Movement of Resident Rainbow Trout Transplanted below a Barrier to Anadromy

REFERENCES

• Allendorf , F. W. , Leary , R. F. , Spruell , P. and Wenburg , J. P. 2001 . The problems with hybrids: setting conservation guidelines . Trends in Ecology and Evolution , 16 : 613 – 622 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumsteiger , J. , Hankin , D. and Loudenslager , E. J. 2005 . Genetic analyses of juvenile steelhead, coastal cutthroat trout, and their hybrids differ substantially from field identifications . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 134 : 829 – 840 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behnke , R. J. 2002 . Comment: first documented case of anadromy in a population of introduced rainbow trout in Patagonia, Argentina . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 131 : 582 – 585 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigelow , P. E. 2003 . Scour, fill, and salmon spawning in a northern California coastal stream. Master's thesis , Arcata , California : Humboldt State University .
   Google Scholar
• Busby , P. J. , Wainwright , T. C. , Bryant , G. J. , Lierheimer , L. J. , Waples , R. S. , Waknitz , F. W. and Lagomarsino , I. V. 1996 . Status review of west coast steelhead from Washington, Idaho, Oregon and California . NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-27 ,
   Google Scholar
• Chrisp , E. Y. and Bjornn , T. C. 1978 . Parr-smolt transformation and seaward migration of wild and hatchery steelhead trout in Idaho , Moscow : University of Idaho, College of Forestry, Wildlife and Range Science . Report 80
   Google Scholar
• Deiner , K. , Garza , J. C. , Coey , R. and Girman , D. J. 2007 . Population structure and genetic diversity of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) above and below natural and man-made barriers in the Russian River, California . Conservation Genetics , 8 : 437 – 454 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Docker , M. F. and Heath , D. D. 2003 . Genetic comparison between sympatric anadromous steelhead and freshwater resident rainbow trout in British Columbia, Canada . Conservation Genetics , 4 : 227 – 231 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foote , C. J. and Larkin , P. A. 1988 . The role of male choice in the assortative mating of anadromous and non-anadromous sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) . Behaviour , 106 : 43 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Good , T. P. , Waples , R. S. and Adams , P. , eds. 2005 . Updated status of federally listed ESUs of west coast salmon and steelhead , NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-66 .
   Google Scholar
• Hankin , D. G. and Reeves , G. H. 1988 . Estimating total fish abundance and total habitat area in small streams based on visual estimation methods . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 45 : 834 – 844 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchings , J. A. and Morris , D. W. 1985 . The influence of phylogeny, size and behaviour on patterns of variation in salmonid life histories . Oikos , 45 : 118 – 124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonsson , B. 1985 . Life history patterns of freshwater resident and sea-run migrant brown trout in Norway . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 114 : 182 – 194 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonsson , B. and Jonsson , N. 1993 . Partial migration: niche shift versus sexual maturation in fishes . Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries , 3 : 348 – 365 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurenkov , S. I. 1978 . Two reproductively isolated groups of kokanee salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka kennerlyi, from Lake Kronotsky . Journal of Ichthyology , 17 : 526 – 534 .
   Google Scholar
• Leider , S. A. , Chilcote , M. W. and Loch , J. J. 1984 . Spawning characteristics of sympatric populations of steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri): evidence for partial reproductive isolation . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 41 : 1454 – 1462 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letcher , B. H. , Nislow , K. H. , Coombs , J. A. , O’Donnell , M. J. and Dubreuil , T. L. 2007 . Population response to habitat fragmentation in a stream-dwelling brook trout population . PLoS (Public Library of Science) ONE [online serial] , 2 ( 11 ) DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001139
   Google Scholar
• McMillan , J. R. , Katz , S. L. and Pess , G. R. 2007 . Observational evidence of spatial and temporal structure in a sympatric anadromous (winter steelhead) and resident rainbow trout mating system on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 136 : 736 – 748 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPhee , M. V. , Utter , F. , Stanford , J. A. , Kuzishchin , K. V. , Savvaitova , K. A. , Pavlov , D. S. and Allendorf , F. W. 2007 . Population structure and partial anadromy in Oncorhynchus mykiss from Kamchatka: relevance for conservation strategies around the Pacific Rim . Ecology of Freshwater Fish , 16 : 539 – 547 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , B. A. and Sadro , S. 2003 . Residence time and seasonal movements of juvenile coho salmon in the ecotone and lower estuary of Winchester Creek, South Slough, Oregon . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 132 : 546 – 559 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyle , P. B. 2002 . Inland fishes of California , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Narum , S. R. , Contor , C. , Talbot , A. and Powell , M. 2004 . Genetic divergence of sympatric resident and anadromous forms of Oncorhynchus mykiss in the Walla Walla River and Columbia River basin, USA . Journal of Fish Biology , 65 : 471 – 488 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neave , F. 1944 . Racial characteristics and migratory habits in Salmo gairdneri . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 6 : 245 – 251 .
   Google Scholar
• NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service) . 2005 . Endangered and threatened species: request for comments on alternative approach to delineating 10 evolutionarily significant units of west coast Oncorhynchus mykiss . Federal Register , 70 : 67130 – 67134 . 213(4 November 2005)
   Google Scholar
• Nordeng , H. 1983 . Solution to the “char problem” based on Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) in Norway . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 40 : 1372 – 1387 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen , J. B. , Wuttig , K. , Fleming , D. , Kretschmer , E. J. and Wenburg , J. K. 2006 . Evidence of partial anadromy and resident-form dispersal bias on a fine scale in populations of Oncorhynchus mykiss . Conservation Genetics , 7 : 613 – 619 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostberg , C. O. and Rodriguez , R. J. 2002 . Novel molecular markers differentiate Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout and steelhead) and the O. clarki (cutthroat trout) subspecies . Molecular Ecology Notes , 2 : 197 – 202 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peacock , M. M. and Kirchoff , V. 2004 . Assessing the conservation value of hybridized cutthroat trout populations in the Quinn River drainage, Nevada . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 133 : 309 – 325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearse , D. E. , Hayes , S. A. , Bond , M. H. , Hanson , C. V. , Anderson , E. C. , Macfarlane , R. B. and Garza , J. C. 2009 . Over the falls? Rapid evolution of ecotypic differentiation in steelhead/rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) . Journal of Heredity , 100 : 515 – 525 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettersson , J. C. E. , Hansen , M. M. and Bohlin , T. 2001 . Does dispersal from landlocked trout explain the coexistence of resident and migratory trout females in a small stream? . Journal of Fish Biology , 58 : 487 – 495 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peven , C. M. , Whitney , R. R. and Williams , K. R. 1994 . Age and length of steelhead smolts from the mid-Columbia River basin, Washington . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 14 : 77 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Power , G. 1958 . The evolution of the freshwater races of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in eastern North America . Arctic , 11 : 86 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Quinn , T. P. 2005 . The behavior and ecology of Pacific salmon and trout , Seattle : University of Washington Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ricker , S. J. 2003 . “ 2001–2002 annual report: Freshwater Creek adult steelhead run-size and life history project ” . Arcata : California Department of Fish and Game, Steelhead Monitoring and Research Program Project 1a1 .
   Google Scholar
• Ricker , S. J. 2006 . “ Results of juvenile salmonid downstream migrant trapping conducted on Freshwater Creek, 2005: scientific report prepared in partial fulfillment of California adaptive watershed improvement ” . Redding : California Department of Fish and Game, Anadromous Fisheries Resource Assessment and Monitoring Program, Northern California–North Coast Region .
   Google Scholar
• Ricker , W. E. 1938 . ‘Residual’ and kokanee salmon in Cultus Lake . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 4 : 192 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Seamons , T. R. , Bentzen , P. and Quinn , T. P. 2004 . The mating system of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) inferred by molecular analysis of parents and progeny . Environmental Biology of Fishes , 69 : 333 – 344 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapovalov , L. and Taft , A. C. 1954 . The life histories of the steelhead rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri gairdneri) and silver salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) . California Department of Fish and Game, Fish Bulletin , 98
   Google Scholar
• Thorpe , J. E. 1986 . Age at first maturity in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar: freshwater period influences and conflicts with smolting . Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 89 : 7 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Thorpe , J. E. 1987 . “ Smolting versus residency: developmental conflict in salmonids ” . In Common strategies of anadromous and catadromous fishes , Edited by: Dadswell , M. J. , Klauda , R. J. , Moffitt , C. M. , Saunders , R. L. , Rulifson , R. A. and Cooper , J. E. 244 – 252 . Bethesda , Maryland : American Fisheries Society, Symposium 1 .
   Google Scholar
• Thrower , F. P. , Guthrie , C. , Nielsen , J. and Joyce , J. E. 2004a . A comparison of genetic variation between an anadromous steelhead, Oncorhynchus mykiss, population and seven derived populations sequestered in freshwater for 70 years . Environmental Biology of Fishes , 69 : 111 – 125 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thrower , F. P. , Hard , J. J. and Joyce , J. E. 2004b . Genetic architecture of growth and early life-history transitions in anadromous and derived freshwater populations of steelhead . Journal of Fish Biology , 65 ( Supplement s1 ) : 286 – 307 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viola , A. E. and Schuck , M. L. 1995 . A method to reduce the abundance of residual hatchery steelhead in rivers . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 15 : 488 – 493 .
   Google Scholar
• Voight , H. N. , Hankin , D. G. and Loudenslager , E. J. 2008 . “ Errors in visual identifications of juvenile steelhead, coastal cutthroat trout, and their hybrids ” . In The 2005 coastal cutthroat trout symposium: status, management, biology, and conservation , Edited by: Connolly , P. J. , Williams , T. H. and Gresswell , R. E. 92 – 93 . Oregon Chapter , Portland : American Fisheries Society .
   Google Scholar
• Wallace , M. 2003 . “ Juvenile salmonid use of freshwater slough and tidal portion of Freshwater Creek, Humboldt Bay, California ” . Redding : California Department of Fish and Game, Natural Stocks Assessment Project, Annual Report, Northern California–North Coast Region .
   Google Scholar
• Wells , B. K. , Rieman , B. E. , Clayton , J. L. , Horan , D. L. and Jones , C. M. 2003 . Relationships between water, otolith, scale chemistries of westslope cutthroat trout from the Coeur d’Alene River, Idaho: the potential application of hard-part chemistry to describe movements in freshwater . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 132 : 409 – 424 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , I. , Reeves , G. H. , Graziano , S. L. and Nielsen , J. L. 2007 . Genetic investigation of natural hybridization between rainbow and coastal cutthroat trout in the Cooper River delta, Alaska . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 136 : 926 – 942 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winans , G. A. and Nishioka , R. S. 1987 . A multivariate description of change in body shape of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) during smoltification . Aquaculture , 66 : 235 – 245 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young , W. P. , Ostberg , C. O. , Keim , P. and Thorgaard , G. H. 2001 . Genetic characterization of hybridization and introgression between anadromous rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus) and coastal cutthroat trout (O. clarki clarki) . Molecular Ecology , 10 : 921 – 930 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman , C. E. , Edwards , G. W. and Perry , K. 2009 . Maternal origin and migratory history of steelhead and rainbow trout captured in rivers of the Central Valley, California . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 138 : 280 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman , C. E. and Reeves , G. H. 2000 . Population structure of sympatric anadromous and nonanadromous Oncorhynchus mykiss: evidence from spawning surveys and otolith microchemistry . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 57 : 2152 – 2162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman , C. E. and Reeves , G. H. 2002 . Identification of steelhead and resident rainbow trout progeny in the Deschutes River, Oregon, revealed with otolith microchemistry . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 131 : 986 – 993 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar