The Concentrations of Blood Metabolites and the Relations between Blood Parameters, Fatty Acid Composition of Milk and Estimated ME-Balance in Dairy Cows Given Grass Silage ad libitum with Five Different Carbohydrate Supplements

References

• Andersson , L. and Lundström , K. 1984a . Milk and blood ketone bodies, blood isopropanol and plasma glucose in dairy cows; methodological studies and diurnal variations . Zbl. Vet. Med. A. , 31 : 340 – 349 .
   Google Scholar
• Andersson , L. and Lundström , K. 1984b . Effect of energy balance on plasma glucose and ketone bodies in blood and milk and influence of hyperketonemia on milk production in postparturient dairy cows . Zbl. Vet. Med. A , 31 : 539 – 547 .
   Google Scholar
• Bauman , D. E. and Currie , W. B. 1980 . Partitioning of nutrients during pregnancy and lactation: A review of mechanisms involving homeostasis and homeorhesis . J. Dairy Sci. , 63 : 1514 – 1529 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , A. W. 1981 . “ Lipid metabolism in liver and selected tissues and in the whole body of ruminant animals ” . In Lipid metabolism in ruminant animals , Edited by: Christie , W. W. 363 – 410 . Oxford : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bines , J. A. and Hart , I. C. 1984 . The response of plasma insulin and other hormones to intraruminal infusion of VFA mixtures in cattle . Can. J. Anim. Sci. , 64 : 304 – 305 . (Suppl.)
   Google Scholar
• Brockman , R. P. 1986 . “ Pancreatic and adrenal hormonal regulation of metabolism ” . In Control of digestion and metabolism in ruminants , Edited by: Milligan , L. D. , Grovum , W. L. and Dobson , A. 405 – 419 . Englewood Cliffs, NJ. : Reston Book .
   Google Scholar
• Ettala , E. and Lampila , M. 1978 . Factors affecting voluntary silage intake by dairy cows . Ann. Agric. Fenn. , 17 : 163 – 174 .
   Google Scholar
• Fronk , T. J. , Peel , C. J. , Bauman , D. E. and Gorewit , R. C. 1983 . Comparison of different patterns of exogenous growth hormone administration on milk production in Holstein cows . J. Anim. Sci. , 57 : 699 – 705 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guttman , I. and Bergmeyer , H. U. 1974 . Methods in enzymatic analysis , Edited by: Bergmeyer , H. U. 1794 – 1798 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hart , I. C. 1981 . “ Secretion and action of growth hormone ” . In Hormones and metabolism in ruminants , Edited by: Forbes , J. M. and Lomax , M. A. 47 – 64 . ARC .
   Google Scholar
• Hart , I. C. 1983 . Endocrine control of nutrient partitioning in lactating ruminants . Proc. Nutr. Soc. , 42 : 181 – 194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart , I. C. , Flux , D. S. , Andrews , P. and McNelly , A. S. 1975a . Radioimmunoassay for ovine and caprine growth hormone: its application to the measurement of basal circulating levels of growth hormone in the goat . Hormone Metab. Res. , 7 : 35 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Hart , I. C. , Bines , J. A. , Balch , C. C. and Cowie , A. T. 1975b . Hormone and metabolite differences between lactating beef and dairy cattle . Life Sci. , 16 : 1285 – 1292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart , I. C. , Bines , J. A. and Morant , S. V. 1979 . Endocrine control of energy metabolism in the cow: correlations of hormones and metabolites in high and low yielding cows for stages of lactation . J. Dairy Sci. , 62 : 270 – 277 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewett , C. 1974 . On the causes and effects of variations in the blood profile of Swedish dairy cattle . Acta vet. scand. , : 1 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hove , K. and Blom , A. K. 1973 . Plasma insulin and growth hormone in dairy cows: diurnal variation and relation to food intake and plasma sugar and acetoacetate levels . Acta Endocrinol. , 73 : 289 – 303 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hove , K. and Halse , K. 1978 . Absence of feeding-induced variations in plasma insulin in hypoglycaemic-ketonaemic cows . Acta vet. scand. , 19 : 215 – 228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huhtanen , P. 1987 . The effect of dietary inclusion of barley, unmolassed sugar beet pulp and molasses on milk production, digestibility and digesta passage in dairy cows given silage based diet . J. Agric. Sci. Finl. , 59 : 101 – 119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huhtanen , P. 1988 . The effects of barley, unmolassed sugar beet pulp and molasses supplements on organic matter, nitrogen and fibre digestion in the rumen of cattle given silage diet . Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. , 20 : 259 – 278 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Istasse , L. , DeB Hovell , F. D. , MacLeod , N. A. and Orskov , E. R. 1987a . The effects of continuous or intermittent infusion of propionic acid on plasma insulin and milk yield in dairy cows nourished by intragastric infusion of nutrients . Livestock Prod. Sci. , 16 : 201 – 214 .
   Google Scholar
• Istasse , L. , MacLeod , N. A. , Goodall , E. D. and Orskov , E. R. 1987b . Effects on plasma insulin of intermittent infusions of propionic acid, glucose or casein in the alimentary tract of non-lactating cows maintained on a liquid diet . Br. J. Nutr. , 58 : 139 – 148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kauppinen , K. 1983 . Correlation of whole blood concentrations of acetoacetate, B-hydroxybutyrate, glucose and milk yield in dairy cows as studied under field conditions . Acta vet. scand. , 24 : 337 – 348 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koppel , J. , Kuchar , S. , Mozes , S. , Noskovic , P. and Boda , K. 1987 . Effect of peroral administration of volatile fatty acids on insulin, glucose and lipids in plasma of ruminating lambs . J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. , 58 : 223 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuntz , P. L. and Blum , J. W. 1985 . Relationships between energy balances and blood levels of hormones and metabolites in dairy cows during the late pregnancy and early lactation . Z. Tierphysiol. Tierernährg. Futtermittelkde , 54 : 239 – 248 .
   Google Scholar
• MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food) . 1975 . Energy allowances and feeding systems for ruminants , Technical Bulletin 33 79 London
   Google Scholar
• MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food).McCutcheon S. N. Bauman D. E. 1985 . Effect of chronic growth hormone treatment on responses to epinephrine and thyrotropin releasing hormone in lactating cows , J. Dairy Sci. 44 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , J. H. and Christie , W. W. 1981 . “ Lipid metabolism in the mammary gland of ruminant animals ” . In Lipid metabolism in ruminant animals , Edited by: Christie , W. W. 227 – 278 . Oxford : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Owens , F. N. , Zinn , R. A. and Kim , Y. K. 1986 . Limits to starch digestion in the ruminant small intestine . J. Anim. Sci. , 63 : 1634 – 1648 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff , H. D. , Schultz , L. H. and Hoekstra , W. G. 1966 . Relationships of plasma free fatty acids to other blood components in ruminants under various physiological conditions . J. Dairy Sci. , 49 : 179 – 182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riis , P. M. 1983 . “ Adaptation of metabolism to various conditions. Nutritional and other environmental conditions ” . In Dynamic biochemistry of animal production Edited by: Riis , P. M. 319 – 345 .
   Google Scholar
• Rowlands , G. J. 1980 . A review of variations in the concentrations of metabolites in the blood of beef and dairy cattle associated with physiology, nutrition and disease with particular references to the interpretation of metabolic profiles . World Rev. Nutr. Diet. , 35 : 172 – 235 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Snedecor , G. W. and Cochran , W. C. 1967 . Statistical methods , 6th ed. , 593 Ames, , USA : The Iowa State Univ. Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sutton , J. D. 1984 . Feeding and milk fat production. Milk compositional quality and its importance in future markets , Occasional Publ. No. 9 Edited by: Castle , M. and Gunn , R. G. 43 – 52 . Br. Soc. Anim. Prod.
   Google Scholar
• Sutton , J. D. , Bines , S. A. and Napper , D. J. 1985 . Comparison of starchy and fibrous concentrates for lactating dairy cows . Anim. Prod. , 40 : 533 (Abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , C. , Aston , K. , Daley , S. R. and Bass , J. 1986 . Milk production from silage. 4. The effect of the composition of the supplement . Anim. Prod. , 42 : 315 – 325 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , P. C. , Chamberlain , D. G. , Martin , P. A. and Robertson , S. 1987 . “ Dietary energy intake and milk yield and compositon in dairy cows ” . In Energy metabolism of farm animals , EAAP Publication No. 32 Edited by: Moe , P. W. , Tyrrell , H. F. and Reynolds , P. J. 18 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Trenkle , A. 1978 . Relation of hormonal variations to nutritional studies and metabolism of ruminants . J. Dairy Sci. , 61 : 281 – 293 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Työppönen , J. and Kauppinen , K. 1980 . The stability and automatic determination of ketone bodies in blood samples taken in field conditions . Acta vet. scand. , 21 : 55 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasilatos , R. and Wangsness , P. J. 1980 . Changes in concentrations of insulin, growth hormone and metabolites in plasma with spontaneous feeding in lactating dairy cows . J. Nutr. , 110 : 1479 – 1487 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Visser , H. and de Groot , A. A. M. 1981 . “ The influence of starch and sugar content of concentrates on feed intake, rumen fluid, production and composition of milk ” . In Metabolic disorders in farm animals , Edited by: Giesecke , D. , Dirksen , G. and Stasgassinger , M. 41 – 48 . Veterinary Institute, Univ. of Munich .
   Google Scholar
• Wahab , I. M. and Andersson , R. R. 1987 . Influence of B-hydroxybutyrate and glucose infusion on blood glucose and insulin concentrations in dry Holstein cows . J. Dairy Sci. , 70 ( Suppl. 1 ) : 120
   Google Scholar