179
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

‘Still so many illusions to cast off!’: The territorial unification of the Ngbaka (Belgian Congo) in the 1920s

Pages 126-143 | Received 26 Oct 2016, Accepted 10 May 2017, Published online: 26 Sep 2018

References

  • Anderson, W. 2006. Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race, and Hygiene in the Philippines. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Atkinson, R. 1999. ‘The (re)construction of ethnicity in Africa: Extending the chronology, conceptualization, and discourse’, in P. Yeros (ed), Ethnicity and Nationalism in Africa: Constructivist Reflections and Contemporary Politics. London: Palgrave.
  • Balandier, G. [1951] 2001. ‘La situation coloniale: Approche théorique’. Cahiers Internationaux de Sociologie: Georges Balandier, Lecture et Relecture 110:9–29. doi: 10.3917/cis.110.0009
  • Burssens, H. 1958. Les peuplades de l’Entre Congo – Ubangi: Ngbandi, Ngbaka, Mbandja, Ngombe et Gens d’Eau. Tervuren: Anals of the Royal Museum for Central Africa.
  • Comaroff, J. 1989. ‘Images of empire, contests of conscience: Models of colonial domination in South Africa’. American Ethnologist 16(4):661–85. doi: 10.1525/ae.1989.16.4.02a00040
  • Comaroff, J. and Comaroff, J. 1991. Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity, Colonialism, and Consciousness in South Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Cooper, F. 1994. ‘Conflict and connection: Rethinking colonial African history’. American Historical Review 99(15):1516–45. doi: 10.2307/2168387
  • Cooper, F. 2005. Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Cooper, F. 2014. Africa in the World: Capitalism, Empire, Nation-State. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Crozier, A. 2009. ‘What was tropical about tropical neurasthenia? The utility of the diagnosis in the management of British East Africa’. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 64(4):518–48. doi: 10.1093/jhmas/jrp017
  • Fabian, J. 1986. Language and Colonial Power: The Appropriation of Swahili in the Former Belgian Congo, 1880–1938. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Fabian, J. 2000. Out of Our Minds: Reason and Madness in the Exploration of Central Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Feierman, S. and Janzen, J.M. 1992. The Social Basis of Health and Healing in Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Franck, L. 1920. ‘Dans nos possessions africaines’. Le Flambeau 3(11):662–78.
  • Franck, L. 1926. Congo: Land en Volk. Brugge: Centrale Boekhandel.
  • Gerebern, P. 1935. Pioniers 25 Jaar in de Ubangimissie der Belgische Capucijnen. Antwerpen: Franciscaansche Standaard.
  • Gluckman, M. 1940. ‘Analysis of a social situation in modern Zululand’. Bantu Studies 14(1):1–30. doi: 10.1080/02561751.1940.9676107
  • Henrix, M. 2009. Croyances et Rites des Ngbaka-Minagende, RDC. Ghent: ReCall.
  • Hochschild, A. 1998. King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Hunt, N.R. 1999. A Colonial Lexicon of Birth Ritual, Medicalization, and Mobility in the Congo. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Hunt, N.R. 2016. A Nervous State: Violence, Remedies, and Reverie in Colonial Congo. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Iliffe, J. 2007. Africans: The history of a Continent. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kennedy, D. 1987. Islands of White: Settler Society and Culture in Kenya and Southern Rhodesia, 1890–1939. Durham: New York University Press.
  • Likaka, O. 2009. Naming Colonialism: History and Collective Memory in the Congo, 1870–1960. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Lonsdale, J. 1994. ‘Moral ethnicity and political tribalism’, in P. Kaarsholm and J. Hultin (eds), Inventions and Boundaries: Historical and Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism. Roskilde: International Development Studies.
  • Maes, V. 1997. Les Ngbaka du Centre de l’Ubangi. Kinshasa: Pères OFM Capucins.
  • Maes, V. n.d. Aantekeningen over de Volksverhuizing van de Ngbaka. Courtesy of the author via M. Henrix.
  • Mathys, G. 2014. ‘People on the move: Frontiers, borders, mobility and history in the lake Kivu region’. PhD thesis, Ghent University.
  • Meeuwis, M. 2002. ‘Flemish nationalism in the Belgian Congo versus Zairian anti-Imperialism: continuity and discontinuity in language ideological debates’. Mouton Classics: From Syntax to Cognition, from Phonology to Text 2 volumes. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Meeuwis, M. 2006. ‘The Lingála-Kiswahili border in North-Eastern Congo. Its origins in Belgian Colonial state formation of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries’. Africana Linguistica 12:113–35. doi: 10.3406/aflin.2006.964
  • Meeuwis, M. 2011. ‘The origins of Belgian colonial language policies in the Congo’. Language Matters 42(2):190–206. doi: 10.1080/10228195.2011.571704
  • Mortier, R. 1937. ‘Volken en volksverhuizingen in Ubangi (Belgisch Kongo)’. Kongo-Overzee 3:209–214.
  • Ndaywel è Nziem, I. 1998. Histoire Générale du Congo: De l’Héritage Ancien à la République Démocratique. Paris: De Boeck & Larcier.
  • Ngbwakpwa, T.M. 1993. ‘L’exploitation du caoutchouc par l’etat independent du Congo dans le territoire de Banzyville, District de l’Ubangi (1900–1908)’. Civilisations 41:291–306.
  • Pecheur, R. 1917. Observations Sur La Mentalité des Populations du Congo. Letter to the Minister of Colonies. Personal file Pecheur, African Archives, Brussels.
  • Pecheur, R. 1928. Aperçu Sommaire sur la Peuplade du Territoire Bwaka. Final Report on the Constellation of Ngbaka Clans. Courtesy of the author via M. Henrix.
  • Ramutsindela, M. 2013. ‘The enduring spatial legacy of the natives land act’. Social Dynamics: A Journal of African Studies 39(2):290–97. doi: 10.1080/02533952.2013.796119
  • Ranger, T. 1993. ‘The invention of tradition revisited: The case of colonial Africa’, in T. Ranger and O. Vaughan (eds), Legitimacy and the State in Twentieth-Century Africa. Essays in Honour of AHM Kirk-Greene. London: Basingstoke.
  • Recueil Administratif 1894. African Archives, Brussels.
  • Rapport Annuel 1922. African Archives, Brussels.
  • Rapport Annuel 1924. African Archives, Brussels.
  • Rapport Annuel 1926, African Archives, Brussels.
  • Rapport Annuel 1927, African Archives, Brussels.
  • Reid, R. 2011. ‘Past and presentism: The “precolonial” and the foreshortening of African history’. The Journal of African History 52(2):135–55. doi: 10.1017/S0021853711000223
  • Roes, A. 2010. ‘Towards a history of mass violence in the Etat Indépendant du Congo, 1885–1908’. South African Historical Journal 62(4):634–70. doi: 10.1080/02582473.2010.519937
  • Rothschild, R. 1936. ‘Trends in native policy in the Belgian Congo’. The Journal of Negro Education 5(4):577–90. doi: 10.2307/2292030
  • Scott, J.C. 1998. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition have Failed. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Spear, T. 2003. ‘Neo-traditionalism and the limits of invention in British colonial Africa’. Journal of African History 44:3–27.
  • Tanghe, B. 1930. ‘De Bwaka van het Ubangi gebied’. Congo, Algemeen Tijdschrift van de Belgische Kolonie 11(3):182–3.
  • Tanghe, B. 1946. ‘Overzicht van de volken en stammen in Ubangi (Belgisch-Kongo)’. Kongo-Overzee 12/13:193–203.
  • Vangroenweghe, D. 1985. Leopold II & Kongo. Brussels: Elsevier.
  • Vansina, J. 2010. Being Colonized: The Kuba Experience in Colonial Congo, 1880–1960. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
  • White, L. 1990. The Comforts of Home: Prostitution in Colonial Nairobi. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • White, L. 2000. Speaking with Vampires: Rumor and History in Colonial Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Willis, J. 1993a. Mombasa, the Swahili, and the Making of the Mijikenda. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Willis, J. 1993b. ‘The administration of Bonde, 1920–1960: A Study of the implementation of indirect rule in Tanganyika’. African Affairs 92(366):53–67. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098606

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.