REFERENCES
- Albert , J. S. and Johnson , D. M. 2012 . Diversity and evolution of body size in fishes . Evolutionary Biology , 39 : 324 – 340 .
- Beamesderfer , R. C. P. , Ward , D. L. and Nigro , A. A. 1996 . Evaluation of the biological basis for a predator control program on Northern Squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) in the Columbia and Snake rivers . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 53 : 2898 – 2908 .
- Bjornn , T. C. and Reiser , D. W. 1991 . “ Habitat requirements of salmonids in streams ” . In Influences of forest and rangeland management on salmonid fishes and their habitats , Edited by: Meehan , W. R. 83 – 138 . Bethesda , Maryland : American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 19 .
- Brooks , E. N. and Powers , J. E. 2007 . Generalized compensation in stock–recruit functions: properties and implications for management . ICES Journal of Marine Science , 64 : 413 – 424 .
- Burke , B. J. , Peterson , W. T. , Beckman , B. R. , Morgan , C. , Daly , E. A. and Litz , M. 2013 . Multivariate models of adult Pacific salmon returns . PLoS (Public Library of Science) ONE , 8 ( 1 ) : e54134 [online serial] doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054134
- Burnham , K. P. and Anderson , D. R. 2002 . Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach, , 2nd edition , New York : Springer-Verlag .
- CBR (Columbia Basin Research) . 2012 . Columbia River DART (data access in real time) , Seattle : CBR, University of Washington . Available: www.cbr.washington.edu/dart/dart.html. (June 2012)
- Chandler , G. L. and Bjornn , T. C. 1988 . Abundance, growth, and interactions of juvenile steelhead relative to time of emergence . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 117 : 432 – 443 .
- Chapman , D. W. 1962 . Aggressive behavior in juvenile Coho Salmon as a cause of emigration . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 19 : 1047 – 1080 .
- Collis , K. , Beaty , R. E. and Crain , B. R. 1995 . Changes in catch rate and diet of Northern Squawfish associated with the release of hatchery-reared juvenile salmonids in a Columbia River reservoir . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 15 : 346 – 357 .
- Connor , W. P. , Burge , H. L. , Waitt , R. and Bjornn , T. C. 2002 . Juvenile life history of wild fall Chinook Salmon in the Snake and Clearwater rivers . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 22 : 703 – 712 .
- Connor , W. P. , Burge , H. L. , Yearsley , J. R. and Bjornn , T. C. 2003a . Influence of flow and temperature on survival of wild subyearling fall Chinook Salmon in the Snake River . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 23 : 362 – 375 .
- Connor , W. P. , Smith , S. G. , Andersen , T. , Bradbury , S. M. , Burum , D. C. , Hockersmith , E. E. , Schuck , M. L. , Mendel , G. W. and Bugert , R. M. 2004 . Postrelease performance of hatchery yearling and subyearling fall Chinook Salmon released into the Snake River . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 24 : 545 – 560 .
- Connor , W. P. , Steinhorst , R. K. and Burge , H. L. 2003b . Migrational behavior and seaward movement of wild subyearling fall Chinook Salmon in the Snake River . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 23 : 414 – 430 .
- Connor , W. P. and Tiffan , K. F. 2012 . Evidence for parr growth as a factor affecting parr-to-smolt survival . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 141 : 1207 – 1218 .
- Downing , S. L. , Prentice , E. F. , Frazier , R. W. , Simonson , J. E. and Nunnallee , E. P. 2001 . Technology developed for diverting passive integrated transponder (PIT) tagged fish at hydroelectric dams in the Columbia River basin . Aquacultural Engineering , 25 : 149 – 164 .
- Efron , B. and Tibshirani , R. J. 1998 . An introduction to the bootstrap , Boca Raton , Florida : CRC Press .
- Fausch , K. D. 1984 . Profitable stream positions for salmonids: relating specific growth rate to net energy gain . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 62 : 441 – 451 .
- FPC (Fish Passage Center) . 2012 . “ Information on matters related to juvenile and adult salmon and steelhead passage through the mainstem hydrosystem in the Columbia River basin ” . Portland , Oregon : FPC . Available: www.fpc.org. (June 2012)
- Grant , J. W. A. and Imre , I. 2005 . Patterns of density-dependent growth in juvenile stream-dwelling salmonids . Journal of Fish Biology , 67 ( Supplement B ) : 100 – 110 .
- Grant , J. W. A. and Kramer , D. L. 1990 . Territory size as a predictor of the upper limit to population density of juvenile salmonids in streams . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 47 : 1724 – 1737 .
- Groves , P. A. and Chandler , J. A. 1999 . Spawning habitat used by fall Chinook Salmon in the Snake River . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 19 : 912 – 922 .
- Groves , P. A. , Chandler , J. A. , Alcorn , B. , Richter , T. J. , Connor , W. P. , Garcia , A. P. and Bradbury , S. M. 2013 . Evaluating salmon spawning habitat capacity using redd survey data . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 33 : 707 – 716 .
- Hansen , L. P. and Jonsson , B. 1985 . Downstream migration of hatchery-reared smolts of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the River Imsa, Norway . Aquaculture , 45 : 237 – 248 .
- Hillman , T. W. and Mullan , J. W. 1989 . “ Effect of hatchery releases on the abundance and behavior of wild juvenile salmonids ” . In Summer and winter ecology of juvenile Chinook Salmon and steelhead trout in the Wenatchee River, Washington , Edited by: Chapman , Don Consultantsr . 265 – 285 . Boise , Idaho : Don Chapman Consultants .
- Hoar , W. S. 1958 . The evolution of migratory behaviour among juvenile salmon of the genus Oncorhynchus . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 15 : 391 – 428 .
- Kaya , C. M. , Kaeding , L. R. and Burkhalter , D. E. 1977 . Use of a cold-water refuge by Rainbow and Brown trout in a geothermally heated stream . Progressive Fish-Culturist , 39 : 37 – 39 .
- Keeley , E. R. 2001 . Demographic responses to food and space competition by juvenile steelhead trout . Ecology , 82 : 1247 – 1259 .
- Keenleyside , M. H. A. 1955 . Some aspects of the schooling behaviour of fish . Behaviour , 8 : 183 – 248 .
- Littell , R. C. , Milliken , G. A. , Stroup , W. W. and Wolfinger , R. D. 1996 . SAS system for mixed models , Cary , North Carolina : SAS Institute .
- Mains , E. M. and Smith , J. M. 1964 . The distribution, size, time, and current preferences of seaward migrant Chinook Salmon in the Columbia and Snake rivers . Washington Department of Fisheries, Fisheries Research Papers , 2 ( 3 ) : 5 – 43 .
- Marsh , D. M. , Matthews , G. M. , Achord , S. , Ruehle , T. E. and Sandford , B. P. 1999 . Diversion of salmonid smolts tagged with passive integrated transponders from an untagged population passing through a juvenile collection system . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 19 : 1142 – 1146 .
- Martinelli , T. L. and Shively , R. S. 1997 . Seasonal distribution, movements, and habitat associations of Northern Squawfish in two lower Columbia River reservoirs . Regulated Rivers: Research and Management , 13 : 543 – 556 .
- McCormick , S. D. , Hansen , L. P. , Quinn , T. P. and Saunders , R. L. 1998 . Movement, migration, and smolting of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 55 ( Supplement 1 ) : 77 – 92 .
- Moussalli , E. and Hilborn , R. 1986 . Optimal stock size and harvest rate in multistage life history models . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 43 : 135 – 141 .
- Moya-Laraño , J. and Corcobado , G. 2008 . Plotting partial correlation and regression in ecological studies . Web Ecology , 8 : 35 – 46 .
- Naughton , G. P. , Bennett , D. H. and Newman , K. B. 2004 . Predation on juvenile salmonids by Smallmouth Bass in the Lower Granite Reservoir system, Snake River . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 24 : 534 – 544 .
- Nielsen , J. L. , Lisle , T. E. and Ozaki , V. 1994 . Thermally stratified pools and their use by steelhead in northern California streams . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 123 : 613 – 626 .
- NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service) . 1992 . Threatened status for Snake River spring/summer Chinook Salmon, threatened status for Snake River fall Chinook Salmon . Federal Register , 57 : 14653 – 14663 . 78(22 April 1992)
- Oliveira , R. F. 2012 . Social plasticity in fish: integrating mechanisms and function . Journal of Fish Biology , 81 : 2127 – 2150 .
- Peters , C. N. , Marmorek , D. R. and Deriso , R. B. 2001 . Application of decision analysis to evaluate recovery actions for threatened Snake River fall Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 58 : 2447 – 2458 .
- Petersen , J. H. 2001 . Density, aggregation, and body size of Northern Pikeminnow preying on juvenile salmonids in a large river . Journal of Fish Biology , 58 : 1137 – 1148 .
- Plumb , J. M. , Connor , W. P. , Tiffan , K. F. , Moffitt , C. M. , Perry , R. W. and Adams , N. S. 2012 . Estimating and predicting collection probability of fish at dams using multistate modeling . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 141 : 1364 – 1373 .
- Prentice , E. F. , Flagg , T. A. and McCutcheon , C. S. 1990a . “ Feasibility of using implantable passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags in salmonids ” . In Fish-marking techniques , Edited by: Parker , N. C. , Giorgi , A. E. , Heidinger , R. C. , Jester , D. B. Jr. , Prince , E. D. and Winans , G. A. 317 – 322 . Bethesda , Maryland : American Fisheries Society, Symposium 7 .
- Prentice , E. F. , Flagg , T. A. , McCutcheon , C. S. and Brastow , D. F. 1990b . “ PIT-tag monitoring systems for hydroelectric dams and fish hatcheries ” . In Fish-marking techniques , Edited by: Parker , N. C. , Giorgi , A. E. , Heidinger , R. C. , Jester , D. B. Jr. , Prince , E. D. and Winans , G. A. 323 – 334 . Bethesda , Maryland : American Fisheries Society, Symposium 7 .
- PTAGIS (Columbia Basin PIT Tag Information System) . 2012 . PTAGIS , Portland , Oregon : Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission . Available: www.ptagis.org. (June 2012)
- PTOC (PIT Tag Interrogation Site Operations and Maintenance) . 2012 . PTOC , Portland , Oregon : Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission . Available: www.ptoccentral.org. (January 2012)
- Quinn , T. P. , Hodgson , S. , Flynn , L. , Hilborn , R. and Rogers , D. E. 2007 . Directional selection by fisheries and the timing of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) migrations . Ecological Applications , 17 : 731 – 739 .
- Rainey , S. R. , Reese , L. A. and Wik , T. O. 2006 . Removable spillway weir development for fish passage, power, and water quality benefits . Hydro Review , 25 : 118 – 124 .
- Reimers , P. E. 1968 . Social behavior among juvenile fall Chinook Salmon . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 25 : 2005 – 2008 .
- Reimers , P. E. 1973 . The length of residence of juvenile fall Chinook Salmon in Sixes River, Oregon . Oregon Fish Commission Research Report , 4 : 3 – 43 .
- Rosenfeld , J. S. and Boss , S. 2001 . Fitness consequences of habitat use for juvenile Cutthroat Trout: energetic costs and benefits in pools and riffles . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 58 : 585 – 593 .
- SAS (Statistical Analysis Systems) . 2012 . SAS/STAT® 9.2 user's guide, , 2nd edition , Cary , North Carolina : SAS Institute . Available: support.sas.com. (June 2012)
- Sharma , R. , Vélez-Espino , L. A. , Wertheimer , A. C. , Mantua , N. and Francis , R. C. 2013 . Relating spatial and temporal scales of climate and ocean variability to survival of Pacific Northwest Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) . Fisheries Oceanography , 22 : 14 – 31 .
- Smith , S. G. , Muir , W. D. , Hockersmith , E. E. , Zabel , R. W. , Graves , R. J. , Ross , C. V. , Connor , W. P. and Arnsberg , B. D. 2003 . Influence of river conditions on survival and travel time of Snake River subyearling fall Chinook Salmon . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 23 : 939 – 961 .
- Stein , R. A. , Reimers , P. E. and Hall , J. D. 1972 . Social interaction between juvenile Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and fall Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) in Sixes River, Oregon . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 29 : 1737 – 1748 .
- Swan , G. A. , Monk , B. H. , Williams , J. G. and Sandford , B. P. 1990 . Fish guidance efficiency of submersible traveling screens at Lower Granite Dam, 1989 . Report to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle
- Thorpe , J. E. , Adams , C. E. , Miles , M. S. and Keay , D. S. 1989 . Some influences of photoperiod and temperature on opportunity for growth in juvenile Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar L . Aquaculture , 82 : 119 – 126 .
- Tiffan , K. F. and Connor , W. P. 2011 . Distinguishing between natural and hatchery Snake River fall Chinook Salmon subyearlings in the field using body morphology . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 140 : 21 – 30 .
- Tiffan , K. F. , Garland , R. D. and Rondorf , D. W. 2002 . Quantifying flow-dependent changes in subyearling fall Chinook Salmon rearing habitat using two-dimensional spatially explicit modeling . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 22 : 713 – 726 .
- Tiffan , K. F. , Kock , T. J. , Connor , W. P. , Steinhorst , R. K. and Rondorf , D. W. 2009a . Behavioural thermoregulation by subyearling fall (autumn) Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in a reservoir . Journal of Fish Biology , 74 : 1562 – 1579 .
- Tiffan , K. F. , Kock , T. J. , Haskell , C. A. , Connor , W. P. and Steinhorst , R. K. 2009b . Water velocity, turbulence, and migration rate of subyearling fall Chinook Salmon in the free-flowing and impounded Snake River . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 138 : 373 – 384 .
- Tiffan , K. F. , Kock , T. J. and Skalicky , J. J. 2010 . Diel behavior of rearing fall Chinook Salmon . Northwestern Naturalist , 91 : 342 – 345 .
- Venter , O. , Grant , J. W. A. , Noël , M. V. and Kim , J. W. 2008 . Mechanisms underlying the increase in young-of-the-year Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) density with habitat complexity . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 65 : 1956 – 1964 .
- Vigg , S. , Poe , T. P. , Prendergast , L. A. and Hansel , H. C. 1991 . Rates of consumption of juvenile salmonids and alternative prey fish by Northern Squawfish, Walleyes, Smallmouth Bass, and Channel Catfish in John Day Reservoir, Columbia River . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 120 : 421 – 438 .
- Weber , E. D. and Fausch , K. D. 2003 . Interactions between hatchery and wild salmonids in streams: differences in biology and evidence for competition . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 60 : 1018 – 1036 .
- Zabel , R. W. , Scheuerell , M. D. , McClure , M. M. and Williams , J. G. 2006 . The interplay between climate variability and density dependence in the population viability of Chinook Salmon . Conservation Biology , 20 : 190 – 200 .