References
- Aboukasm , A. , Mahr , G. , Gahry , B. R. , Thomas , A. and Barkley , G. L. 1998 . Retrospective analysis of the effects of psychotherapeutic interventions on outcomes of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures . Epilepsia , 39 : 470 – 473 .
- Alper , K. 1994 . Nonepileptic seizures . Neurologic Clinics , 12 : 153 – 173 .
- Alper , K. , Devinsky , O. , Perrine , K. , Vázquez , B. and Luciano , D. 1993 . Nonepileptic seizures and childhood sexual and physical abuse . Neurology , 43 : 1950 – 1953 .
- Arnold , L. M. and Privitera , M. D. 1996 . Psychopathology and trauma in epileptic and psychogenic seizure patients . Psychosomatics , 37 : 438 – 443 .
- Betts , T. and Boden , S. 1992 . Diagnosis, management and prognosis of a group of 128 patients with non-epileptic attack disorder. Part II. Previous childhood sexual abuse in the aetiology of these disorders . Seizure , 1 : 27 – 32 .
- Bowman , E. S. 1993 . Etiology and clinical course of pseudoseizures . Psychosomatics , 34 : 333 – 342 .
- Bowman , E. S. and Markand , O. N. 1996 . Psychodynamics and psychiatric diagnoses of pseudoseizure subjects . American Journal of Psychiatry , 153 : 57 – 63 .
- Bowman , E. S. and Markand , O. N. 1999 . The contribution of life events to pseudoseizure occurrence in adults . Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic , 63 : 70 – 88 .
- Brenner , I. 2001 . Dissociation of trauma: Theory, phenomenology, and technique , Madison, WI : International Universities Press .
- Briere , J. N. 1992 . Child abuse trauma , Newbury Park, NJ : Sage .
- Cohen , R. J. and Suter , C. 1982 . Hysterical seizures: Suggestion as a provocative EEG test . Annals of Neurology , 11 : 391 – 395 .
- Devinsky , O. 1998 . Nonepileptic psychogenic seizures: Quagmires of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment . Epilepsia , 39 : 458 – 462 .
- Devinsky , O. and Fisher , R. 1996 . Ethical use of placebos and provocative testing in diagnosing nonepileptic seizures . Neurology , 47 : 866 – 870 .
- Devinsky , O. , Sánchez-Villaseñor , F. , Vázquez , B. , Kothari , M. , Alper , K. and Luciano , D. 1996 . Clinical profile of patients with epileptic and non-epileptic seizures . Neurology , 46 : 1530 – 1533 .
- Gates , J. R. , Ramani , V. , Whalen , S. and Loewenson , R. 1985 . Ictal characteristics of pseudoseizures . Archives of Neurology , 42 : 1183 – 1187 .
- Gates , J. R. 1998 . “ Diagnosis and treatment of nonepileptic seizures ” . In Psychiatric comorbidity in epilepsy , Edited by: McConnell , H. W. and Snyder , P. J. 187 – 204 . Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
- Goodwin , J. , Simms , J. and Bergman , R. 1979 . Hysterical seizures: A sequel to incest . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 49 : 698 – 703 .
- Gross , M. 1979 . Incestuous rape: A cause for hysterical seizures in four adolescent girls . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 49 : 704 – 708 .
- Gross , M. 1980 . Hypnosis as a diagnostic tool . American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis , 23 : 47 – 52 .
- Guberman , A. 1982 . Psychogenic pseudoseizures in non-epileptic patients . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 27 : 401 – 404 .
- Hilgard , E. R. 1977 . Divided consciousness , New York : Wiley .
- Kanner , A. M. , Pierre-Louis , S. and Frey , M. 1996 . Relationship between psychiatric history and outcome of psychogenic pseudoseizures . Neurology , 46 : A304
- Krahn , L. E. , Reese , M. M. , Rummans , T. A. , Peterson , G. C. , Suman , V. J. , Sharbrough , F. W. and Cascino , G. D. 1997 . Health care utilization of patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures . Psychosomatics , 38 : 535 – 542 .
- Kuyk , J. , Jacobs , L. , Aldenkamp , A. P. , Meinardi , H. , Spinhoven , P. and van Dyck , R. 1995 . Pseudo-epileptic seizures: Hypnosis as a diagnostic tool . Seizure , 4 : 123 – 128 .
- Kuyk , J. , Spinhoven , P. and van Dyck , R. 1999 . Hypnotic recall: A positive criterion in the differential diagnosis between epileptic and pseudoepileptic seizures . Epilepsia , 40 : 485 – 491 .
- Kuyk , J. , Spinhoven , P. , van emde Boas , W. and van Dyck , R. 1999 . Dissociation in temporal lobe epilepsy and pseudo-epileptic seizure patients . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 187 : 713 – 720 .
- Kuyk , J. , van Dyck , R. and Spihoven , P. 1996 . The case for a dissociative interpretation of pseudoepileptic seizures . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 184 : 468 – 474 .
- LaBarbera , J. D. and Dozier , J. E. 1980 . Hysterical seizures: The role of sexual exploitation . Psychosomatics , 21 : 897 – 903 .
- Leis , A. A. , Ross , M. A. and Summers , A. K. 1992 . Psychogenic seizures: Ictal characteristics and diagnostic pitfalls . Neurology , 42 : 95 – 99 .
- Lesser , R. P. 1985 . “ Psychogenic seizures ” . In Recent advances in epilepsy , Edited by: Pedley , T. A. and Meldrum , B. S. 273 – 296 . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone .
- Lesser , R. P. , Lueders , H. and Dinner , D. S. 1983 . Evidence for epilepsy is rare in patients with psychogenic seizures . Neurology , 33 : 502 – 504 .
- Levy , R. S. and Jankovic , J. 1983 . Placebo-induced conversion reaction: A neurobehavioral and EEG study of hysterical aphasia, seizure and coma . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 92 : 243 – 249 .
- Lewis-Fernández , R. 1994 . “ Culture and dissociation: A comparison of ataque de nervios among Puerto Ricans and possession syndrome in India ” . In Dissociation: Culture, mind, and body , Edited by: Spiegel , D. Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
- Luther , J. S. , McNamara , J. O. , Carwile , S. , Miller , P. and Hope , V. 1982 . Pseudoepileptic seizures . Annals of Neurology , 12 : 458 – 462 .
- Martínez-Taboas , A. 1995 . Multiple personality: An Hispanic perspective , San Juan, PR : Puente Publications .
- Massey , E. W. and Riley , T. L. 1980 . Pseudoseizures: Recognition and treatment . Psychosomatics , 21 : 987 – 997 .
- Ney , G. C. , Zimmerman , C. and Schaul , N. 1996 . Psychogenic status epilepticus induced by a provocative technique . Neurology , 46 : 546 – 547 .
- Nijenhuis , E. R. S. and van der Hart , O. 1999 . “ Somatoform dissociative phenomena ” . In Splintered reflections: Images of the body in trauma , Edited by: Goodwin , J. M. and Attias , R. 89 – 127 . New York : Basic Books . (1999)
- Peterson , D. B. , Sumner , J. W. and Jones , G. A. 1950 . Role of hypnosis in differentiation of epileptic from convulsive like seizures . American Journal of Psychiatry , 107 : 428 – 433 .
- Rankin , E. J. , Adams , R. L. and Jones , H. E. 1996 . “ Epilepsy and nonepileptic attack disorder ” . In Neuropsychology for clinical practice , Edited by: Adams , R. L. , Parsons , O. A. , Culbertson , J. L. and Nixon , S. J. 131 – 173 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
- Reilly , J. , Baker , G. A. , Rhodes , J. and Salmon , P. 1999 . The association of sexual and physical abuse with somatization: Characteristics of patients presenting with irritable bowel syndrome and non-epileptic attack disorder . Psychological Medicine , 29 : 399 – 406 .
- Riley , T. L. and Berndt , T. 1980 . The role of the EEG technologist in delineating pseudoseizures . American Journal of EEG Technology , 20 : 89 – 96 .
- Riley , T. L. and Brannon , W. L. 1980 . Recognition of pseudoseizures . Journal of Family Practice , 10 : 213 – 220 .
- Schwarz , B. E. , Bickford , R. G. and Rasmussen , W. C. 1955 . Hypnotic phenomena, including hypnotically activated seizures, studied with the electroencephalogram . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 122 : 564 – 574 .
- Slater , J. D. , Brown , M. C. , Jacobs , W. and Ramsay , R. E. 1995 . Induction of pseudoseizures with intravenous saline placebo . Epilepsia , 36 : 580 – 585 .
- Sumner , J. W. , Cameron , R. R. and Peterson , D. B. 1952 . Hypnosis in the differentiation of epileptic from convulsive like seizures . Neurology , 27 : 395 – 402 .
- Van der Hart , O. and Friedman , B. 1989 . A reader's guide to Pierre Janet on dissociation: A neglected intellectual heritage . Dissociation , 2 : 3 – 16 .
- van der Kolk , B. A. 1996 . “ The body keeps the score ” . In Traumatic stress , Edited by: van der Kolk , B. A. , McFarlane , A. C. and Weisaeth , L. 214 – 241 . New York : Guilford .