion of information in financial markets: Evidence from newspaper strikes. The Journal of Finance, 69 (5), 2007–2043.
  • Piotroski, J.D. and Roulstone, B.T., 2004. The influence of analysts, institutional investors, and insiders on the incorporation of market, industry and firm-specific information into stock prices. The Accounting Review, 79 (4), 1119–1151.
  • Porter, B., 1993. An empirical study of the audit expectation-performance gap. Accounting and Business Research, 24 (93), 49–68.
  • Power, M., 2010. Fair value accounting, financial economics and the transformation of reliability. Accounting and Business Research, 40 (3), 197–210.
  • Prevost, A.K. and Rao, R.P., 2000. Of what value are shareholder proposals sponsored by public pension funds? Journal of Business, 73 (2), 177–204.
  • Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), 2017. The Auditor’s Report on an Audit of Financial Statements When the Auditor Expresses an Unqualified Opinion. Washington, DC: PCAOB.
  • Raghunandan, K., 2003. Nonaudit services and shareholder ratification of auditors. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 22 (1), 155–163.
  • Raghunandan, K. and Rama, D., 2003. Audit committee composition and shareholder actions: Evidence from voting on auditor ratification. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 22 (2), 253–264.
  • Rajgopal, S. and Venkatachalam, M., 2011. Financial reporting quality and idiosyncratic return volatility. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 51 (1–2), 1–20.
  • Ramanna, K., 2008. The implications of unverifiable fair value accounting: Evidence from the political economy of goodwill accounting. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 45 (2–3), 253–281.
  • Ramanna, K., 2015. Political Standards. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Renneboog, L. and Szilagyi, P.G., 2011. The role of shareholders proposals in corporate governance. Journal of Corporate Finance, 17 (1), 167–188.
  • Rogers, J.L., Skinner, D.J., and Zechman, S.L.C., 2016. The role of the media in disseminating insider trading news. Review of Accounting Studies, 21 (3), 711–739.
  • Rogers, J.L., Van Buskirk, A., and Zechman, S.L.C., 2011. Disclosure tone and shareholder litigation. The Accounting Review, 86 (6), 2155–2183.
  • Romano, R., 2001. Less is more: making institutional investor activism a valuable mechanism of corporate governance. Yale Journal on Regulation, 18 (2), 174–251.
  • Saemann, G., 1999. An examination of comment letters filed in the U.S. financial accounting standard setting process by institutional interest groups. Abacus, 35 (1), 1–28.
  • Sainty, B.J., Taylor, G.K., and Williams, D.D., 2002. Investor dissatisfaction toward auditors. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, 17 (2), 111–136.
  • Samuels, D., Taylor, D.J., and Verrecchia, R.E. 2021. The economics of misreporting and the role of public scrutiny. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 71 (1), 101–340.
  • Schoenfeld, J., 2020. Contracts between firms and shareholders. Journal of Accounting Research, 58 (2), 383–421.
  • Schrand, C.M., 2019. Impediments to relevant research: the journal review and publication process. Accounting Horizons, 33 (2), 11–16.
  • Schwab, S.J. and Thomas, R.S., 1998. Realigning corporate governance: Shareholder activism by labor unions. Michigan Law Review, 96 (4), 1018–1093.
  • Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 2011. No Action letter to Alcoa, Inc. Washington, DC. December 23. Available online at: http://www.sec.gov/divisions/corpfin/cf-noaction/14a-8/2011/unitedbrotherhood122311-14a8.pdf [Accessed October 2020].
  • Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 2013. The troubling case of proxy advisors: Some policy recommendations. Available online at https://www.sec.gov/comments/4-725/4725-4549663-176173.pdf [Accessed December 2020].
  • Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 2015. FY 2015 Congressional Budget Justification. Available from: https://www.sec.gov/about/reports/secfy15congbudgjust.pdf [Accessed September 2020].
  • Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 2017a. Examination priorities for 2017. Available from: https://www.sec.gov/about/offices/ocie/national-examination-program-priorities-2017.pdf [Accessed September 2020].
  • Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 2017b. Investment management guidance update: Robo-advisers. Available from: https://www.sec.gov/investment/im-guidance-2017-02.pdf [Accessed September 2020].
  • Sharpe, W., 1964. Capital asset prices: A theory of market equilibrium under conditions of risk. The Journal of Finance, 19 (3), 425–442.
  • Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R., 1986. Large shareholders and corporate control. Journal of Political Economy, 94 (3), 461–468.
  • Sloan, R.G., 1996. Using earnings and free cash flow to evaluate corporate performance. Applied Corporate Finance, 9 (1), 70–79.
  • Smith, M.P., 1996. Shareholder activism by institutional investors: Evidence from CalPERS. The Journal of Finance, 5 (1), 227–252.
  • Snyder, J.M., 1990. Campaign contributions as investments: The US house of representatives, 1980–1986. Journal of Political Economy, 98 (6), 1195–1227.
  • Solomon, D. and Soltes, E., 2012. Managerial control of business press coverage. Working Paper University of Southern California.
  • Solomon, D. and Soltes, E., 2015. What are we meeting for? the consequences of private meetings with investors. Journal of Law and Economics, 58 (2), 325–354.
  • Solomon, D.H., Soltes, E., and Sosyura, D., 2014. Winners in the spotlight: media coverage of fund holdings as a driver of flows. Journal of Financial Economics, 113 (1), 53–72.
  • Soltes, E., 2010. Disseminating Firm Disclosures. Working Paper. Harvard University.
  • Stenka, R. and Jaworska, S., 2019. The use of made-up users. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 78, 1–18.
  • Stenka, R. and Taylor, P., 2010. Setting UK standards on the concept of control: an analysis of lobbying behaviour. Accounting and Business Research, 40 (2), 109–130.
  • Stigler, G., 1971. The theory of economic regulation. Bell Journal of Law and Economics and Management Science, 2 (1), 3–21.
  • Stubben, S.R. and Welch, K.T., 2020. Evidence on the use and efficacy of internal whistleblowing systems. Journal of Accounting Research, 58 (2), 473–518.
  • Sun, Y., Wang, W., Wang, X., and Zhang, W., 2013. Shareholder activism and earnings management incentives: an empirical examination of shareholder proposals in the United States. Journal of International Financial Management & Accounting, 24 (3), 234–260.
  • Sunder, J., Sunder, S.V., and Wongsunwai, W., 2014. Debtholder responses to shareholder activism: evidence from hedge fund interventions. Review of Financial Studies, 27 (11), 3317–3342.
  • Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB), 2017. SASB Conceptual Framework. February, San Francisco. Available online at: https://www.sasb.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/SASB-Conceptual-Framework.pdf [Accessed October 2020].
  • Sutton, T.G., 1984. Lobbying of accounting standard setting bodies in the UK and the USA: a Dowsian analysis. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 9 (1), 81–95.
  • Tanyi, P. and Cathey, J., 2020. Why do firms seek shareholders ratification of the independent audit function? The case of foreign cross-listed companies in the United States. International Journal of Auditing, 24 (1), 24–36.
  • Tanyi, P.N. and Roland, K.C., 2017. Market reaction to auditor ratification vote tally. Accounting Horizons, 31 (1), 141–157.
  • Tetlock, P.C., 2007. Giving content to investor sentiment: the role of media in the stock market. The Journal of Finance, 62 (3), 1139–1168.
  • Tetlock, P.C., 2010. Does public financial news resolve asymmetric information? Review of Financial Studies, 23 (9), 3520–3557.
  • Tetlock, P.C., Saar-Tsechansky, M., and Macskassy, S., 2008. More than words: quantifying language to measure firms’ fundamentals. The Journal of Finance, 63 (3), 1437–1467.
  • Thomas, R.S. and Cotter, J.F., 2007. Shareholder proposals in the new millennium: shareholder support, board response and market reaction. Journal of Corporate Finance, 13 (2–3), 368–391.
  • Thompson, R.B., Olsen, C., and Dietrich, J.R., 1987. Attributes of news about firms: an analysis of firm-specific news reported in Wall Street Journal index. Journal of Accounting Research, 25, 245–274.
  • Twedt, B., 2016. Spreading the word: price discovery and newswire dissemination of management earnings guidance. The Accounting Review, 91 (1), 317–346.
  • Uhl, M.W. and Rohner, P., 2018. Robo-advisors versus traditional investment advisors: An unequal game. The Journal of Wealth Management, 21 (1), 44–50.
  • Watts, R.L. and Zimmerman, J.L., 1978. Towards a positive theory of the determination of accounting standards. The Accounting Review, 52 (1), 112–143.
  • Watts, R.L. and Zimmerman, J.L., 1979. The demand and supply of accounting theories: The market for excuses. The Accounting Review, 54 (2), 273–305.
  • Waxman, H., 2007. Executive pay: Conflicts of interest among compensation consultants. United States House of Representatives Committee on Oversight and Government Reform Majority Staff.
  • Weetman, P., 2001. Controlling the standard-setting agenda: the role of FRS 3. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 14 (1), 85–108.
  • Weetman, P., Davie, E., and Collins, W., 1996. Lobbying on accounting issues: preparer/user imbalance in the operating and financial review. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 9 (1), 59–73.
  • Westphal, J.D. and Deephouse, D.L., 2011. Avoid bad press: interpersonal influence in relations between CEOs and journalists and the consequences for press reporting about firms and their leadership. Organization Science, 22 (4), 1061–1086.
  • Williams, P. and Ravenscroft, S., 2015. Rethinking decision usefulness. Contemporary Accounting Research, 32 (2), 763–788.
  • Wong, Y.T.F., 2020. Wolves at the door: A closer look at hedge fund activism. Management Science, 66 (6), 2347–2371.
  • Wu, W., Wu, C., Zhou, C., and Wu, J., 2012. Political connections, tax benefits and firm performance: Evidence from China. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 31 (3), 277–300.
  • Xie, H., 2001. The mispricing of abnormal. The Accounting Review, 76 (3), 357–373.
  • Young, J.J., 1994. Outlining regulatory space: agenda issues and the FASB. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 19 (1), 83–109.
  • Young, J.J., 2003. Constructing, persuading and silencing: The rhetoric of accounting standards. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 28 (6), 621–638.
  • Young, J.J., 2006. Making up users. accounting. Organizations and Society, 31 (6), 579–600.
  • Yu, F. and Yu, X., 2011. Corporate lobbying and fraud detection. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 46 (6), 1865–1891.
  • Zeff, S.A., 2005. The evolution of U.S. GAAP: The political forces behind professional standards. The CPA Journal, 75 (2), 18–29.
  • Zingales, L., 2000. In search of new foundations. The Journal of Finance, 55 (4), 1623–1653.