The Argument from Definition Revisited: Race and Definition in the Progressive Era

References

• Bahm, K. (1991). The pragmatics of intrinsic justification: A response to Hill and Leeman. Argumentation and Advocacy , 27, 171–178.
   Google Scholar
• Bahm, K. T. (1993). The impractical characterization of intrinsic justification: A rebuttal. Argumentation and Advocacy , 30, 43–49.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, R. S. (1964). Following the color line: American Negro citizenship in the progressive era. New York: Harper Torchbooks. (Original work published 1908)
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein, R.J. (1983). Beyond objectivism and relativism: Science, hermeneutics, and praxis. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Booth, W. C. (1961). The rhetoric of fiction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burke, K. (1957). The philosophy of literary form: Studies in symbolic action (rev. ed.). New York: Vintage.
   Google Scholar
• Burke, K. (1969). A rhetoric of motives. Berkeley: University of California Press. (Original work published 1950)
   Google Scholar
• Cargile, J. (1991). Real and nominal definitions. In J. H. Fetzer , D. Shatz , & G. Schlesinger (Eds.), Definitions and definability: Philosophical perspectives (pp. 21–50). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Carroll, R. A. (1971). Black racial spirit: An analysis of James Weldon Johnson's critical perspective. Phyton , 32, 344–364.
   Google Scholar
• Charland, M. (1987). Constitutive rhetoric: The case of the Peuple Quebecois. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 73, 133–150.
   Google Scholar
• Condit, C. M. , & Lucaites, J. L. (1993). Crafting equality: America's Anglo-African word. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, R. A. (1968). Fire from the flint: The amazing careers of Thomas Dixon. Winston-Salem, NC: Blair.
   Google Scholar
• Cox, J. R. (1981). Argument and the “definition of the situation.” Central States Speech Journal , 32, 197–205.
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, C. (1997). Resisting whiteness' rhetorical silence. Western Journal of Communication , 61, 253–278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon, T., Jr. (1902). The leopard's spots: A romance of the white man's burden, 1865-1900. New York: Grosset & Dunlap.
   Google Scholar
• Dixon, T., Jr. (1905). The clansman: An historical romance of the Ku Klux Klan. New York: Grossett & Dunlap.
   Google Scholar
• Dixon, T. (1912). The sins of the father: A romance of the South. New York: Appleton.
   Google Scholar
• Dixon, T., Jr. (1939). The flaming sword Atlanta: Monarch.
   Google Scholar
• Ehninger, D. , & Brockriede, W. (1963). Decision by debate. New York: Dodd, Mead.
   Google Scholar
• Faulkner, H. (1985). James Weldon Johnson's portrait of the artist as invisible man. Black American Literature Forum , 19, 147–151.
   Google Scholar
• Fleming, R. E. (1971). Irony as a key to Johnson's The Autobiography of an Ex-Coloured Man. American Literature, 43, 83–96.
   Google Scholar
• Frankenberg, R. (1993). White women, race matters: The social construction of whiteness. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Frye, N. (1967). Anatomy of criticism: Four essays. New York: Atheneum. (Original work published 1957)
   Google Scholar
• Gilroy, P. (1993). The black Atlantic: Modernity and double consciousness. London: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Goellnicht. D. C. (1996). Passing as autobiography: James Weldon Johnson's The Autobiography of an Ex-Coloured Man. African American Review, 30, 17–33.
   Google Scholar
• Goodwin, D. (1991). Distinction, argumentation, and the rhetorical construction of the real. Argumentation and Advocacy, 27, 141–158.
   Google Scholar
• Griggs, S. E. (1969). The hindered hand: Or, The reign of the repressionist. Miami, FL: Mnemosyne. (Original work published 1905)
   Google Scholar
• Hikins, J. W. (1990). Realism and its implications for rhetorical theory. In R. A. Cherwitz {Ed.), Rhetoric and philosophy (pp. 21–77). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Japtok, M. (1996). Between “race” as construct and “race” as essence: The Autobiography of an Ex-Coloured Man. Southern Literary Journal, 28(2), 32–47.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, J. W. (1960). The autobiography of an ex-coloured man. New York: Hill and Wang. (Original work published 1912)
   Google Scholar
• Kinney, J. (1982). The rhetoric of racism: Thomas Dixon and the “damned black beast.” American Literary Realism , 1870–1910, 15, 145–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinney, J. (1985). Amalgamation!: Race, sex, and rhetoric in the nineteenth-century American novel. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
   Google Scholar
• Levy, E. (1973 ). James WeldonJohnson: Black leader, black voice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, J. B. (1990). Film out of theatre: D. W. Griffith, Birth of a Nation and the melodrama The Clansman. Literature/Film Quarterly , 18, 87–95.
   Google Scholar
• McGee, B. R. (1996). Klannishness and the Ku Klux Klan: The rhetoric and ethics of genre theory. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, K. (1908). Race adjustment: Essays on the Negro in America. New York: Neale.
   Google Scholar
• Nakayama, T. K. , & Krizek, R. L. (1995). Whiteness: A strategic rhetoric. Quarterly Journal of Speech , 81, 291–309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newby, I. A. (1965) Jim Crow's defense: Anti-Negro thought in America , 1900–1930. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Perelm an, C. , & Olbrechts-Tyteca, L. (1969). The new rhetoric: A treatise on argumentation (J. Wilkinson & P. Weaver, Trans.). Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. (Original work published 1958)
   Google Scholar
• Perry, M. G. (1994). Reinventing the nation: Anglo-Saxon romantic racial nationalism from Dixon to James. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California-Santa Cruz.
   Google Scholar
• Roediger, D. R. (1991). The wages of whiteness: Race and the making of the American working class. London: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Rorty, R. (1979). Philosophy and the mirror of nature. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schiappa, E. (1985). Dissociation in the arguments of rhetorical theory. Journal of the American Forensic Association , 22, 72–82.
   Google Scholar
• Schiappa, E. (1993). Arguing about definitions. Argumentation , 7, 403–417.
   Google Scholar
• Schiappa, E. (1996). Towards a pragmatic approach to definition: “Wetlands” and the politics of meaning. In A. Light & E. Katz (Eds.), Environmental pragmatism (pp. 209–230). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Schrag, C. O. (1985). Rhetoric resituated at the end of philosophy. Quarterly Journal of Speech , 71, 164–174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, R. L. (1967). On viewing rhetoric as epistemic. Central States Speech Journal , 18,9–17.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, R. L. (1976). On viewing rhetoric as epistemic: Ten years later. Central States Speech Journal , 27, 258–266.
   Google Scholar
• Shepard, D. W. (1973). Stipulated definitions and elementary logic. Central States Speech Journal , 24, 131–136.
   Google Scholar
• Skerrett, J. T., Jr. (1980). Irony and symbolic action in James Weldon Johnson's The Autobiography of an Ex-Coloured man. American Quarterly, 32, 540–558.
   Google Scholar
• Sumner, W. G. (1995). The forgotten man. In R. F. Reid (Ed), American rhetorical discourse (pp. 606–620). Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland. (Original essay published 1883)
   Google Scholar
• Vatz, R. E. (1973). The myth of the rhetorical situation. Philosophy & Rhetoric , 6, 154–161.
   Google Scholar
• Vauthier, S. (1973). The interplay of narrative modes in James Weldon Johnson's The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored [sic] Man. Jahrbuch f&uumlr Amerikastudien, 18, 173–181.
   Google Scholar
• Wade, W. C. (1987). The fiery cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America. New York: Touchstone-Simon & Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Wander, P. C. (1971). Salvation through separation: The image of the Negro in the American Colonization Society. Quarterly Journal of Speech , 57, 57–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren, K. W. (1993). Black and white strangers: Race and American literary realism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weaver, R. M. (1970). Language is sermonic: Richard M. Weaver on the nature of rhetoric ( R. L. Johannesen , R. Strickland , & R. T. Eubanks , Eds.). Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weaver, R. M. (1985). The ethics of rhetoric. Davis, CA: Hermagoras. (Original work published 1953)
   Google Scholar
• Whinery, C. C. (1905). The clansman. Current Literature , 38, 153–160.
   Google Scholar
• White, J. E. (1908). Prohibition: The new task and opportunity of the South. South Atlantic Quarterly , 7, 130–142.
   Google Scholar
• Williamson, J. (1984). The crucible of race: Black-white relations in the American South since emancipation. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Woodward, C. V. (1974). The strange career of Jim Crow (3rd, rev. ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zarefsky, D. (1998). Definitions. In J. F. Klumpp (Ed.), Argument in a time of change: Definitions, frameworks, and critiques (pp. 1–11). Annandale, VA: National Communication Association.
   Google Scholar
• Zarefsky, D. , Miller-Tutzauer, C. , & Tutzauer, F. E. (1984). Reagan's safety net for the truly needy: The rhetorical uses of definition. Central States Speech Journal , 35, 113–119.
   Google Scholar