28
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

‘Like locusts in Pharaoh's palace’

The origins and politics of African methodism in the orange free state, 1895–1914

Pages 39-70 | Published online: 24 Feb 2007

  • Lea's , Allen . 1926 . The Native Separatist Church Movement in South Africa Cape Town estimated AME membership at 20 000, a figure which seems unduly conservative.
  • Hogge , E.H. 1905 . South African Native Affairs Commission, 1903–5 Cape Town
  • SANAC , 4 462 – 3 .
  • Krikler , Jeremy . 1993 . ‘Social Neurosis and Hysterical Pre‐Cognition in South Africa: A Case Study and Reflections’ . South African Historical Journal , 28 : 65 – 97 .
  • . Report of the Proceedings of the First General Missionary Conference. Held at Johannesburg . July 13–20 1904 , Johannesburg. pp. 26 130 177
  • Stewart , James . SANAC , 4 680 – 5 .
  • 1902 . Natal Mercury , 23 August
  • 1901 . Christian Express , 31 ( 377 ) : 177 – 185 .
  • Thwaite , Daniel . 1936 . The Seething African Pot: A Study of Black Nationalism 1882–1935 55 – 8 . London
  • Roux , Edward . 1945 . ‘The Ethiopian Movement’ . Trek , 10 ( 2 ) : 13
  • Shepperson , George . 1953 . ‘Ethiopianism and African Nationalism’ . Phylon , 14 ( 1 ) : 9 – 18 .
  • Shepperson . 1960 . ‘Notes on Negro American Influences on the Emergence of African Nationalism’ . Journal of African History , 1 ( 2 ) : 299 – 312 .
  • Thompson , Leonard and Wilson , Monica , eds. 1971 . The Oxford History of South Africa 432 – 6 . Oxford
  • Odendaal , Andre . 1984 . Vukuni Bantu! The Beginnings of Black Protest Politics in South Africa to 1912 82 – 6 . Cape Town
  • Lahouel , Badra . 1986 . ‘Ethiopianism and African Nationalism in South Africa before 1937’ . Cahiers d'Etudes africaines , 34 ( 104 ) : 681 – 8 .
  • Mutero Chirenje , J. 1987 . Ethiopianism and Afro‐Americans in Southern Africa, 1883–1916 Baton Rouge
  • Ranger , T.O. one of the original purveyors of the nationalist historiography
  • Ranger . 1986 . ‘Religious Movements and Politics in Sub‐Saharan Africa’ . African Studies Review , 29 ( 2 ) : 1 – 67 .
  • Odendaal . Vukani Bantu 272 – 3 .
  • Walshe , Peter . 1970 . The Rise of African Nationalism in South Africa 44 – 8 . London
  • Campbell , James . Sons of Zion: The African Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States and South Africa (forthcoming).
  • Hogge , E.H. SANAC , 4 463
  • Willan , Brian . 1984 . Sol Plaatje: A Biography 122 Johannesburg
  • Ranger , T.O. 1967 . ‘The “Ethiopian” Episode in Barotseland, 1900–1905’ . Rhodes‐Livingstone Journal , 37 ( 1 ) : 26 – 41 .
  • Page , Carol . “ ‘The Sigcau‐Lerothodi‐Lewanika Response to the A.M.E. Church’ ” . (Unpublished paper)
  • Campbell . Sons of Zion
  • Wilson , A. SANAC , 4 312 – 3 .
  • Keegan , Timothy J. 1986 . Rural Transformations in Industrializing South Africa: The Southern Highveld to 1914 Johannesburg
  • Keegan . 1988 . Facing the Storm: Portraits of Black Lives in Rural South Africa Cape Town
  • Murray , Colin . 1992 . Black Mountain: Land, Class and Power in the Eastern Orange Free State, 1880s‐1980s Johannesburg
  • Murray . 1981 . Families Divided: The Impact of Migrant Labour in Lesotho Cambridge
  • Lye , William and Murray . 1980 . Transformations on the Highveld: The Tswana and Southern Sotho Cape Town
  • van Onselen , Charles . Chameleon Among the Boers: The Life Story of Kas Maine (forthcoming)
  • Keegan . Rural Transformations especially Chapter 1
  • Keegan , Tim . 1986 . “ ‘White Settlement and Black Subjugation on the South African Highveld: The Tlokoa Heartland in the North Eastern Orange Free State, ca. 1850–1914’ ” . In Putting a Plough to the Ground: Accumulation and Dispossession in Rural South Africa, 1850–1930 Edited by: Beinart , William , Delius , Peter and Trapido , Stanley . 218 – 58 . Johannesburg
  • Murray , Colin . Black Mountain
  • Delius , Peter and Trapido , Stanley . 1983 . “ ‘Inboekselings and Oorlams: The Creation and Transformation of a Servile Class’ ” . In Town and Countryside in the Transvaal Edited by: Bozzoli , Belinda . 53 – 88 . Johannesburg
  • Van Onselen . Chameleon Among the Boers
  • Keegan . Rural Transformations especially Chapter 3
  • Trapido , Stanley . “ ‘Putting a Plough to the Ground: A History of Tenant Production on Vereeniging Estates, 1896–1910’ ” . In Putting a Plough to the Ground Edited by: Beinart . 336 – 72 .
  • Bradford , Helen . 1987 . A Taste of Freedom: The ICU in Rural South Africa, 1924–1930 Johannesburg especially Chapter 1.
  • Ransom , Roger and Sutch , Richard . 1977 . One Kind of Freedom: The Economic Consequences of Emancipation New York
  • Foner , Eric . 1983 . Nothing But Freedom: Emancipation and its Legacy Baton Rouge
  • Holt , Thomas . 1992 . The Problem of Freedom: Race, Labor and Politics in Jamaica and Britain, 1832–1938 Baltimore
  • Robertson , A.F. 1987 . The Dynamics of Productive Relationships: African Share Contracts in Comparative Perspective Cambridge
  • Keegan , Tim . Facing the Storm
  • Keegan . Rural Transformations 53 – 4 . 74 – 84 . 238n.7
  • Matsitela , Ted . 1982 . “ ‘The Life Story of Nkgoma Mma‐Pooe’ ” . In Industrialisation and Social Change Edited by: Marks , Shula and Rathbone , Richard . London
  • Bundy , Colin . 1979 . The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry 212 – 37 . London
  • Van Onselen's . Chameleon Among the Boers
  • Van Onselen . 1992 . ‘The Social and Economic Underpinnings of Paternalism and Violence on the Maize Farms of the Southwestern Transvaal, 1900–1950% . Journal of Historical Sociology , 5 ( 2 ) : 127 – 60 .
  • Keegan . Rural Transformations 18 – 24 . 57 – 60 . 243n.97
  • Van Onselen . 1990 . ‘Race and Class in the South African Countryside: Cultural Osmosis and Social Relations in the Sharecropping Economy of the South‐Western Transvaal, 1900–1950’ . American Historical Review , 95 ( 1 ) : 99 – 123 .
  • Van Onselen . “ ‘Underpinnings of Paternalism and Violence’ ” .
  • Cohen , G.A. 1972 . Folk Devils and Moral Panics New York
  • Keegan . Rural Transformations 56 – 9 . 70 – 3 . ff.
  • 1895 . Voice of Missions , October August, 1896, March, 1897, May 1897, July, 1897, August, 1898
  • 1898 . Voice of Missions , November
  • Duncan , Sara J. 1906 . Progressive Missions in the South Atlanta
  • Keegan . Facing the Storm 3 – 4 .
  • 1898 . Voice of Missions , August October, 1898, September, 1899
  • 1898 . Voice of Missions , November
  • Pakenham , Thomas . 1979 . The Boer War London
  • Beak , G.B. 1906 . Aftermath of War: An Account of the Repatriation of Boers and Natives in the Orange River Colony 76 159 London ff
  • Warwick , Peter . 1983 . Black People and the South African War, 1899–1902 Johannesburg
  • Nasson , Bill . 1991 . Abraham Esau's War: A Black South African War in the Cape, 1899–1902 Cambridge
  • Krikler , Jeremy . 1987 . ‘Agrarian Class Struggle and the South African War, 1899–1902’ . paper delivered to the African Studies Institute Seminar . March 2 1987 . University of the Witwatersrand .
  • Spies , S.B. 1977 . Methods of Barbarism? Roberts and Kitchener and Civilians in the Boer Republics, January, 1900‐May, 1902 Cape Town
  • Beak . Aftermath of War 25 – 6 .
  • 1905 . Corporation of Bloemfontein Year Book Bloemfontein
  • [CBYB] , 40
  • Beak . Aftermath of War 158 – 159 .
  • Keegan . Rural Transformations 61 – 4 .
  • Warwick . Black People and the South African War 161
  • Matsitela . “ ‘Life Story of Nkgoma Mma‐Pooe’ ” . 220 – 2 .
  • 1905 . CBYB , : 40
  • 1904 . Census of the Orange River Colony 120 136 – 7 . Bloemfontein
  • 1906 . CBYB , : 70
  • Campbell . Sons of Zion
  • Pauw , B.A. 1960 . Religion in A Tswana Chiefdom 52 London
  • Coppin , L.J. 1905 . Observations of Persons and Things in South Africa 2 40 78 – 9 . Philadelphia ff
  • Coppin . 1919 . Unwritten History 318 New York
  • Skota , T.D.M. 1932 . The African Yearly Register: Being an Illustrated National Biographical Dictionary (Who's Who) of Black Folks of Africa 50 Johannesburg
  • 1904 . CBYB , : 31
  • Mpela , Edward Kumalo , Benjamin . SANAC , 4 368 – 379 .
  • Wells . 1982 . “ ‘A History of Black Women's Struggle Against the Pass Laws in South Africa, 1900–1960’ ” . Columbia University . (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis,
  • Lethoba , G.Z. “ ‘The African Methodist Episcopal Church in South Africa’ ” . 19 (Unpublished manuscript)
  • Coppin , L.J. SANAC , 2 223
  • 1907 . CBYB , : 80
  • Keegan . Rural Transformations 210 – 11 .
  • Keegan . Rural Transformations especially Chapter 5;
  • Matsitela . “ ‘Life Story of Nkgoma Mma‐Pooe’ ” . 223 – 5 . 231 – 2 .
  • Keegan . Rural Transformations 137 – 9 .
  • Plaatje , Sol T. 1982 . Native Life in South Africa 78 – 90 . Johannesburg orig. pub. 1916)
  • Keegan . Rural Transformations , 137 – 9 . 166 – 195 .
  • Keegan . 1985 . ‘Crisis and Catharsis in the Development of Capitalism in South African Agriculture’ . African Affairs , 84 : 336
  • Keegan . Facing the Storm 135 – 6 .
  • Campbell . Sons of Zion
  • Ngakane , Barney . one of the subjects in Keegan's collection of life‐histories, presents a similar case
  • Keegan . Facing the Storm 83 93
  • Keegan . Rural Transformations 99 – 100 . 103
  • Campbell . Sons of Zion
  • Bradford , Helen . 1987 . A Taste of Freedom: The I.C.U. in Rural South Africa, 1924–1930 48 – 9 . 76 163 New Haven ff
  • Jingoes , Jason . 1975 . A Chief is a Chief by the People: The Autobiography of Stimela Jason Jingoes London
  • Campbell . Sons of Zion

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.