ECEM (Eye Closure Eye Movements): Integrating Aspects of EMDR with Hypnosis for Treatment of Trauma

References

• Alman , B. M. and Carney , R. E. 1980 . Consequences of direct and indirect suggestions on success of posthypnotic behavior . American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis , 22 ( 2 ) : 112 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual , 4th ed. , Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Association .
   Google Scholar
• Barber , J. 1980 . Hypnosis and the unhypnotizable . American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis , 23 ( 1 ) : 4 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bramwell , J. M. 1906 . Hypnotism , London : Alexander Moring, Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Braun , B. G. 1986 . “ Issues in the psychotherapy of multiple personality disorder ” . In Treatment of multiple personality disorder , Edited by: Braun , Bennet . Washington, D. C. : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , D. , Scheflin , A. and Hammond , D. C. 1998 . Memory, trauma, treatment and the law , New York : W. W. Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Carlson , E. M. and Putnam , F. M. 1986 . Dissociative experience scale (DES) . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 174 ( 12 )
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford , H. J. , Gur , R. C. , Sskolnick , B. , Gur , E. R. and Benson , D. M. 1993 . Effects of hypnosis on regional cerebral blood flow during ischemic pain with and without suggested hypnotic analgesia . International Journal of Psychophysiology , 15 : 181 – 195 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford , H. J. 1994 . Brain Dynamics and Hypnosis . International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis , : 204 – 232 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford , H. J. 2000 . “ Neurophysiology of hynosis: Towards an understanding of how hypnotic interventions work ” . In Advances in clinical hypnosis , Edited by: Burrows , G. D. , Stanley , R. O. and Bloom , P. B. New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• De Bellis , M. D. , Chrousos , G. P. Dom , L. D. 1993 . Hypothalamic-pitutitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in sexually abused girls . Journal of Clinical Endocrinological Metabolism , 78 : 249 – 255 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dement , W. C. 1999 . The promise of sleep , New York : Delacort Press, Random House, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• De Pascalis , V. and Perrone , M. 1996 . EEG asymmetry and heart rate during experience of hypnotic analgesia in high and low hypnotizables . International Journal of Psychophysiology , : 163 – 75 . (abstract)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdelyi , M. H. 1990 . “ Repression, reconstruction and defense: History and integration of the psychoanalytic and experimental frameworks ” . In Repression and dissociation , Edited by: Singer , J. L. 1 – 31 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Erickson , M. H. and Rossi , E. L. 1979 . Hypnotherapy: An exploratory casebook , New York : Irvington .
   Google Scholar
• Erickson , M. H. 1980a . “ Hypnotism ” . In The collected works of Milton H. Erickson , Edited by: Rossi , R. L. Vol. I , 21 – 25 . New York : Irvington .
   Google Scholar
• Erickson , M. H. 1980b . “ Autohypnotic experiences of Milton H. Erickson ” . In The collected works of Milton H. Erickson , Edited by: Rossi , E. L. Vol. II , 109 – 134 . New York : Irvington .
   Google Scholar
• Erickson , M. H. 1980c . “ Hypnotic approaches to therapy ” . In The collected works of Milton H. Erickson , Edited by: Rossi , E. L. Vol. IV , 21 New York : Irvington . (crystal gazing) 76–96 personality protection
   Google Scholar
• Erickson , M. H. 1986 . Mind body communication , Vol. 3 , 151 – 154 . New York : Irvington .
   Google Scholar
• Erickson , M. H. and Rossi , E. L. 1989 . The February man , New York : Brunner Mazel .
   Google Scholar
• Fine , C. G. 1991 . Treatment stabilization and crisis prevention: Pacing the therapy of the multiple personality disorder patient . Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 14 ( 3 ) : 661 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa , E. B. and Rothbaum , B. O. 1998 . Treating the trauma of rape , New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Freud , S. 1956a . “ Hypnotism and suggestion: 1888 ” . In Collected papers , Edited by: Strachey , J. vol. 5 , 11 – 32 . London : Hogarth Press .
   Google Scholar
• Freud , S. 1956b . “ Repression: 1915 ” . In Collected papers , Edited by: Strachey , J. vol. 5 , 84 – 97 . London : Hogarth Press .
   Google Scholar
• Freud , S. and Breuer , J. 1966 . Studies on hysteria , New York : Avon Books .
   Google Scholar
• Frischholz , E. J. , Spiegel , H. and Spiegel , D. 1981 . Hypnosis and the unhypnotizable: A reply to Barber . American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis , 24 ( 1 ) : 55 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond , D. C. , Garver , R. B. , Mutter , C. B. , Crasilneck , H. G. , Frischholz , E. J. , Gravitz , M. A. , Hiblerr , N. S. , Olson , J. , Scheflin , A. , Spiegel , H. and Wester , W. 1994 . Clinical Hypnosis and Memory: Guidelines for Clinicians and Forensic Hypnosis , DesPlaines, IL : American Society of Clinical Hypnosis Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hilgard , J. R. 1965 . “ Personality and hypnotizability ” . In Hypnotic susceptibility , Edited by: Hilgard , E. R. 343 – 374 . New York : Harcourt Brace & World .
   Google Scholar
• Hilgard , E. R. and Hilgard , J. R. 1994 . Hypnosis in the Relief of Pain , New York : Brunner Mazel .
   Google Scholar
• Hollander , H. E. , Holland , L. and Atthowe , J. M. Jr. 1988 . “ Hypnosis: Innate ability or learned skills ” . In Research, comparisons and medical applications of Ericksonian techniques , Edited by: Lankton , S. R. and Zeig , J. K. New York : Brunner Mazel .
   Google Scholar
• Humphreys , R. B. and Eagan , K. P. 2000a . The autonomic model of hypnosis and its application in treatment , Baltimore : American Society of Clinical Hypnosis . March, 2000 (Audio available: American Society of Clinical Hypnosis)
   Google Scholar
• Humphreys , R. B. and Eagan , K. P. 2000b . Autonomic foundations of consciousness and mind-body medicine . The Journal of Consciousness Studies , (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Janet , P. 1925 . Psychological healing , New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Kluft , R. P. 1989 . Playing for time: Temporizing techniques in the treatment of multiple personality disorder . American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis , 12 ( 2 ) : 90 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluft , R. P. and Fine , C. G. 1993 . Clinical perspectives on multiple personality disorder , Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kluft , R. P. External validation of trauma . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis . Orlando, Florida.
   Google Scholar
• Leeds , A. M. 1999 . Presentation: Using EMDR in complex PTSD and adult attachment disorders . Symposium 6 8D . 1999 . Washington, D. C. : American Psychiatric Association .
   Google Scholar
• Levin , P. , Lazrove , S. and van der Kolk , B. 1999 . What psychological testing and neuroimaging tell us about the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder by EMDR . Journal of Anxiety Disorder , Vol.13 ( no.1–2 ) : 159 – 172 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarlane , A. , Weber , D. L. and Clark , C. R. 1993 . Abnormal stimulus processing in PTSD . Biological Psychiatry , 34 : 311 – 320 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicosia , G. J. 1995 . Letter tot eh editor: Brief note: Eye movement desensitization and processing are not hypnosis . Dissociation , 8 : 65
   Google Scholar
• Orr , S. P. and Pitman , R. K. 1993 . Psychophysiologic assessment of attempts to simulate Postttraumatic Stress Disorder . Biological Psychiatry , 33 : 127 – 129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page , R. A. and Handley , G. W. 1966 . In search of hypnotic sequelae . American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis , 39 : 93 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Pitman , R. K. , Orr , S. P. , Altman , B. , Longpre , R. E. , Poire , R. E. and Macklin , M. L. 1996 . Emotional processing during Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy of Vietnam veterans with Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder . Comprehensive Psychiatry , 37 : 419 – 429 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , M. and Frederick , C. 1995 . Healing the divided self , New York : W. W. Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Putnam , F. W. 1990 . “ Disturbances of “self” in victims of childhood sexual abuse ” . In Childhood antecedents of multiple personality , Edited by: Kluft , R. P. 113 – 131 . Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Putnam , F. W. 1989 . Diagnosis and treatment of multiple personality disorder , New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rossi , E. L. Mind-body therapy: Effective fail-safe approaches . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis and the International Society of Clinical Hypnosis . San Diego.
   Google Scholar
• Rossi , E. L. 1996 . The symptom path to enlightenment , Pacific Palisades, CA : Palisades Gateway Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Rossi , E. L. 1986 . The psychobiology of mind-body healing , New York : W. W. Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Sapolsky , R. M. 1996 . Stress . The International Journal on the Biology of Stress , : 1 – 19 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scharff , J. S. and Scharff , D. E. 1994 . Object relations therapy of physical and sexual trauma , Northvale, NJ : Jason Aronson .
   Google Scholar
• Shapiro , F. S. 1995 . Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing , New York : Guildford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shapiro , F. S. 1998 . “ Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Historical context, recent research and future directions ” . In Innovations in Clinical Practice: A Source Book , Edited by: Vandecreek , Leon , Knapp , Samuel and Jackson , Thomas L. Vol. 16 , 143 – 161 . Sarasota : Professional Resource Press .
   Google Scholar
• Singer , J. L. and Sincoff , J. B. 1990 . “ Beyond repression and the defenses ” . In Repression and dissociation , Edited by: Singer , J. L. 471 – 496 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Spiegel , D. 1990a . “ Hypnosis, dissociation and trauma: Hidden and overt observers ” . In Repression and dissociation , Edited by: Singer , J. L. 121 – 142 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Spiegel , D. and Cardena , E. 1990b . New uses of hypnosis in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 51 ( 10, suppl. ) : 39 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squire , L. R. and Zola-Morgan , S. 1991 . The medial temporal lobe memory system . Science , 253 : 1381 – 1383 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg , M. 1985 . Interviewer's guide to the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV dissociative disorders , Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Teicher , M. , Glod , C. A. , Surrey , J. and Swett , C. 1993 . Early childhood abuse and limbic system ratings in adult psychiatric out patients . Neuropsychiatry Clinical Neurosciences , 5 : 301 – 306 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Kolk , B. A. 1997 . The psychobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 58 ( suppl. 9 ) : 16 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Kolk , B. A. and Fisler , R. 1995 . Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories: Overview and exploratory study . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 8 ( 4 ) : 505 – 525 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins , H. H. and Watkins , J. G. 1980 . Ego state therapy: The woman in black and the lady in white. Audio tape and transcript , New York : Jeffrey Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Watkins , J. G. 1992 . Hypnoanalytic techniques , New York : Irvington .
   Google Scholar
• Watkins , J. G. and Watkins , H. H. 1991 . “ Hypnosis and ego state therapy ” . In The practice of hypnotism , Edited by: Weitzenhoffer , A. New York : John Wiley & Sons . (1989)
   Google Scholar
• Weitzenhoffer , A. 1989 . The practice of hypnotism , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , L. M. 1994 . Recall of childhood trauma: A prospective study of women's memories of child sexual abuse . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 62 ( 6 ) : 1167 – 1176 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , S. N. , van der Kolk , B. A. , Burbridge , J. , Fisler , R. and Kradin , R. 1999 . Phenotype of blood lymphocytes in PTSD suggest chronic immune activation . Abstract: Psychosomatics , 40 May-June : 222 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda , R. , Levengood , R. A. , Schmeidler , J. , Guo , L. S. and Gerber , D. 1996 . Increased pituitary activation following metyrapone administration in post-traumatic stress disorder . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 21 ( 1 ) : 1 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda , R. 1998 . Neuroendocrinology of PTSD. Psychoneuroendocrinology . Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 21 : 359 – 379 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar