- Those emphasizing an increased focus on the interactional processes of arguing include Wayne Brockriede, “Where is Argument?” Journal of the American Forensic Association, 9 (Spring 1975), 179–182; Brockriede, “Characteristics of Argument and Arguing,” Journal of the American Forensic Association, 13 (Winter 1977), 129–132; Brant R. Burleson, “On the Foundations of Rationality: Toulmin, Habermas, and the A Priori of Reason,” Journal of the American Forensic Association, 16 (Fall 1979), 112–127; Sally Jackson and Scott Jacobs, “Adjaceny Pairs and the Sequential Description of Arguments,” paper presented at the annual convention of the Speech Communication Association, 1977; Scott Jacobs and Sally Jackson, “Collaborative Aspects of Argument Production,” paper presented at the annual convention of the Speech Communication Association, 1979; Daniel J. O'Keefe, “Two Concepts of Argument,” Journal of the American Forensic Association, 13 (Winter 1977), 121–128; and Joseph W. Wenzel, “Jürgen Habermas and the Dialectical Perspective on Argumentation,” Journal of the American Forensic Association, 16 (Fall 1979), 83–94. Other theorists have suggested considerable more detailed analyses of the cognitive processes employed in generating and evaluating argument structures; for example, see Jesse G. Delia, “The Logic Fallacy, Cognitive Theory, and the Enthymeme: A Search for the Foundations of Reasoned Discourse,” Quarterly Journal of Speech, 56 (1970), 140–148; Dale Hample, “Testing a Model of Value Argument and Evidence,” Communication Monographs, 44 (1977), 106–120; Hample, “Predicting Immediate Belief Change and Adherence to Argument Claims,” Communication Monographs, 45 (1978), 219–228; and Hample, “Predicting Belief and Belief Using a Cognitive Theory of Argument and Evidence,” Communication Monographs, 46, (1979), 142–146.
- Charles A. Willard, “On the Utility of Descriptive Diagrams for the Analysis and Criticism of Arguments,” Communication Monographs, 43, (1976), 308–319; “A Reformulation of the Concept of Argument: The Constructivist/Inter-actionist Foundations of a Sociology of Argument,” Journal of the American Forensic Association, 14 (Winter 1978), 121–140; “Argument as Non-Discursive Symbolism,” Journal of the American Forensic Association, 14 (Spring 1978), 187–193; “The Epistemic Functions of Argument: Reasoning and Decision-Making from a Constructivist/Interactionist Point of View,” Journal of the American Forensic Association, 15 (Winter 1979), 169–191, and 15 (Spring 1979), 211–219; and “Propositional Argument is to Argument What Talking about Passion is to Passion,” Journal of the American Forensic Association, 16 (Summer 1979), 21–28.
- Willard's position is critically examined in Brant R. Burleson, “On the Analysis and Criticism of Arguments: Some Theoretical and Methodological Considerations,” Journal of the American Forensic Association, 15 (Winter 1979), 137–147; Burleson, “The Place of Non-Discursive Symbolism, Formal Characterizations and Herme- neutics in Argument Analysis and Criticism,” Journal of the American Forensic Association, 16 (Spring 1980), 222–231; Charles W. Kneupper, “On Argument and Diagrams,” Journal of the American Forensic Association, 14 (Spring 1978), 181–186; and Kneupper, “Paradigms and Problems; Alternative Constructivist/Interactionist Implications for Argumentation Theory,” Journal of the American Forensic Association, 15 (Spring 1979), 220–227.
- The distinction between “making an argument” or producing a type of utterance structure and “having an argument” or engaging in a specific form of interaction is made by O'Keefe.
- For general reviews of the literature on reasoning research, see Paul N. Johnson-Laird and Percy C. Wason, Thinking: Readings in Cognitive Science (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1977); and Percy C. Wason and Paul N. Johnson-Laird, Psychology of Reasoning. Structure and Content (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, (1972).
- Representative studies include Loren J. Chapman and Jean P. Chapman, “The Atmosphere Effect Re-examined,” Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58 (1959), 220–226; Vernon E. Cronen and Nancy Mihevc,“The Evaluation of Deductive Argument: A Process Analysis,” Speech Monographs, 39 (1972), 124–131; Mary Henle, “On the Relation Between Logic and Thinking,” Psychological Review, 69 (1962), 366–378; and William J. Morgan and Antonia B. Morgan, “Logical Reasoning: With and Without Training,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 37(1953), 399–401. This specific literature has been reviewed by Gerald R. Miller, “Some Factors Influencing Judgments of the Logical Validity of Arguments: A Research Review,” Quarterly Journal of Speech, 55 (1969), 276–286; and more recently by Dale Hample, “A Review of Empirical Literature on Logical Processes,” paper presented at the annual convention of the Speech Communication, 1979.
- A cogent summary of Piaget's work is presented in Jean Piaget, “Piaget's Theory,” in Carmichael's Manual of Child. Psychology, vol. 1, ed. Paul H. Müssen (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970). Also, see Herbert Ginsburg and Sylvia Opper, Piaget's Theory of Intellectual Development, 2nd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1979), esp. chp. 1.
- Studies supporting this conclusion are reviewed in Lawrence W. Kurdek, “Perspective Taking as the Cognitive Basis of Children's Moral Development: A Review of the Literature,” Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 24 (1978), 3–28; and Carolyn U. Shantz, “The Development of Social Cognition,” in Review of Child Development Research, vol. 5, ed. E. Mavis Heatherington (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975).
- Lawrence Kohlberg, “Stage and Sequence: The Cognitive-Developmental Approach to Socialization,” in Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research, ed. David A. Goslin (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1969); Elliot Turiel, “Distinct Conceptual and Developmental Domains: Social Convention and Morality,” in Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1977: Social Cognitive Development, ed. Charles B. Keasey (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 1978); and Nancy Eisenberg-Berg, “Development of Children's Prosocial Moral Judgment,” Developmental Psychology, 15 (1979), 128–137.
- William Damon, The Social World of the Child (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1977), chp. 3; and Pierre Moessinger, “Developmental Study of Fair Division and Property,” European Journal of Social Psychology, 5 (1975), 385–394.
- Robert L. Selman, “Toward a Structural Analysis of Developing Interpersonal Relations Concepts: Research with Normal and Disturbed Preadolescent Boys,” in Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology, vol. 10, ed. Anne D. Pick (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1976); and Clara P. Baldwin and Alfred L. Baldwin, “Children's Judgments of Kindness,” Child Development, 41 (1970), 29–47.
- This finding has been replicated by researchers representing a wide variety of research traditions; for example, see Jesse G. Delia. Biant R. Burleson, and Susan L. Kline, “Developmental Changes in Children's and Adolescents' Interpersonal Impressions,” Journal of Genetic Psychology, in press; W. J. Livesley and D. B. Bromley, Person Perception in Childhood and Adolescence (London: Wiley, 1973); Barbara H. Peevers and Paul N. Secord, “Developmental Change in Attribution of Descriptive Concepts to Persons,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27 (1973), 120–128; and Helaine H. Scarlett, Alan N. Press, and Walter H. Crockett, “Children's Descriptions of Peers: A Wernerian Developmental Analysis,” Child Development, 42 (1971), 439–453. Also, see many of the references cited in Delia, Burleson, and Kline.
- James L. Applegate, “Four Investigations of the Relationship Between Social Cognitive Development and Person-Centered Regulative and Interpersonal Communication.” unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois, 1978. Also, see James L. Applegate and Jesse G. Delia, “Person-Centered Speech, Psychological Development, and the Contexts of Language Usage.” in The Social and Psychological Contexts of Language, ed. Robert St. Clair and Howard Giles (Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1980 in press.
- H Barbara J. O'Keefe and Jesse G. Delia, “Construct Comprehensiveness and Cognitive Complexity as Predictors of the Number and Strategic Adaptation of Arguments and Appeals in a Persuasive Message,” Communication Monographs, 46 (1979), 231–240.
- For example, see Alan N. Press, Walter H. Crockett, and Jesse G. Delia, “Effects of Cognitive Complexity and Perceiver's Set Upon the Organization of Impressions,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32 (1975), 865–872; and Delia, Burleson, and Kline.
- See Delia, Burleson, and Kline and Scarlett, Press and Crockett.
- See Applegatc, “Four Investigations”; and O'Keefe and Delia.
- The development of more complex and abstract systems of interpersonal constructs during adolescence is documented by Delia, Burleson, and Kline. Two recently published studies report important advances in listener adapted communication skills during the adolescent period; see Jesse G. Delia, Susan L. Kline, and Brant R. Burleson, “The Development of Persuasive Communication Strategies in Kinder- gartners through Twelfth-Graders,” Communication Monographs, 46 (1979), 241–256; and Ellen M. Ritter, “Social Perspective Taking Ability, Cognitive Complexity, and Listener Adapted Communication in Adolescence,” Communication Monographs, 46 (1979), 40–51. Evidence suggesting an increase in the proclivity to behave “prosocially” or altruistically during adolescence is reported in Francis P. Green and Frank W. Schnieder, “Age Differences in the Behavior of Boys on Three Measures of Altruism,” Child Development, 45 (1974), 248–251.
- See Walter H. Crockett, “Cognitive Complexity and Impression Formation,” in Progress in Experimental Personality Research, vol. 2. ed. Brendan A. Maher (New York: Academic Press. 1965); Brian R. Little, “Factors Affecting the Use of Psychological versus Non-Psychological Constructs on the Rep Test,” Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 21 (1968), 34; and Delia, Burleson, and Kline.
- Sec Kohlberg.
- David J. Bearison, “Intraindividual Variation in the Coordination of Social Perspectives,” Social Behavior and Personality, 4 (1976), 309–314.
- James L. Applegate, “Person-and Position- Centered Teacher Communication in a Day Care Center,” in Studies in Symbolic Interaction, vol. 3, ed. Norman K. Denzin (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, in press).
The Journal of the American Forensic Association
Volume 17, 1980 - Issue 2