References
- Afana, Dana. 2021. ‘Detroit to Boost Surveillance Transparency but Skeptics Remain’. Detroit Free Press, 29 May. https://www.freep.com/story/news/2021/05/29/detroiters-feedback-facial-recognition-surveillance/7486598002/
- Afrobarometer. 2021. ‘South Africans’ Trust in Police Drops to New Low, Afrobarometer Survey Finds’. https://afrobarometer.org/press/south-africans-trust-police-drops-new-low-afrobarometer-survey-finds
- Caldeira, Teresa P.R. 2000. City of Walls: Crime, Segregation, and Citizenship in São Paulo. Oakland: University of California Press.
- Detroit Community Technology Project. 2019. ‘A Critical Summary of Detroit’s Project Green Light and its Greater Context’. https://detroitcommunitytech.org/system/tdf/librarypdfs/DCTP_PGL_Report.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=77&force=
- Duncan, Jane. 2018. Stopping the Spies: Constructing and Resisting the Surveillance State in South Africa. Johannesburg: Wits University Press.
- Fin24. 2021. ‘Facebook Refuses to Appear Before SA Parliament on its Own’. https://www.news24.com/fin24/companies/ict/facebook-refuses-to-appear-before-sa-parliament-on-its-own-20210525
- Harwell, Drew. 2021. ‘Wrongfully Arrested Man Sues Detroit Police Over False Facial Recognition Match’. Washington Post, 13 April. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/04/13/facial-recognition-false-arrest-lawsuit/
- High-Level Review Panel Report on the State Security Agency and Related Matters. 2018. ‘High-Level Review Panel Report on the State Security Agency’. http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/download/file/fid/1518.
- Hill, Kashmir. 2020. ‘Wrongfully Accused by an Algorithm’. New York Times, 24 June. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/24/technology/facial-recognition-arrest.html
- Hunter, George. 2020. ‘Police Commissioner Sues over Arrest at Board Meeting’. The Detroit News, 13 August. https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2020/08/13/police-commissioner-sues-over-arrest-during-board-meeting/3368946001/
- Hunter, Murray. 2020. ‘Cops and Call Records: Policing and Metadata Privacy in South Africa’. Media Policy and Democracy Project. https://archive.org/download/2003-cops-and-call-records-metadata-and-policing/2003%20Cops%20and%20Call%20Records%20-%20metadata%20and%20policing.pdf
- Hunter, Murray, and Tymon Smith. 2018. ‘Spooked: Surveillance of Journalists in South Africa’. Right2Know Campaign, 2018. https://www.r2k.org.za/wp-content/uploads/R2K-Surveillance-of-Journalists-Report-2018-web.pdf
- Kwet, Michael. 2019a. ‘Smart CCTV Networks Are Driving an AI-Powered Apartheid in South Africa’. Motherboard, 22 November. https://www.vice.com/en/article/pa7nek/smart-cctv-networks-are-driving-an-ai-powered-apartheid-in-south-africa
- Kwet, Michael. 2019b. ‘Digital Colonialism: US Empire and the New Imperialism in the Global South’. Race & Class 60 (4): 3–26. doi: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0306396818823172
- Kwet, Michael. 2021. ‘The City Surveillance State: Inside Johannesburg’s Safe City Initiative’. Policy Briefing 231, South African Institute for International Affairs, 15 March. https://saiia.org.za/research/the-city-surveillance-state-inside-johannesburgs-safe-city-initiative/
- Labuschagne, Hanno. 2020. ‘Vumacam Footage Being Used in Insurance Claims Investigations’. MyBroadband, 12 December. https://mybroadband.co.za/news/security/373269-vumacam-footage-being-used-in-insurance-claims-investigations.html
- Long, Tonja R. 2021. ‘Proposed Community Input Over Government Surveillance Ordinance’, letter issued by the Detroit City Council Law Department, 12 April. https://www.bridgedetroit.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/LAW-CIOGS-with-transmittal-letter-4-14-21-amended-at-4-12-21-PHS.pdf
- Mabena, Sipho. 2020. ‘Who Watches Big Brother? Joburg’s Private Surveillance Cameras Come Under Fire’. The Citizen, 1 March. https://www.citizen.co.za/premium/2248702/who-watches-big-brother-joburgs-private-surveillance-cameras-come-under-fire/
- McKinley, Dale T. 2012. ‘Lessons of Struggle: The Rise and Fall of the Anti-Privatisation Forum’. The South African Civil Society Information Service, 8 February. https://sacsis.org.za/site/article/1197
- McKinley, Dale T. 2017. South Africa’s Corporatised Liberation. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.
- McLaughlin, Jenna. 2016. ‘South Africa Spy Company Used by Gadaffi Touts its NSA-like Capabilities’. The Intercept, 31 October. https://theintercept.com/2016/10/31/south-african-spy-company-used-by-gadaffi-touts-its-nsa-like-capabilities/
- McLeod, Duncan. 2018. ‘Court Battle to get Rica Data from Mobile Operators’. TechCentral, 7 November. https://techcentral.co.za/court-battle-to-get-rica-data-from-mobile-operators/201200/
- McLeod, Duncan. 2020. ‘Interview: Vumacam CEO Ricky Croock’, TechCentral, 23 June. https://techcentral.co.za/interview-vumacam-ceo-ricky-croock/176322/
- Mitchley, Alex. 2021. ‘Van Damme and Steenhuisen at Loggerheads Over her Resignation as an MP’. News24, 25 August. https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/van-damme-and-steenhuisen-at-loggerheads-over-her-resignation-as-an-mp-20210825
- Mlungwana, Phumeza. 2019 ‘Reflections on Leadership’. In Fragments of Activism, authored by Phumeza Mlungwana and Dustin Kramer, 126–139. Cape Town: Blackman Rossouw.
- Mottiar, Shauna, and Tom Lodge. 2020. ‘“Living inside the movement”: The Right2Know campaign, South Africa’. Transformation 102 (1): 95–120. Doi: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1353/trn.2020.0004
- Mpofu-Walsh, Sizwe. 2021. The New Apartheid. Cape Town: NB Publishers.
- Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority. 2020. ‘Annual Report 2019/20’. https://www.psira.co.za/dmdocuments/Annual_Report_2020.pdf
- Reuters. 2021a. ‘South Africa’s Information Regulator Says WhatsApp Cannot Share Users’ Contact Information’. https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/south-africas-information-regulator-says-whatsapp-cannot-share-users-contact-2021-03-03.
- Reuters. 2021b. ‘South African regulator seeking legal advice on WhatsApp’s new privacy policy’. https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/south-african-regulator-seeking-legal-advice-whatsapps-new-privacy-policy-2021-05-13.
- Right2Know Campaign. 2017. ‘Stop the Surveillance: Activist Guide to RICA & State Surveillance in SA’, 2017. https://www.r2k.org.za/wp-content/uploads/R2K-Handbook-Rica-Surveilance-2017.pdf
- Staff Writer. 2019. ‘Vumacam – Vumatel’s CCTV System to Keep South Africa Safe’. MyBroadband, 14 February. https://mybroadband.co.za/news/security/295960-vumacam-vumatels-cctv-system-to-keep-south-africa-safe.html
- Statistics South Africa. 2019. ‘Governance, Public Safety and Justice Survey: Victims of Crime 2018/19’. http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0341/GPSJS_VOCS2018_19.pdf
- Statistics South Africa. 2020. ‘Statistical Release P0341: Victims of Crime 2019/20’. http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0341/P03412019.pdf
- Swart, Heidi. 2021. ‘Vumacam’s “Hundreds of Thousands of Cameras” will be Watching you’. Daily Maverick, 25 September. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-09-25-vumacams-hundreds-of-thousands-of-cameras-will-be-watching-you/.
- Teachout, Zephyr. 2020. Break ‘Em Up: Recovering Our Freedom from Big Ag, Big Tech, and Big Money. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
- Van Damme, Phumzile. 2021. ‘DA Looks Forward to Historic Meeting in Parliament with Facebook’. Democratic Alliance, 12 May. https://www.da.org.za/2021/05/da-looks-forward-to-historic-meeting-in-parliament-with-facebook.
- Vumacam. 2018. ‘CCTV: Security or Just Scary’. https://www.vumacam.co.za/cctv-security-or-just-scary/
- Vumacam. 2019. ‘The Facts Regarding the Integrated Smart Camera Network’. https://www.vumacam.co.za/the-facts-regarding-the-integrated-smart-camera-network/
- Zuboff, Shoshana. 2018. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. New York: PublicAffairs.