Simultaneous Determination of Cadmium, Copper, Lead and Zinc in Amino Acid Parenteral Nutrition Solutions by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry and Sample Digestion by UV Irradiation

References

• Achterberg , E. P. and Braungardt , C. 1999 . Stripping voltammetry for the determination of trace metal speciation and in‐situ measurements of trace metal distributions in marine waters . Anal. Chim. Acta , 400 : 381 – 397 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arranz , P. , Arranz , A. , Moreda , J. M. , Cid , A. and Arranz , J. F. 2003 . Stripping voltammetric and polarographic techniques for the determination of anti‐fungal ketoconazole on the mercury electrode . J. Pharm. Biom. Anal. , 33 ( 4 ) : 589 – 596 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Begerow , J. , Turfeld , M. and Dunemann , L. 1997 . Determination of physiological palladium, platinum, iridium and gold levels in human blood using ICP‐MS . J. Anal. At. Spectrom. , 12 : 1095 – 1098 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bock , R. 1979 . A Handbook of Decomposition Methods in Analytical Chemistry London : International Textbook Company .
   Google Scholar
• Bohrer , D. , do Nascimento , P. C. , Guterres , M. , Trevisan , M. and Seibert , E. 1999 . Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric determination of lead, cadmium, copper and zinc in high‐salt content samples after simultaneous separation on polyethylene powder impregnated with 1‐(2‐pyridilazo)‐2‐naphthol: Application to the analysis of hemodialysis fluids . Analyst , 124 : 1345 – 1350 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohrer , D. , Pomblum , S. G. , do Nascimento , P. C. , Bastianello , J. S. and Ramirez , A. 2000 . Determination of nickel, manganese, copper and zinc in blood serum by atomic absorption spectrometry after deproteinization by microwave irradiation . Anal. Lett. , 33 : 1265 – 1279 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohrer , D. , do Nascimento , P. C. , Binotto , R. , Pomblum , S. G. and Becker , E. 2002 . Contribution of the raw material to the aluminum contamination in parenterals . J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr. , 26 ( 6 ) : 382 – 388 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonfil , Y. and Kirowa‐Eisner , E. 2002 . Determination of nanomolar concentrations of lead and cadmium by anodic‐stripping voltammetry at the silver electrode . Anal. Chim. Acta , 457 ( 2 ) : 285 – 296 .
   Google Scholar
• 2000 . “ Brazilian Ministry of Health ” . Technical note n° 82/GM
   Google Scholar
• Buchman , A. L. , Neely , M. , Grossie , V. B. Jr. , Truong , L. , Lykissa , E. and Ahn , C. 2001 . Organ heavy‐metal accumulation during parenteral nutrition is associated with pathologic abnormalities in rats . Nutrition , 17 : 600 – 609 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chappuis , P. , Arnaud , J. , Jaudon , M. C. , Zawislak , R. and Bellanger , J. 1991 . Concentration of zinc, copper, selenium and aluminum in parenteral nutritive solutions . Annales de Biologie Clinique , 49 ( 8 ) : 421 – 427 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DIN 38406 Part 16 Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Zink, Cadmium, Blei, Kupfer, Thallium, Nickel, Cobalt mittels Voltammetrie. E16 Deutsche Einheitsverfahren
   Google Scholar
• Ensafi , A. A. , Khayamian , T. and Khaloo , S. S. 2004 . Application of adsorptive cathodic differential pulse stripping method for simultaneous determination of cooper and molybdenum using pyrogallol red . Anal. Chim. Acta , 505 ( 2 ) : 201 – 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fadrna , R. , Yosypchuk , B. , Fojta , M. , Navratil , T. and Novotny , L. 2004 . Voltammetric determination of adenine, guanine, and DNA using liquid mercury free polished silver solid amalgam electrode . Anal. Lett. , 37 ( 3 ) : 399 – 413 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golimowski , J. and Golimowska , K. 1996 . UV‐photooxidation as pretreatment step in inorganic analysis of environmental samples . Anal. Chim. Acta , 325 : 111 – 133 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorsuch , T. T. 1970 . The Destruction of Organic Matter Oxford : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Haag , W. R. and Hoigné , J. 1985 . Photo‐sensitized oxidation in natural‐water via OH radicals . Chemosphere , 14 ( 11–12 ) : 1659 – 1671 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harraki , B. , Guiraud , P. , Rochat , M. H. , Alary , J. and Favier , A. 1995 . Interactions related to trace elements in parenteral nutrition . Pharm. Acta Helv. , 70 : 269 – 278 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hassan , H. N.A. , Haussouna , M. E.M. and Habib , I. H.I. 1998 . Multivariate analysis of Cd(II), In(III), Tl(I) and Pb(II) in mixtures using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry . Talanta , 46 ( 5 ) : 1195 – 1203 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoening , M. and Kesabiec , A. M. 1996 . Sample preparation steps for analysis by atomic spectroscopy methods: Present status . Spectrochim. Acta , Part B 51 : 1297 – 1307 .
   Google Scholar
• Horng , C.‐J. , Tsai , J.‐L. , Horng , P.‐H. , Lin , S.‐C. , Lin , S.‐R. and Tzeng , C.‐C. 2002 . Determination of urinary lead, cadmium and nickel in steel production workers . Talanta , 56 : 1109 – 1115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurado‐Gonzalez , J. A. , Galindo‐Riano , M. D. and Garcia‐Vargas , M. 2003 . Experimental designs in the development of a new method for the sensitive determination of cadmium in seawater by adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry . Anal. Chim. Acta , 487 ( 2 ) : 229 – 241 .
   Google Scholar
• Kajic , P. , Milosev , I. , Pihlar , B. and Pisot , V. 2003 . Determination of trace cobalt concentrations in human serum by adsorptive stripping voltammetry . J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. , 17 ( 3 ) : 153 – 158 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kolb , M. , Rach , P. , Schafer , J. and Wild , A. 1992 . Investigations of oxidative UV photolysis . Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. , 342 : 341 – 349 .
   Google Scholar
• Kotzias , D. , Paralar , H. and Korte , F. 1982 . Photoreactivity of organic‐chemicals in water in the presence of nitrate and nitrite . Naturwissenschaften , 69 ( 9 ) : 444 – 445 .
   Google Scholar
• Leung , F. Y. , Grace , D. M. , Alfieri , M. A.H. and Bradley , C. 1995 . Abnormal trace‐elements in a patient on total parenteral‐nutrition with normal renal‐function . Clin. Biochem. , 28 ( 3 ) : 297 – 302 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lu , T. H. , Yang , H. Y. and Sun , I. W. 1999 . Square‐wave anodic stripping voltammetric determination of thallium (I) at a nafion mercury film modified electrode . Talanta , 49 ( 1 ) : 59 – 68 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moreno , M. A. , Marin , C. , Vinagre , F. and Ostapczuk , P. 1999 . Trace levels in whole blood samples from residents of the city Badajoz, Spain . Sci. Total Environ. , 229 : 209 – 215 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moreno , L. , Merkoci , A. , Alegret , S. , Hernández‐Cassou , S. and Saurina , J. 2004 . Analysis of amino acids in complex samples by using voltammetry and multivariate calibration methods . Anal. Chim. Acta , 507 : 247 – 253 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieto , O. , Hernández , P. and Hernández , L. 1996 . Use of 4‐chloro‐7‐nitrobenzofurazane as a derivative reagent for the determination of amino acids by cathodic stripping square wave voltammetry in biological fluids . Talanta , 43 ( 8 ) : 1281 – 1290 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Omanovic , D. and Branica , M. 2003 . Pseudopolarography of trace metals—Part I. The automatic ASV measurements of reversible electrode reactions . J. Electroanal. Chem. , 543 ( 1 ) : 83 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Pavanetto , F. , Genta , I. , Conti , B. , Modena , T. and Montanari , L. 1989 . Aluminum, cadmium and lead in large volume parenterals—contamination levels and sources . Int. J. Pharm. , 54 ( 2 ) : 143 – 148 .
   Google Scholar
• Pluhator‐Murton , M. M. , Fedorak , R. N. , Audette , R. J. , Marriage , B. J. , Yatscoff , R. W. and Grarulich , L. M. 1999 . Trace element contamination of total parenteral nutrition. 1. Contribution of component solutions . J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr. , 23 ( 4 ) : 222 – 227 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sabry , S. M. , Barary , M. H. , Abdel‐Hay , M. H. and Belal , T. S. 2004 . Adsorptive stripping voltammetric behavior of azomethine group in pyrimidine‐containing drugs . J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. , 34 ( 3 ) : 509 – 516 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Santos , L. B.O. , dos Abate , G. and Masini , J. C. 2004 . Determination of atrazine using square wave voltammetry with the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) . Talanta , 62 ( 4 ) : 667 – 674 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sounderajan , S. and Palrecha , M. M. 2003 . Differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination of nickel and cobalt in high purity arsenic metal/arsenous oxide . Bull. Electrochem. , 19 ( 7 ) : 301 – 304 .
   Google Scholar
• Vacek , J. , Andrysik , Z. , Trnkova , L. and Kizek , R. 2004 . Determination of azidothymidine—an antiproliferative and virostatic drug by square‐wave voltammetry . Electroanalysis , 16 ( 3 ) : 224 – 230 .
   Google Scholar
• Van den Berg , C. M.G. 1988 . Chemical Oceanography Edited by: Riley , J. P. Vol. 9 , 198 London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , J. , Xu , D. , Kawde , A. N. and Polsky , R. 2001 . Metal nanoparticle‐based electrochemical stripping potentiometric detection of DNA hybridization . Anal. Chem. , 73 ( 22 ) : 5576 – 5581 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokoi , K. , Yakushiji , M. , Hatanaka , M. , Kobono , K. and Koide , T. 1999 . Novel photolytic decomposition method for organic compounds with a high output low‐pressure mercury lamp for voltammetric trace metal analysis . Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. , 365 ( 4 ) : 364 – 367 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhou , X. L. and Mopper , K. 1990 . Determination of photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals in seawater and fresh‐water . Mar. Chem. , 30 ( 1–3 ) : 71 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Zimmermann , S. , Menzel , C. M. , Berner , Z. , Eckhardt , J. D. , Stüben , D. , Alt , F. , Messerschmidt , J. , Taraschewski , H. and Sures , B. 2001 . Trace analysis of platinum in biological samples: a comparison between sector field ICP‐MS and adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry following different digestion procedures . Anal. Chim. Acta , 439 : 203 – 209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar