Screening Method for the Determination at Parts Per Trillion Levels of Pesticide Residues in Vegetables Combining Solid‐Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography‐Tandem Mass Spectrometry

References

• Anastassiades , M. , Lehotay , S. J. , Stajnbaher , D. and Schenck , F. J. 2003 . Fast and easy multiresidue method employing acetonitrile extraction/partitioning and “dispersive solid‐phase extraction” for the determination of pesticide residues in produce . J. AOAC Int. , 86 : 412 – 431 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arrebola , F. J. , Martínez Vidal , J. L. , Mateu‐Sánchez , M. and Álvarez‐Castellón , F. J. 2003a . Determination of 81 multiclass pesticides in fresh foodstuffs by a single injection analysis using gas chromatography‐chemical ionization and electron ionization tandem mass spectrometry . Anal. Chim. Acta , 484 : 167 – 180 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arrebola , F. J. , Martínez Vidal , J. L. , González‐Rodríguez , M. J. , Garrido Frenich , A. and Sánchez Morito , N. 2003b . Reduction of analysis time in gas chromatography. Application of low‐pressure gas chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry to the determination of pesticide residues in vegetables . J. Chromatogr. A , 1005 : 131 – 141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arrebola , F. J. , Cortés Aguado , S. , Sánchez‐Morito , N. , Garrido Frenich , A. and Martínez Vidal , J. L. 2004 . Pesticide residue analysis in waters by solid‐phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry . Anal. Lett. , 37 : 99 – 117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belardi , R. and Pawliszyn , J. 1989 . Application of chemically modified fused silica fibers in the extraction of organics from water matrix samples and their rapid transfer to capillary columns . Water Pollut. Res. J. Canada , 24 : 179 – 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berrada , H. , Font , G. and Moltó , J. C. 2004 . Application of solid‐phase microextraction for determining phenylurea herbicides and their homologous anilines from vegetables . J. Chromatogr. A , 1042 : 9 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , W. , Poon , K‐F. and Lam , M. H.W. 1998 . The application of solid phase microextraction in the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in a food plant . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 32 : 3816 – 3820 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuadros‐Rodríguez , L. , Hernández Torres , M. E. , Almansa López , E. , Egea González , F. J. , Arrebola , F. J. and Martínez Vidal , J. L. 2002 . Assessment of uncertainty in pesticide multiresidue analytical methods: Main sources and estimation . Anal. Chim. Acta. , 454 : 297 – 314 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David , F. and Sandra , P. 2007 . Stir bar sorptive extraction for trace analysis . J. Chromatogr. A. , 152 : 54 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission . 1991 . http://europa.eu.int/eur‐lex/en/consleg/pdf/1991/en_1991R2092_do_001.pdf
   Google Scholar
• European Commission . 2002 . Diario Oficial de las Comunidades Europeas, L187 . : 30 2002/63/CE Directive
   Google Scholar
• European Commission . 2006 . “ European Commission. Quality Control Procedures for Pesticide Residues Analysis—Guidelines for Residues Monitoring in the European Union ” . In , Third Edition (2003) Document No. SANCO/10232/2006
   Google Scholar
• Farajzadeh , M. A. and Hatami , M. 2004 . Solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography for determination of some organophosphorus pesticides . Chromatographia , 59 : 259 – 262 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goto , T. , Ito , Y. , Oka , H. , Saito , I. , Matsumoto , H. and Nakazawa , H. 2003 . Simple and rapid determination of N‐methylcarbamate pesticides in citrus fruits by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry . Anal. Chim. Acta , 487 : 201 – 209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu , R. , Hennion , B. , Urrity , L. and Montury , M. 1999 . Solid phase microextraction of pesticide residues from strawberries . Food Addit. Contam. , 16 : 111 – 117 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambropoulou , D. A. and Albanis , T. A. 2002 . Headspace solid phase microextraction applied to the analysis of organophosphorus insecticides in strawberry and cherry juices . J. Agric. Food. Chem. , 50 : 3359 – 3365 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng , W. F. , Teo , M. J.K. and Lakso , H. A. 1999 . Determination of organophosphorus pesticides in soil by headspace solid‐phase microextraction . Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. , 363 : 673 – 679 .
   Google Scholar
• Pawliszyn , J. 1997 . Solid Phase Microextraction. Theory and Practice New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Pawliszyn , J. “ Dr. Pawliszyn and Research Group website ” . http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/chemistry/pawliszyn/SPMEdata/spmedata.html
   Google Scholar
• Ruiz , S. , Arcas , N. and Cuestas , P. 2001 . Consumer attitudes towards ecological agrarian fruits and vegetables in Spain. A segmentation approach . Acta Horticulturae , 559 : 681 – 686 .
   Google Scholar
• Sannino , A. , Bolzoni , L. and Bandini , M. 2004 . Application of liquid chromatography with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry to the determination of a new generation of pesticidesin processed fruits and vegetables . J. Chromatogr. A , 1036 : 161 – 169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schachterle , S. and Feigel , C. 1996 . Pesticide residue analysis in fresh produce by gas chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry . J. Chromatogr. A , 754 : 411 – 422 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simplicio , A. L. and Vilas Boas , L. 1999 . Validation of a solid‐phase microextraction method for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in fruits and fruit juice . J. Chromatogr. A , 833 : 35 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Štajnbaher , D. and Zupančič‐Kralj , L. 2003 . Multiresidue method for determination of 90 pesticides in fresh fruits and vegetables using solid‐phase extraction and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry . J. Chromatogr. A , 1015 : 185 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valcárcel , M. and Cárdenas , S. 2005 . Vanguard‐rearguard analytical strategies . Trends Anal. Chem. , 24 : 67 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volante , M. , Cattaneo , M. , Bianchi , M. and Zoccola , G. 1998 . Some applications of solid phase micro extraction (SPME) in the analysis of pesticide residues in food . J. Environ. Sci. Health, B , 33 : 279 – 292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volante , M. , Pontello , H. , Valoti , L. , Cattaneo , M. , Bianchi , M. and Colzani , L. 2000 . Application of solid phase micro‐extraction (SPME) to the analysis of pesticide residues in vegetables . Pest. Manag. Sci. , 56 : 618 – 636 .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , Z. , Hennion , B. , Urruty , L. and Montury , M. 2000 . Solid‐phase microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography: A complementary technique to solid‐phase microextraction‐gas chromatography for the analysis of pesticide residues in strawberries . Food Addit. Contam. , 17 : 915 – 923 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar