566
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
General

Causal Quartets: Different Ways to Attain the Same Average Treatment Effect

ORCID Icon, &
Pages 267-272 | Received 23 Feb 2023, Accepted 30 Sep 2023, Published online: 15 Nov 2023

References

  • Angrist, J. D., and Pischke, J. S. (2009), Mostly Harmless Econometrics, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Anscombe, F. J. (1973), “Graphs in Statistical Analysis,” American Statistician, 27, 17–21. DOI: 10.2307/2682899.
  • Baribault, B., Donkin, C., Little, D. R., Trueblood, J. S., Oravecz, Z., Van Ravenzwaaij, D., and Vandekerckhove, J. (2018), “Metastudies for Robust Tests of Theory,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115, 2607–2612. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708285114.
  • Bitler, M. P., Gelbach, J. B., and Hoynes, H. W. (2006), “What Mean Impacts Miss: Distributional Effects of Welfare Reform Experiments,” American Economic Review, 96, 988–1012. DOI: 10.1257/aer.96.4.988.
  • Bryan, C. J., Tipton, E., and Yeager, D. S. (2021), “Behavioural Science is Unlikely to Change the World Without A Heterogeneity Revolution,” Nature Human Behavior, 5, 980–989. DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01143-3.
  • Buhl-Wiggers, J., Kerwin, J., Muñoz, J. S., Smith, J., and Thornton, R. (2023), “Some Children Left Behind: Variation in the Effects of an Educational Intervention,” Journal of Econometrics. DOI: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2021.12.010.
  • Button, K. S., Ioannidis, J. P., Mokrysz, C., Nosek, B. A., Flint, J., Robinson, E. S., and Munafò, M. R. (2013), “Power Failure: Why Small Sample Size Undermines the Reliability of Neuroscience,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14, 365–376. DOI: 10.1038/nrn3475.
  • Chatterjee, S., and Firat, A. (2007), “Generating Data with Identical Statistics but Dissimilar Graphics: A Follow Up to the Anscombe Dataset,” American Statistician, 61, 248–254. DOI: 10.1198/000313007X220057.
  • Cronbach, L. J. (1982), Designing Evaluations of Educational and Social Programs, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Gelman, A. (2014), “When There’s a Lot of Variation, It Can Be a Mistake to Make Statements About “Typical Attitudes,” Statistical Modeling, Causal Inference, and Social Science. Available at https://statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu/2014/10/08/var/
  • ——- (2018), “You Need 16 Times the Sample Size to Estimate an Interaction than to Estimate a Main Effect,” Statistical Modeling, Causal Inference, and Social Science. Available at https://statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu/2018/03/15/need16/
  • Gelman, A., Hullman, J., and Kennedy, L. (2023), “Thinking about Variation When Hypothesizing a Plausible Average Treatment Effect,” Technical Rreport, Department of Statistics, Columbia University.
  • Heckman, J., and Smith, J. (1995), “Assessing the Case for Social Experiments,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9, 85–110. DOI: 10.1257/jep.9.2.85.
  • Heckman, J., Smith, J., and Clements, N. (1997), “Making the Most Out of Programme Evaluations and Social Experiments: Accounting for Heterogeneity in Programme Impacts,” Review of Economic Studies, 64, 487–535. DOI: 10.2307/2971729.
  • Heiler, P., and Knaus, M. (2022), “Effect or Treatment Heterogeneity? Policy Evaluation with Aggregated and Disaggregated Treatments,” available at https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.01427
  • Hill, J. L. (2011), “Bayesian Nonparametric Modeling for Causal Inference,” Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 20, 217–240. DOI: 10.1198/jcgs.2010.08162.
  • Hofman, J. M., Goldstein, D. G., and Hullman, J. (2020), “How Visualizing Inferential Uncertainty Can Mislead Readers About Treatment Effects in Scientific Results,” in Proceedings of the 2020 ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’20), p. 327.
  • Hullman, J., Kay, M., Kim, Y., and Shrestha, S. (2017), “Imagining Replications: Graphical Prediction & Discrete Visualizations Improve Recall & Estimation of Effect Uncertainty,” IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 24, 446–456. DOI: 10.1109/TVCG.2017.2743898.
  • Imbens, G. W., and Angrist, J. (1994), “Identification and Estimation of Local Average Treatment Effects,” Econometrica, 62, 467–475. DOI: 10.2307/2951620.
  • Kim, Y., Hofman, J. M., and Goldstein, D. G. (2022), “Putting Scientific Results in Perspective: Improving the Communication of Standardized Effect Sizes,” Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’22), p. 625.
  • Kim, Y., Reinecke, K., and Hullman, J. (2017), “Explaining the Gap: Visualizing One’s Predictions Improves Recall and Comprehension of Data,” in Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1375–1386.
  • Matejka, J., and Fitzmaurice, G. (2017), “Same Stats, Different Graphs: Generating Datasets with Varied Appearance and Identical Statistics through Simulated Annealing,” in Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’17), pp. 1290–1294.
  • Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., and Campbell, D. T. (2002), Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference, Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Wager, S., and Athey, S. (2018), “Estimation and Inference of Heterogeneous Treatment Effects Using Random Forests,” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 113, 1228–1242. DOI: 10.1080/01621459.2017.1319839.
  • Yarkoni, T. (2022), “The Generalizability Crisis,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 45, E1. DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X21001758.
  • Zidar, O. (2019), “Tax Cuts for Whom? Heterogeneous Effects of Income Tax Changes on Growth and Employment,” Journal of Political Economy, 127, 1437–1472. DOI: 10.1086/701424.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.