Candida infection in oral leukoplakia: an unperceived public health problem

References

• Cannon RD, Chaffin WL. Oral colonization by Candida albicans. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1999;10:359–383.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cannon RD, Holmes AR, Mason AB, et al. Oral Candida: clearance, colonization, or candidiasis? J Dent Res. 1995;74:1152–1161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghannoum MA, Jurevic RJ, Mukherjee PK, et al. Characterization of the oral fungal microbiome (mycobiome) in healthy individuals. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6:e1000713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouns ER, Baart JA, Bloemena E, et al. The relevance of uniform reporting in oral leukoplakia: definition, certainty factor and staging based on experience with 275 patients. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2013;18:e19–e26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cawson RA. Chronic oral candidiasis and leukoplakia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1966;22:582–591.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cawson RA, Lehner T. Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis-candidal leukoplakia. Br J Dermatol. 1968;80:9–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Waal I. Potentially malignant disorders of the oral and oropharyngeal mucosa; terminology, classification and present concepts of management. Oral Oncol. 2009;45:317–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdulrahim MH, McManus BA, Flint SR, et al. Genotyping Candida albicans from Candida leukoplakia and non-Candida leukoplakia shows no enrichment of multilocus sequence typing clades but enrichment of ABC genotype C in Candida Leukoplakia. PLoS One. 2013;8:e73738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arendorf TM, Walker DM, Kingdom RJ, et al. Tobacco smoking and denture wearing in oral Candidal leukoplakia. Br Dent J. 1983;155:340–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chattopadhyay A, Caplan DJ, Slade GD, et al. Risk indicators for oral candidiasis and oral hairy leukoplakia in HIV-infected adults. Com Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2005;33:35–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soysa NS, Ellepola AN. The impact of cigarette/tobacco smoking on oral candidosis: an overview. Oral Dis. 2005;11:268–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anwar A. Al-Hussain Al-Saeed. The relation of Candida growth in the development of “leukoplakia”. J Baghdad Coll Dentistry. 2006;18:43–47.
   Google Scholar
• Wu L, Feng J, Shi L, et al. Candidal infection in oral leukoplakia: a clinicopathologic study of 396 patients from eastern China. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2013;17:37–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser VJ, Jones M, Dunkel J, et al. Candidemia in a tertiary care hospital: epidemiology, risk factors, and predictors of mortality. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;15:414–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warnakulasuriya S, Johnson NW, Der WIV. Nomenclature and classification of potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa. J Oral Pathol Med. 2007;36:575–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanello S, Bouchara JP, Jousset N, et al. Nosocomial Candida albicans acquisition in a geriatric unit: epidemiology and evidence for person-to-person transmission. J Hosp Infect. 2001;47:46–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sukumaran J, Sundaram JM, Sivan RR. Changing trend in the clinical distribution of Candida species in a tertiary care hospital. J NTR Uni Health Sci. 2012;1:222–226.
   Google Scholar
• Gainza-Cirauqui ML, Nieminen MT, Novak-Frazer L, et al. Production of carcinogenic acetaldehyde by Candida albicans from patients with potentially malignant oral mucosal disorders. J Oral Pathol Med. 2013;42:243–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meurman JH, Siikala E, Richardson M, et al. Non-Candida albicans Candida yeasts of the oral cavity. In: Méndez-Vilas A, editor. Communicating current research and educational topics and trends in applied microbiology. Microbiology book series. Badajoz: Formatex; 2007. p. 719–731.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer FL, Wilson D, Hube B. Candida albicans pathogenicity mechanisms. Virulence. 2013;4:119–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odds FC. Candida and Candidosis. 2nd ed. London: Bailleire Tindall; 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Krogh P, Hald B, Holmstrup P. Possible mycological etiology of oral mucosal cancer: catalytic potential of infecting Candida albicans and other yeasts in production of N-nitrosobenzylmethylamine. Carcinogenesis. 1987;8:1543–1548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alanazi H, Semlali A, Perraud L, et al. Cigarette smoke-exposed Candida albicans increased chitin production and modulated human fibroblast cell responses. BioMed Res Int. 2014;2014:11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreizen S. Oral candidiasis. Am J Med. 1984;77:28–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Miranda CM, van Wyk CW, van der Biji P, et al. The effect of areca nut on salivary and selected oral microorganisms. Int Dent J. 1996;46:350–356.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Homann N, Tillonen J, Meurman JH, et al. Increased salivary acetaldehyde levels in heavy drinkers and smokers: a microbiological approach to oral cavity cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2000;21:663–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collings A, Holmes AR, Shepherd MG. Secretion of end-products of metabolism by Candida species. Biomed Lett. 1991;46:285–296.
   Google Scholar
• MacFarlane TW, Helnarska SJ. The microbiology of angular cheilitis. Br Dent J. 1976;140:403–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soysa NS, Samaranayake LP, Ellepola AN. Diabetes mellitus as a contributory factor in oral candidosis. Diabet Med. 2006;23:455–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magare JD, Awasthi RS. Evaluating the prevalence of Candida Species in the oral cavity of immunocompromised patients. IJSR. 2014;3:180–183.
   Google Scholar
• Yan Z, Young AL, Hua H, et al. Multiple oral Candida infections in patients with Sjogren’s syndrome – prevalence and clinical and drug susceptibility profiles. J Rheumatol. 2011;38:2428–2431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godoy JS, Souza Bonfim-Mendonca P, Nakamura SS, et al. Colonization of the oral cavity by yeasts in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis. J Oral Pathol Med. 2013;42:229–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renstrup G. Occurrence of Candida in oral leukoplakia. Int Dent J. 1972;22:229–234.
   Google Scholar
• Daftary DK, Mehta FS. The presence of Candida in 723 oral leukoplakias among Indian villagers. Scand J Dent Res. 1972;80:75–79.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar