Prospects of Nanomaterials in Biosensors

References

• Akamatsu , K. , Kimura , M. , Shibata , Y. , Nakano , S. , Miyoshi , D. , Nawafune , H. and Sugimoto , N. 2006 . A DNA duplex with extremely enhanced thermal stability based on controlled immobilization on gold nanoparticles . Nano Lett. , 6 : 491 – 495 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ao , L. , Gao , F. , Pan , B. , He , R. and Cui , D. 2006 . Fluoroimmunoassay for antigen based on fluorescence quenching signal of gold nanoparticles . Anal. Chem. , 78 : 1104 – 1106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aslan , K. , Lakowicz , J. R. and Geddesa , C. D. 2004 . Nanogold‐plasmon‐resonance‐based glucose sensing . Anal. Biochem. , 330 : 145 – 155 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Autheir , L. , Grossiord , C. and Brossier , P. 2001 . Gold nanoparticles‐based quantitative electrochemical detection of amplified human cytomegalovirus DNA using disposable microband electrodes . Anal. Chem. , 73 : 4450 – 4456 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Averitt , R. D. , Sarkar , D. and Halas , N. 1997 . Plasmon resonance shifts of Au‐coated Au2S nanoshells: insight into multicomponent nanoparticle growth . Phys. Rev. Lett. , 78 : 4217 – 4220 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai , Y. , Yang , H. , Yang , W. , Li , Y. and Sun , C. 2007 . Gold nanoparticles‐mesoporous silica composite used as an enzyme immobilization matrix for amperometric glucose biosensor construction . Sensors and Actuators B , 124 : 179 – 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balavoine , F. , Schultz , P. , Richard , C. , Mallouh , V. , Ebbesen , T. W. and Mioskowski , C. 1999 . Helical crystallization of proteins on corbon nanotubes: a first step toward the development of new biosensors . Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. , 38 : 1912 – 1915 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbour , K. , Ashokkumar , M. , Caruso , R. A. and Grieser , F. 1999 . Sonochemistry and sonoluminescence in aqueous AuCl4‐solutions in the presence of surface‐active solutes . J. Phys. Chem. B , 103 : 9231 – 9236 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron , R. , Willner , B. and Willner , I. 2007 . Biomolecule–nanoparticle hybrids as functional units for nanobiotechnology . Chem. Commun. , : 323 – 332 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Besteman , K. , Lee , J. O. , Wiertz , F. G. , Heering , H. A. and Dekker , C. 2003 . Enzyme coated carbon nanotubes as single‐molecule biosensors . Nano Lett. , 3 : 727 – 730 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breen , M. L. , Dinsmore , A. D. , Pink , R. H. , Qadri , S. B. and Ratna , B. R. 2001 . Sonochemically produced ZnS‐coated polystyrene core‐shell particles for use in photonic crystals . Langmuir , 17 : 903 – 907 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , L. O. and Hutchinson , J. E. 2001 . Formation and electron diffraction studies of ordered 2‐D and 3‐D superlattices of amine‐stabilized gold nanocrystals . J. Phys. Chem. B , 105 : 8911 – 8916 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brust , M. , Walker , M. , Bethell , D. , Schiffrin , D. J. and Whyman , R. 1994 . Synthesis of thiol‐derivatised gold nanoparticles in a two‐phase liquid–liquid system . J. Chem.Soc., Chem. Commun. , : 801 – 802 .
   Google Scholar
• Burt , J. L. , Gutierrez‐Wing , C. , Miki‐Yoshida , M. and Jose‐Yacaman , M. 2004 . Noble metal nanoparticles directly conjugated to globular proteins . Langmuir , 20 : 11778 – 11783 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai , C. X. and Chen , J. 2004 . Direct electron transfer and bioelectrocatalysis of haemoglobin at a carbon nanotube electrode . Anal. Biochem. , 335 : 285 – 292 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai , C. X. and Chen , J. 2004 . Direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase promoted by carbon nanotubes . Anal. Biochem. , 332 : 75 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai , H. , Shang , C. and Hsing , I. M. 2004 . Sequence‐specific electrochemical recognition of multiple species using nanoparticles labels . Anal. Chim. Acta , 523 : 61 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai , H. , Xu , Y. , Zhu , N. , He , P. and Fang , Y. 2002 . An electrochemical DNA hybridization detection assay based on a silver nanoparticle label . Analyst , 127 : 803 – 808 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao , Y. C. , Jin , R. C. , Nam , J. M. , Thatxon , C. S. and Mirkin , C. A. 2003 . Raman dye‐labeled nanoparticle probes for proteins . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 125 : 14676 – 14677 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carralero , V. , Mena , M. L. , Gonzalez‐Cortes , A. and Yanez‐Sedeno Pingarron , J. M. 2004 . Development of a tyrosinase biosensor based on gold nanoparticles‐modified glassy carbon electrodes application to the measurement of a bioelectrochemical polyphenols index in wines . Anal. Chim. Acta , 528 : 1 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caruso , R. A. , Ashokkumar , M. and Grieser , F. 2002 . Sonochemical formation of gold sols . Langmuir , 18 : 7831 – 7836 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castaneda , M. T. , Merkoci , A. , Pumera , M. and Alegret , S. 2007 . Electrochemical genosensor for biomedical application based on gold nanoparticles . Biosens. Bioelectron. , 22 : 1961 – 1967 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cernuti , M. G. , Sauthier , M. , Leonard , D. , Dage , L. , Duscher , G. , Feldheim , D. L. and Franzen , S. 2006 . Gold and silica‐coated gold nanoparticles as thermographic labels for DNA detection . Anal. Chem. , 78 : 3282 – 3288 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , J. , Tang , J. , Yan , F. and Ju , H. 2006 . A gold nanoparticles/sol–gel composite architecture for encapsulation of immunoconjugate for reagentless electrochemical immunoassay . Biomaterials , 27 : 2313 – 2321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , R. J. , Bangsaruntip , S. , Drouvalakis , K. A. , Kam , N. W. , Shim , M. , Li , Y. , Kim , W. , Utz , P. J. and Dai , H. 2003 . Noncovalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes for highly specific electronic biosensors . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 100 : 4984 – 4989 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , R. J. , Choi , H. C. , Bangsaruntip , S. , Yenilmez , E. , Tang , X. , Wang , Q. , Chang , Y. L. and Dai , H. 2004 . An investigation of the mechanisms of electronic sensing of protein adsorption on carbon nanotube devices . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 126 : 1563 – 1568 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu , X. , Duan , D. , Shen , G. and Yu , R. 2007 . Amperometric glucose biosensor based on electrodeposition of platinum nanoparticles onto covalently immobilized carbon nanotube electrode . Talanta , 71 : 2040 – 2047 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Csaki , A. , Moller , R. , Straube , W. , Kohler , J. M. and Fritzsche , W. 2001 . DNA monolayer on gold substrates characterized by nanoparticle labelling and scanning force microscopy . Nucleic Acids Res. , 29 : e81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui , Y. , Ren , B. , Yao , J. L. , Gu , R. A. and Tian , Z. Q. 2006 . Synthesis of Ag core Au shell bimetallic nanoparticles for immunoassay based on surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy . J. Phys. Chem. B , 110 : 4002 – 4006 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dabbousi , B. O. , Rodriguez‐Viego , J. , Mikvlec , F. V. , Heine , J. R. , Mattoussi , H. , Ober , R. , Jensen , K. F. and Bawendi , M. G. 1997 . (CdSe)ZnS core‐shell quantum dots: synthesis and characterization of a size series of highly luminescent nanocrystallites . J. Phys. Chem. B , 101 : 9463 – 9475 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel , M. and Astruc , D. 2004 . Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum‐size‐related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology . Chem. Rev. , 104 : 293 – 346 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deemer , L. M. , Mirkin , C. A. , Mucic , R. C. , Reynolds , R. A. , Letsinger , R. L. , Elghanian , R. and Viswanadham , G. 2000 . A fluorescence‐based method for determining the surface coverage and hybridization efficiency of thiol capped oligonucleotides bound to gold thin films and nanoparticles . Anal. Chem. , 72 : 5535 – 5541 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dequaire , M. R. , Limoges , B. and Brossier , P. 2006 . Subfemtomolar electrochemical detection of target DNA by catalytic enlargement of the hybridized gold nanoparticle labels . Analyst , 131 : 923 – 929 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di , J. , Peng , S. , Shen , C. , Gao , Y. and Tu , Y. 2007 . One step metod embedding superoxide dismutase and gold nanoparticles in silica sol–gel network in the presence of cysteine for construction of third‐generation biosensor . Biosensor and Bioelectronics. , 10.1016/j.bios.2007.03.011 (In press)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di , J. , Shen , C. , Peng , S. , Tu , Y. and Li , S. 2005 . A one‐step method to construct a third‐generation biosensor based on horseradish peroxidase and gold nanoparticles embedded in silica sol–gel network on gold modified electrode . Anal. Chim. Acta , 553 : 196 – 200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diessel , E. , Grothe , K. , Siebert , H. M. , Warner , B. D. and Burmeister , J. 2004 . Online resistance monitoring during autometallographic enhancement of colloidal Au labels for DNA analysis . Biosens. Bioelectron. , 19 : 1229 – 1235 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dokoutchaeei , A. , James , J. T. , Koene , S. C. , Pathak , S. , Prakash , G. K.S. and Thompson , M. E. 1999 . Colloidal metal deposition onto functionalized polystyrene microspheres . Chem. Mater , 11 : 2389 – 2399 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du , D. , Ding , J. , Cai , J. and Zhang , A. 2007 . One‐step electrochemically deposited interface of chitosan–gold nanoparticles for acetylcholinesterase biosensor design . J. Electroanal. Chem. , 605 : 53 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du , D. , Ju , H. , Zhang , X. , Chen , J. , Cai , J. and Chen , H. 2005 . Electrochemical immunoassay of membrane p‐glycoprotein by immobilization of cells on gold nanoparticles modified on a methoxysilyl‐terminated butyrylchitosan matrix . Biochemistry , 44 : 11539 – 11545 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du , D. , Xu , X. , Wang , S. and Zhang , A. 2007 . Reagentless amperometric carbohydrate antigen 19–9 immunosensor basedbon direct electrochemistry of immobilized horseradish peroxidase . Talanta , 71 : 1257 – 1262 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du , Y. , Luo , X. L. , Xu , J. J. and Chen , H. Y. 2007 . A simple method to fabricate a chitosan‐gold nanoparticles film and its application in glucose biosensor . Bioelectrochem. , 70 : 342 – 347 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duff , D. G. , Baiker , A. and Edwards , P. P. 1993 . A new hydrosol of gold clusters: 1 formation and particle size variation . Langmuir , 9 : 2301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dweyr , C. , Guthod , M. , Falvo , M. , Washborn , S. , Superfine , R. and Erie , D. 2002 . DNA functionalized carbon nanotubes . Nanotechnology , 13 : 601 – 604 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyal , A. , Loos , K. , Noto , M. , Chang , S. W. , Spagnoli , C. , Shaff , K. V.P.M. , Ulman , A. , Cowman , M. and Gross , R. A. 2003 . Activity of Candida rugosa lipase immobilized on γ‐Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 125 : 1684 – 1685 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyke , C. A. and Tour , J. M. 2003 . Unbound and highly functionalized carbon nanotubes from aqueous reactions . Nano Lett. , 3 : 1215 – 1218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elghanian , R. , Storhoff , J. J. , Mucic , R. C. , Letsinger , R. L. and Mirkin , C. A. 1997 . Selective colorimetric detection of polynucleotides based on the distance‐dependent optical properties of gold nanoparticles . Science , 277 : 1078 – 1081 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endo , T. , Kerman , K. , Nagatani , N. , Hiep , H. M. , Kim , D. K. , Yonezawa , Y. , Nakano , K. and Tamiya , E. 2006 . Multiple label‐free detection of antigen–antibody reaction using localized surface plasmon resonance‐based core‐shell structured nanoparticle layer nanochip . Anal. Chem. , 78 : 6465 – 6475 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erlanger , B. F. , Chen , B. X. , Zhu , M. and Brus , L. 2001 . Binding of an antifullerene IgG monoclonal antibody to single wall carbon nanotubes . Nano Lett. , 1 : 465 – 467 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan , S. , Chpline , M. C. , Franklin , N. R. , Tambler , T. W. , Cassell , A. M. and Dai , H. 1999 . Self‐oriented regular arrays of carbon nanotubes and their field emission properties . Science , 283 : 512 – 514 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldheim , D. L. and Foss , C. L. 2002 . Metal Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications New York : Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Feldheim , D. L. and Keating , C. D. 1998 . Self‐assembly of single electron transistors and related devices . Chem. Soc. Rev. , 27 : 1 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng , J. J. , Xu , J. J. and Chen , H. Y. 2005 . Direct electron transfer and electrocatalysis of haemoglobin adsorbed onto electrodeposited mesoporous tungsten oxide . Electrochem. Commun. , 8 : 77 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer , N. O. , Verma , A. , Goodman , C. M. , Simard , J. M. and Rotello , V. M. 2003 . Reversible irreversible inhibition of chymotrypsin using nanoparticle receptors . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 125 : 13387 – 13391 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritzsche , W. and Taton , T. A. 2003 . Metal nanoparticles as labels for heterogeneous, chip based DNA detection . Nanotechnology , 14 : 63 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu , Y. , Xie , Q. , Jia , X. , Xu , X. , Meng , W. and Yao , S. 2007 . Electrosynthesized poly(1,6‐hexanedithiol) as a new immobilization matrix for Au‐nanoparticles‐enhanced piezoelectric immunosensing . J. ElectroAnal. Chem. , 603 : 96 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu , Y. , Yuan , R. , Tang , D. , Chai , Y. and Xu , L. 2005 . Study on the immobilization of anti‐IgG on Au‐colloid modified gold electrode via potentiometric immunosensor, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance techniques . Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces , 40 : 61 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujimoto , T. , Teravachi , S. , Umehara , H. , Kojima , I. and Henderson , W. 2001 . Sonochemical preparation of single‐dispersion metal nanoparticles from metal salts . Chem. Mater , 13 : 1057 – 1060 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao , F. , Yuan , R. , Chai , Y. , Chen , S. , Cao , S. and Tang , M. 2007 . Amperometric hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on the immobilization of HRP on nano‐Au/Thi/poly(p‐aminobenzene sulfonic acid)‐modified glassy carbon electrode . J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods. , 70 : 407 – 413 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gao , F. , Yuan , R. , Chai , Y. , Mingu , T. , Cao , S. and Chen , S. 2007 . Amperometric third generation hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on immobilization of Hb on gold nanoparticles/cysteine/poly(p‐aminobenzene sulfonic acid)‐modified platinum disk electrode . Colloids and surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects , 295 : 223 – 227 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh , M. , Lawes , G. , Gayen , A. , Subbanna , G. N. , Reiff , W. M. , Subramanian , M. A. , Ramirez , A. P. , Zhang , J. P. and Seshadri , R. 2004 . A Novel route to toluene‐soluble magnetic oxide nanoparticles: aqueous hydrolysis followed by surfactant exchange . Chem. Mater. , 16 : 118 – 124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gittins , D. J. and Caruso , F. 2001 . Spontaneous phase transfer of nanoparticulate metals from organic to aqueous media . Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. , 40 : 3001 – 3004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gole , A. , Dash , C. , Soman , C. , Sainkar , S. R. , Rao , M. and Sastry , M. 2001 . On the preparation, characterization, and enzymatic activity of fungal protease‐gold colloid bioconjugate . Bioconj. Chem. , 1 : 684 – 690 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong , K. P. , Dong , Y. , Xiong , S. X. , Chen , Y. and Mao , L. G. 2004 . Novel electrochemical method for sensitive determination of homocysteine with carbon nanotube‐based electrodes . Biosens. Bioelectron. , 20 : 253 – 259 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grubisha , D. S. , Lipert , R. J. , Park , H. Y. , Driskell , J. and Porter , M. D. 2003 . Femtomolar detection of prostate‐specific antigen: an immunoassay based on surface‐enhanced Raman scattering and immunogold labels . Anal. Chem. , 75 : 5936 – 5943 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guarise , C. , Pasquato , L. , Filippis , V. D. and Scrimin , P. 2006 . Gold nanoparticles based protease assay . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 103 ( 11 ) : 3978 – 3982 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupissi‐Eli , A. , Lei , C. and Baughman , R. H. 2002 . Direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase on corbon nanotubes . Nanotechnology , 13 : 559 – 564 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzelian , A. A. , Katari , J. E.B. , Kadavanich , A. V. , Banin , U. , Hamad , K. , Juban , E. and Alivisatos , A. P. 1996 . Synthesis of size‐selected, surface passivated InP nanocrystal . J. Phys. Chem. B , 100 : 7212 – 7219 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handley , D. A. 1989 . Colloidal Gold: Principles, Methods and Application Edited by: Hayat , M. A. Vol. 1 , San Diego : Academic Press . ch. 2
   Google Scholar
• Hanglein , A. 1999 . Radiolytic preparation of ultrafine colloidal gold particles in aqueous solution . Langmuir , 15 : 6738 – 6744 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen , J. A. , Mukhopadhyay , R. , Hansen , J. O. and Gothelf , K. V. 2006 . Femtomolar electrochemical detection of DNA targets using metal sulfide nanoparticles . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 128 : 3860 – 3861 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haruta , M. and Date , M. 2001 . Advances in the catalysis of gold nanoparticles . Appl. Catal A: Gen. , : 222 – 427 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haruyama , T. 2003 . Micro‐ and nanobiotechnology for biosensing cellular responses . Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. , 55 : 393 – 401 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernadi , K. , Fonseca , A. , Nagy , J. B. , Bernaerts , D. , Riga , J. and Lucas , A. 1996 . Catalytic synthesis and purification of carbon nanotubes . Synth. Met. , 77 : 31 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez‐Santos , D. , Gonzalez‐Garcıa , M. B. and Costa‐Garcıa , A. 2002 . Metal‐nanoparticles based electroanalysis . Electroanalysis , 14 : 1225 – 1235 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiep , H. M. , Endo , T. , Kerman , K. , Chikae , M. , Kim , D. K. , Yamamura , S. , Takamura , Y. and Tamiya , E. A localized surface plasmon resonance based immunosensor for the detection of casein in milk . Sci. Tech. Adv. Mater. , 8 331 – 338 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch , L. R. , Jackson , J. B. , Lee , A. , Halas , N. J. and West , J. L. 2003 . A whole blood immunoassay using gold nanoshells . Anal. Chem. , 75 : 2377 – 2381 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch , L. R. , Stafford , R. J. , Bankson , J. A. , Sershen , S. R. , Rivera , B. , Price , R. E. , Hazzle , J. D. , Halas , N. J. and West , J. L. 2003 . Nanoshell mediated near‐infrared thermal therapy of tumors under magntic resonance guidance . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , 100 : 13549 – 13554 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong , R. , Emrick , T. and Rotello , V. M. 2004 . Monolayer‐controlled substrate selectivity using noncovalent enzyme‐nanoparticle conjugates . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 126 : 13572 – 12573 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hrapovic , S. , Liu , Y. , Male , K. B. and Luong , J. H.T. 2004 . Electrochemical biosensing platforms using platinum nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes . Anal. Chem. , 76 : 1083 – 1088 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu , H. , Zhao , B. , Itkis , M. E. and Haddan , R. C. 2003 . Nitric acid purification of single‐walled carbon nanotubes . J.Phys. Chem. B , 107 : 13838 – 13842 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , C. C. , Huang , Y. F. , Cao , Z. , Tan , W. and Chang , H. T. 2005 . Aptamer‐modified gold nanoparticles for colorimetric determination of platelet‐derived growth factors and their receptors . Anal. Chem. , 77 : 5735 – 5741 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , S. H. 2006 . Gold nanoparticles based immunochromatographic test for identification of staphylococcous aureus from clinical specimens . Clin. Chim. Acta , 373 : 139 – 143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , Y. , Zhang , W. , Xiao , H. and Li , G. 2005 . An electrochemical investigation of glucose oxidase at a CdS nanoparticles modified electrode . Biosens. Bioelectron. , 2 : 817 – 821 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivanov , V. , Nagy , J. B. and Lambin , Ph. 1994 . The study of carbon naotubes produced by catalytic method . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 223 : 329 – 335 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jena , B. K. and Raj , C. R. 2006 . Electrochemical biosensor based on integrated assembly of dehydrogenase enzymes and gold nanoparticles . Anal. Chem. , 78 : 6332 – 633 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia , J. , Wang , B. , Wu , A. , Cheng , G. , Li , Z. and Dong , S. 2002 . A method to construct third‐generation horseradish peroxidase biosensor: self‐assembling gold nanoparticles to three‐dimensional sol–gel network . Anal. Chem. , 74 : 2217 – 2223 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johanson , S. R. , Evanas , S. D. , Mahan , S. W. and Ulman , A. 1997 . Alkanethiol molecules containing an aromatic moiety self‐assembled onto gold clusters . Langmuir , 13 : 51 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jose‐Yacaman , M. , Miki‐Yoshida , M. and Rendon , L. 1993 . Catalytic growth of carbon microtubules with fullerene structure . Appl. Phys. Lett. , 62 : 202 – 204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karadas , F. , Ertas , G. , Ozkaraoglu , E. and Suzer , S. 2005 . X‐ray‐Induced production of gold nanoparticles on a SiO2/Si system and in a poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix . Langmuir , 21 : 437 – 442 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karajangi , S. S. , Vertegel , A. A. , Kane , R. S. and Dordick , J. S. 2004 . Structure and function of enzyme adsorbed onto single‐walled carbon nanotubes . Langmuir , 20 : 11594 – 11599 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato , N. and Caruso , F. 2005 . Homogeneous, competitive fluorescence quenching immunoassay based on gold nanoparticle/polyelectrolyte coated latex particles . J. Phys. Chem. B , 109 : 19604 – 19612 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerman , K. , Morita , Y. , Takamura , Y. , Ozsoz , M. and Tamiya , E. 2004 . Modification of E. coli single‐stranded DNA binding protein with gold nanoparticles for electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization . Anal. Chim. Acta , 510 : 169 – 174 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohler , N. , Fryxell , G. E. and Zhang , M. 2004 . A bifunctional poly(ethylene glycol) silane immobilized on metallic oxide‐based nanoparticles for conjugation with cell targeting agents . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 126 : 7206 – 7211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kouassi , G. K. , Irudayaraj , J. and McCarty , G. 2005 . Activity of glucose oxidase functionalized onto magnetic nanoparticles . Bio Magnetic Research and Technology , 3 : 1 – 10 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kumar , S. , Harrison , N. , Richards‐Kortum , R. and Sokolov , K. 2007 . Plasmonic nanosensors for imaging intracellular biomarkers in live cells . Nano Lett. , 7 : 1338 – 1343 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laromaine , A. , Koh , L. , Murugesan , M. , Ulijn , R. V. and Stevens , M. M. 2007 . Protease‐triggered dispersion of nanoparticle assemblies . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 129 : 4156 – 4157 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarides , A. A. and Schatz , G. C. 2000 . DNA‐linked metal nanosphere materials: structural basis for the optical properties . J. Phys. Chem. B , 104 : 460 – 467 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , S. and Perez‐Luna , V. H. 2005 . Dextran‐gold nanoparticle hybrid material for biomolecule immobilization and detection . Anal. Chem. , 77 : 7204 – 7211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , T. M.H. , Cai , H. and Hsing , I. M. 2005 . Effects of gold nanoparticles and electrode surface properties on electrocatalytic silver deposition for electrochemical DNA hybridization detection . Analyst , 130 : 364 – 369 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , T. M.H. , Li , L. L. and Hsing , I. M. 2003 . Enhanced electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization based on electrode‐surface modification . Langmuir , 19 : 4338 – 4343 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei , C. X. , Hua , S. Q. , Shen , G. L. and Yu , R. Q. 2003 . Immobilization of horseradish peroxidase to a nano‐Au monolayer modified chitosan‐entrapped carbon paste electrode for the detection of hydrogen peroxide . Talanta , 59 : 981 – 988 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letsinger , R. L. 2000 . Use of a steroid cyclic disulfide anchor in constructing gold nanoparticle‐oligonucleotide conjugates . Bioconj. Chem. , 11 : 289 – 291 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , B. , Xie , X. , Huang , H. and Qian , Y. 1999 . Synthesis by a solvothermal route and characterization of CuInSe2 nanowhiskers and nanoparticles . Adv. Mater. , 11 : 1456 – 1459 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , C. M. , Lin , H. , Lei , B. , Ishikawa , F. , Datar , R. , Cote , R. , Thompson , M. and Zhou , C. 2005 . Complementary detection of prostate specific antigen using In2O3 nanowires and carbon nanotubes . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 127 : 12484 – 12485 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , C. Z. , Liu , Y. and Luong , J. H.T. 2005 . Impedence sensing of DNA binding drugs using gold substrates modified with gold nanoparticles . Anal. Chem. , 77 : 478 – 485 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , H. and Rothberg , L. 2004 . Colorimetric detection of DNA sequences based on electrostatic interactions with unmodified gold nanoparticles . Proceedings of Natural Academy of Science , 101 : 14036 – 14039 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , H. and Rothberg , L. J. 2004 . DNA sequence detection using selective fluorescence quenching of tagged oligonucleotide probes by gold nanoparticles . Anal. Chem. , 76 : 5414 – 5417 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , Q. , Luo , G. and Feng , J. 2001 . Direct electron transfer for heme proteins assembled on nanocrystalline TiO2 film . Electroanalysis , 13 : 359 – 363 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , Q. , Luo , G. , Feng , J. , Zhou , Q. , Zhang , L. and Zhu , Y. 2001 . Amperometric detection of glucose with glucose oxidase absorbed on porous nanocrystalline TiO2 film . Electroanalysis , 13 : 413 – 416 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , X. , Wu , J. , Gao , N. , Shen , G. and Yu , R. 2006 . Electrochemical performance of l‐cysteine–gold particle nanocomposite electrode interface as applied to preparation of mediator‐free enzymatic biosensors . Sensor Actuator B , 117 : 35 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , X. , Yuan , R. , Chai , Y. , Zhang , L. , Zhuo , Y. and Zhang , Y. 2006 . Amperometric immunosensor based on toluidine blue/nano‐Au through electrostatic interaction for determination of carcinoembryonic antigen . J. Biotechnol. , 123 : 356 – 366 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , Z. , Rongchao , J. , Mirkin , C. A. and Letsinger , R. L. 2002 . Multiple thiol‐anchors capped DNA‐gold nanoparticles conjugates . Nucl. Acid Res. , 30 : 1558 – 1562 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , Z. , Sun , Q. and Gao , M. 2005 . Preparation of water‐soluble magnetite nanocrystals from hydrated ferric salts in 2‐pyrrolidone: mechanism leading to Fe3O4 . Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. , 44 : 123 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang , K. Z. and Mu , W. J. 2006 . Flow‐injection immuno‐bioassay for interleukin‐6 in humans based on gold nanoparticles modified screen‐printed graphite electrodes . Anal. Chim. Acta , 580 : 128 – 135 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim , S. H. , Wei , J. , Lin , J. , Li , Q. and Jin , K. Y. 2005 . A glucose biosensor based on electrodeposition of palladium nanoparticles and glucose oxidase onto Nafion‐solubilized carbon nanotube electrode . Biosens. Bioelectron. , 20 : 2341 – 2346 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , C. C. , Yeh , Y. C. , Yang , C. Y. , Chen , G. F. , Chen , Y. C. , Wu , Y. C. and Chen , C. C. 2003 . Quantitative analysis of multivalent interactions of carbohydrate‐encapsulated gold nanoparticles with concanavalin A . Chem. Commun. , : 2920 – 2921 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , Y. , Lu , F. , Tu , Y. and Ren , Z. 2004 . Glucose biosensors based on carbon nanotube nanoelectrode ensembles . Nano Lett. , 4 : 191 – 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , G. , Wang , J. , Kim , J. , Jan , M. R. and Collins , G. E. 2004 . Electrochemical coding for multiplexed immunoassays of proteins . Anal. Chem. , 76 : 7126 – 7130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , J. and Liu , Y. 2003 . A colorimetric lead biosensor using DNAzyme‐directed assembly of gold nanoparticles . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 125 : 6642 – 6643 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , J. and Liu , Y. 2004 . Optimization of a Pb2+ directed gold nanoparticles/DNAzyme assembly and its application as a colorimetric biosensor for Pb2+ . Chem. Mater. , 16 : 3231 – 3238 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , J. , Rinzler , A. G. , Dai , H. , Hafner , J. H. , Bradley , R. K. , Boul , P. J. , Lu , A. , Iverson , T. , Shelimov , K. , Huffman , C. B. , Rodriguez–Macias , F. , Shon , Y. S. , Lee , T. R. , Colbert , D. T. and Smalley , R. E. 1998 . Fullerene pipes . Science , 280 : 1253 – 1256 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , J. , Xu , R. and Kaiter , A. F. 1998 . In situ modification of the surface of gold colloidal particles. preparation of cyclodextrin‐based rotaxanes supported on gold nanospheres . Langmuir , 14 : 7337 – 7339 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , S. and Ju , H. 2003 . Nitrite reduction and detection at a carbon paste electrode containing hemoglobin and colloidal gold . Analyst , 128 : 1420 – 1424 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , S. and Ju , H. 2003 . Reagentless glucose biosensor based on direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase immobilized on colloidal gold modified carbon paste electrode . Biosens. Bioelectron. , 19 : 177 – 183 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , S. , Zhang , Z. , Wang , Y. , Wang , F. and Han , M. Y. 2005 . Surface‐functionalized silica‐coated gold nanoparticles and their bioapplications . Talanta , 67 : 456 – 461 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , S. Q. , Yu , J. H. and Ju , H. X. 2003 . Renewable phenol biosensor based on a tyrosinase‐colloidal gold modified carbon paste electrode . J. Electroanal. Chem. , 540 : 61 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , Y. , Qu , X. H. , Guo , H. W. , Chen , H. J. , Liu , B. F. and Dong , S. J. 2006 . Facile preparation of amperometric lactase biosensor with multifunction based on the matrix of carbon nanotubes–chitosan composite . Biosens. Bioelectron. , 21 : 2195 – 2201 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu , B. W. and Chen , W. C. 2006 . A disposable glucose biosensor based on drop‐coating of screen‐printed carbon electrodes with magnetic nanoparticles . J. Magn. Magn. Mater. , 304 : 400 – 402 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu , X. , Yu , Y. , Chen , L. , Mao , H. , Zhang , W. and Wei , Y. 2004 . Preparation and characterization of polyaniline microwires containing CdS nanoparticles . Chem. Commun. , : 1522 – 1523 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo , X. L. , Xu , J. J. , Du , Y. and Chen , H. Y. 2004 . A glucose biosensor based on chitosan‐glucose oxidase‐gold nanoparticles biocomposites formed by one step electrodeposition . Anal. Biochem. , 334 : 284 – 289 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lvov , Y. , Munge , B. , Giraldo , O. , Ichinose , I. , Suib , S. and Rusling , J. F. 2000 . Films of manganese oxide nanoparticles with polycations or myoglobin from alternate‐layer adsorption . Langmuir , 16 : 8850 – 8857 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma , Z. , Wu , J. , Zhou , T. , Chem , Z. , Dong , Y. , Tang , J. and Sui , S. F. 2002 . Detection of human lung carcinoma cell using QCM amplified by enlarging Au nanopartcles in vivo . New J. Chem. , 26 : 1795 – 1798 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maehashi , K. , Katsura , T. , Kerman , K. , Takamura , Y. , Matsumoto , K. and Tamiya , E. 2007 . Label‐free protein biosensor based on aptamer modified carbon nanotube field effect transistors . Anal. Chem. , 79 : 782 – 787 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhotra , B. D. , Chaubey , A. and Singh , S. P. 2006 . Prospects of conducting polymers in biosensors . Anal. Chim. Acta , 578 : 59 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manso , J. , Mena , M. L. , Yanez‐Sedeno , P. and Pingarron , J. 2007 . Electrochemical biosensors based on colloidal gold–carbon nanotubes composite electrodes . J. ElectroAnal. Chem. , 603 : 1 – 7 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell , D. J. , Taylor , J. R. and Nie , S. 2002 . Self‐assembled nanoparticles probes for recognition and detection of biomolecules . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 124 : 9606 – 9612 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayya , K. S. , Patil , V. and Satry , M. 1997 . On the stability of carboxylic acid derivatized gold colloidal particles: the role of colloidal solution pH studied by optical absorption spectroscopy . Langmuir , 13 : 3944 – 3947 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirkin , C. A. , Letsinger , R. L. , Mucic , R. C. and Storhoff , J. J. 1996 . A DNA‐based method for rationally assembling nanoparticles into macroscopic materials . Nature , 382 : 607 – 609 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miscoria , S. A. , Barrera , G. D. and Rivas , G. A. 2002 . Analytical performance of a glucose biosensor prepared by immobilization of glucose oxidase and different metals into a carbon paste electrode . Electroanalysis , 14 : 981 – 988 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miziani , M. J. and Sun , Y. P. 2003 . Protein conjugated nanoparticles from rapid expansion of supercritical fluid solution into aqueous solution . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 125 : 8015 – 8018 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizukoshi , Y. , Fujimoto , T. , Nagata , Y. , Oshima , R. and Maeda , Y. 2000 . Characterization and catalytic activity of core‐shell structured gold/palladium bimetallic nanoparticles synthesized by the sonochemical method . J. Phys. Chem. B , 104 : 6028 – 6032 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , V. C. , Strano , M. S. , Haroz , F. H. , Hauge , R. H. , Smalley , R. E. , Schmidt , J. and Talmon , Y. 2003 . Individually suspended single walled carbon nanotubes in various surfactants . Nano Lett. , 3 : 1379 – 1382 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan , C. , Newman , D. and Price , C. 1996 . Immunosensors: technology and opportunities in laboratory medicine . Clin. Chem. , 42 : 193 – 209 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munge , B. , Liu , G. , Collins , G. and Wang , J. 2005 . Multiple enzyme layers on corbon naotubes for electrochemical detection down to 80 DNA copies . Anal. Chem. , 77 : 4662 – 4666 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray , C. B. , Naris , D. J. and Bawendi , M. G. 1993 . Synthesis and characterization of nearly monodisperse CdE (E=sulphur, selenium, tellurium) semiconductor nanocrystallites . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 115 : 8706 – 8715 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musameh , M. , Wang , J. , Merkoci , A. and Lin , Y. H. 2002 . Low‐potential stable NADH detection at carbon‐nanotube‐modified glassy carbon electrodes . Electrochem. Commun. , 4 : 743 – 746 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagatani , N. and Tanaka , R. 2006 . Gold nanoparticles‐based novel enhancement method for the development of highly sensitive immunochromatographic test strips . Sci. Tech. Adv. Mater. , 7 : 270 – 275 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nam , J. M. , Park , S. J. and Mirkin , C. A. 2002 . Bio‐barcodes based on oligonucleotide‐modified nanoparticles . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 124 : 3820 – 3821 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nam , J. M. , Stoeva , S. I. and Mirkin , C. A. 2004 . Bio‐bar‐code‐based DNA detection with PCR‐like sensitivity . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 126 : 5932 – 5933 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemeyer , C. M. , Ceyhan , B. , Gao , S. , Chi , L. , Peschel , S. and Simon , U. 2001 . Site selective immobilization of gold nanoparticles functionalized with DNA oligomers . Colloid Polymer Sci. , 279 : 68 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niyogi , S. , Hamon , M. A. , Hu , H. , Zhao , B. , Bhawmir , P. , Sen , R. , Itkis , M. E. and Haddan , R. C. 2002 . Chemistry of single‐walled carbon nanotubes . Acc. Chem. Res. , 35 : 1105 – 1113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connell , M. J. , Bachilo , S. M. , Huffman , C. B. , Moore , V. C. , Strano , M. S. , Haroz , E. H. , Rialon , K. L. , Boul , P. J. , Noon , W. H. , Kittrell , C. , Ma , J. , Hauge , R. H. , Weisman , B. R. and Smalley , R. E. 2002 . Band gap fluorescence from individual single walled carbon nanotubes . Science , 297 : 593 – 596 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connell , M. J. , Boul , P. , Ericson , L. M. , Huffmann , C. , Wang , Y. , Haroz , E. , Kuper , C. , Tour , J. , Ausman , K. D. and Smalley , R. E. 2001 . Reversible water‐solubilization of single walled carbon nanotubes by polymer wrapping . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 342 : 265 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor , M. , Kim , S. N. , Killard , A. J. , Forster , R. J. , Smyth , M. R. , Papadimitrakopoulos , F. and Rusling , J. F. 2004 . Mediated amperometric immunosensing using single walled carbon nanotube forests . Analyst , 129 : 1176 – 1180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okitsu , K. , Ashokkumar , M. and Grieser , F. 2005 . Sonochemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles: effects of ultrasound frequency . J. Phys. Chem. B , 109 : 20673 – 20675 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okitsu , K. , Xue , A. , Tanabe , S. , Matsumoto , H. and Yobiko , Y. 2001 . Formation of colloidal gold nanoparticles in an ultrasonic field: control of rate of gold(III) reduction and size of formed gold particles . Langmuir , 17 : 7717 – 7720 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okuno , J. , Maehashi , K. , Kerman , K. , Takamura , Y. , Matsumoto , K. and Tamiya , E. 2006 . Label‐free immunosensor for prostate‐specific antigen based on single‐walled carbon nanotube array‐modified microelectrodes . Biosens. Bioelectron. , 22 : 2377 – 2381 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozsoz , M. , Erdem , A. , Kerman , K. , Ozkan , D. , Tugrul , B. , Topcuoglu , N. , Ekren , H. and Taylan , M. 2003 . Electrochemical genosensor based on colloidal gold nanoparticles for the detection of factor V Leiden mutation using disposable pencil graphite electrodes . Anal. Chem. , 75 : 2181 – 2187 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey , P. , Singh , S. P. , Arya , S. K. , Gupta , V. , Datta , M. , Singh , S. and Malhotra , B. D. 2007 . Application of thiolated gold nanoparticles for enhancement of glucose oxidase activity . Langmuir , 23 : 3333 – 3337 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , D. W. , Kim , Y. H. , Kim , B. S. , So , H. M. , Won , K. , Lee , J. O. , Kong , K. J. and Chang , H. 2006 . Detection of tumor markers using single‐walled carbon nanotube field effect transistors . J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. , 6 : 3499 – 3502 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , J. E. , Atobe , M. and Fuchigami , T. 2005 . Sonochemical synthesis of inorganic‐organic hybrid nanocomposite based on gold nanoparticles and polypyrrle . Chem. Lett. , 34 : 96 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , J. E. , Atobe , M. and Fuchigami , T. 2005 . Sonochemical synthesis of conducing polymer–metal nanoparticls nanocomposite . Electrochim. Acta , 51 : 849 – 854 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , S. J. , Taton , T. A. and Mirkin , C. A. 2002 . Array‐based electrical detection of DNA with nanoparticle probes . Science , 295 : 1503 – 1506 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patolsky , F. , Weizmann , Y. and Willner , I. 2004 . Long‐range electrical contacting of redox enzymes by SWCNT connectors . Angew. Chem Int. Ed. , 43 : 2113 – 2117 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng , H. , Zhang , L. , Kjallman , T. H.M. , Soeller , C. and Sejdic‐Travas , J. 2007 . DNA hybridization detection with blue luminescent quantum dots and dye‐labelled single stranded DNA . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 129 : 3048 – 3049 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng , X. , Schiamp , M. C. , KadaVanich , A. V. and Alivisatos , A. P. 1997 . Epitaxial growth of highly luminescent CdSe/CdS core/shell nanocrystals with photostability and electronic accessibility . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 119 : 7019 – 7029 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng , Z. A. and Peng , X. 2001 . Formation of high‐quality CdTe, CdSe, and CdS nanocrystals using CdO as precursor . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 123 : 183 – 184 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pol , V. G. , Srivastava , D. N. , Palchik , O. , Palchik , V. , Slifkin , M. A. , Weiss , A. M. and Gedanken , A. 2002 . Sonochemical deposition of silver nanoparticles on silica spheres . Langmuir , 18 : 3352 – 3357 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter , L. A. Jr. , Ji , D. , Westcott , S. L. , Graupe , M. , Czernuszewicz , R. S. , Halas , N. J. and Lee , T. R. 1998 . Gold and silver nanoparticles functionalized by the adsorption of dialkyl disulfides . Langmuir , 14 : 7378 – 7386 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pumera , M. , Castaneda , M. T. , Pividori , M. I. , Eritja , R. , Merkocui , A. and Alegret , S. 2005 . Magnetically trigged direct electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization using Au67 quantum dot as electrical tracer . Langmuir , 21 : 9625 – 9629 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qhobosheane , M. , Santra , S. , Zhang , P. and Tan , W. 2001 . Biochemically functionalized silica nanoparticles . Analyst , 126 : 1274 – 1278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian , L. and Yang , X. R. 2006 . Composite film of carbon nanotubes and chitosan for preparation of amperometric hydrogen peroxide biosensor . Talanta , 68 : 721 – 727 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qu , L. , Peng , Z. A. and Peng , X. 2001 . Alternative routes toward high quality CdSe nanocrystals . Nano Lett. , 1 : 333 – 337 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao , C. N.R. and Cheetham , A. K. 2001 . Science and technology of nanomaterials: current status and future prospects . J. Mater. Chem. , 11 : 2887 – 2894 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao , C. N.R. , Muller , A. and Cheetham , A. K. 2004 . “ The chemistry of nanomaterials: synthesis properties and application ” . Edited by: Rao , C. N.R. , Muller , A. and Cheetham , A. K.
   Google Scholar
• Raschke , G. , Brogl , S. , Susha , A. S. , Rogach , A. L. , Klar , T. A. , Feldmann , J. , Fieres , B. , Petkov , N. , Bein , T. and Ku1rzinger , N. K. 2004 . Gold nanoshells improve single nanoparticle molecular sensors . Nano Lett. , 4 : 1853 – 1857 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redl , F. X. , Black , C. T. , Papaefthymoiu , G. C. , Sandstrom , R. L. , Yin , M. , Zeng , H. , Murray , C. B. and O'Brien , S. P. 2004 . Magnetic, electronic, and structural characterization of nonstoichiometric iron oxides at the nanoscale . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 126 : 14583 – 14599 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remirez , C. P. and Caruana , D. J. 2006 . Immobilisation of glucose oxidase in electrodeposited copper . Electrochem. Commun. , 8 : 450 – 454 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren , X. , Meng , X. and Tang , F. 2005 . Preparation of Ag–Au nanoparticle and its application to glucose biosensor . Sensor Actuator B , 110 : 358 – 363 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds , R. A. , Mirkin , C. A. and Letsinger , R. L. 2000 . Homogeneous, nanoparticle‐based quantitative colorimetric detection of oligonucleotides . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 122 : 3795 – 3796 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richard , C. , Balavoine , F. , Schultz , P. , Ebbesen , T. W. and Misokowski , C. 2003 . Supramolecular self assembly of lipid derivatives on carbon nanotubes . Science , 300 : 775 – 778 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinzler , A. G. , Liu , J. , Dai , H. , Nikolov , P. , Huffman , C. B. , Rodriguez‐Macias , F. J. , Boul , P. J. , Lu , A. H. , Heyman , D. , Colbert , D. T. , Lee , R. S. , Fischer , J. E. , Rao , A. M. , Eklund , P. G. and Smalley , R. E. 1998 . Large scale purification of single wall carbon nanotubes: process, product and characterization . Appl. Phys. A , 67 : 29 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rong , L. Q. , Yang , C. , Qian , Q. Y. and Xia , X. H. 2007 . Study of the nonenzymatic glucose sensor based on highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes . Talanta , 72 : 819 – 824 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi , L. M. , Quach , A. D. and Rosenzweig , Z. 2004 . Glucose oxidase–magnetite nanoparticle bioconjugate for glucose sensing . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 380 : 606 – 613 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salimi , A. and Hallaj , R. 2005 . Catalytic oxidation of thiols at preheated glassy carbon electrode modified with abrasive immobilization of multiwall carbon nanotubes: applications to amperometric detection of thiocytosine, l‐cysteine and glutathione . Talanta , 66 : 967 – 975 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salimi , A. , Compton , R. G. and Hallaj , R. 2004 . Glucose biosensor prepared by glucose oxidase encapsulated sol–gel and carbon‐nanotube‐modified basal plane pyrolytic graphite electrode . Anal. Biochem. , 333 : 49 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salimi , A. , Noorbakhsh , A. and Ghadermarzi , M. 2005 . Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalytic activity of catalase incorporated onto multiwall carbon nanotubes‐modiWed glassy carbon electrode . Anal. Biochem. , 344 : 16 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salimi , A. , Sharifi , E. , Noorbakhsh , A. and Soltanian , S. 2006 . Direct voltammetry and electrocatalytic properties of hemoglobin immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode modified with nickel oxide nanoparticles . Electrochem. Commun. , 8 : 1499 – 1508 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salimi , A. , Sharifi , E. , Noorbakhsh , A. and Soltanian , S. 2007 . Immobilization of glucose oxidase on electrodeposited nickel oxide nanoparticles: direct electron transfer and electrocatalytic activity . Biosens. Bioelectron. , 22 : 3146 – 3153 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sastry , M. , Lala , N. , Patil , V. , Chavan , S. P. and Chittiboyina , A. G. 1998 . Optical absorption study of the biotin‐avidin interaction on colloidal silver and gold particles . Langmuir , 14 : 4138 – 4142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato , K. , Hosoawa , K. and Maeda , M. 2005 . Noncross‐linking gold nanoparticles aggregation as a detection method for single‐base substitutions . Nucleic Acid Res. , 33 : 1 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato , K. , Hosokawa , K. and Maeda , M. 2003 . Rapid aggregation of gold nanoparticles induced by noncross‐linking DNA hybridization . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 125 : 8102 – 8103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato , Y. , Sato , K. , Hosokawa , K. and Maeda , M. 2006 . Surface plasmon resonance imaging on a microchip for detection of DNA‐modified gold nanoparticles deposited onto the surface in a noncross‐linking configuration . Anal. Biochem. , 355 : 125 – 131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaaff , T. G. , Knight , G. , Shafigullin , M. N. , Borkman , R. F. and Whetten , R. L. 1998 . Isolation and selected properties of 10.4 kDa gold: glutathione cluster compound . J. Phys. Chem. B , 102 : 10643 – 10646 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schofield , C. L. , Haines , A. H. , Field , R. A. and Russell , D. A. 2007 . Glyconanoparticles for the colorimetric detection of cholera toxin . Anal. Chem. , 79 : 1356 – 1361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shankaran , D. R. , Uehara , N. and Kato , T. 2003 . A metal dispersed sol–gel biocomposite amperometric glucose biosensor . Biosens. Bioelectron. , 18 : 721 – 728 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi , W. , Sahoo , Y. and Swihart , M. T. 2004 . Gold nanoparticles surface‐terminated with bifunctional ligands . Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects , 246 : 109 – 113 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shim , M. , Kam , N. W.S. , Chen , R. J. , Li , Y. and Dai , H. 2002 . Functionalization of carbon nanotubes for biocompatibility and biomolecular recognition . Nano Lett. , 2 : 285 – 288 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmard , J. , Briggs , C. , Boal , A. K. and Rotello , V. M. 2000 . Formation and pH‐controlled assembly of amphiphilic gold nanoparticles . Chem. Commun. , : 1943
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonian , A. L. , Good , T. A. , Wang , S. S. and Wild , J. R. 2005 . Nanoparticle‐based optical biosensorsfor the direct detection of organophosphate chemical warfare agents and pesticides . Anal. Chim. Acta , 534 : 69 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siswana , M. , Ozoemena , K. I. and Nyokong , T. 2006 . Electrocatalytic behavior of carbon paste electrode modified with iron(II) phthalocyanine (FePc) nanoparticles toward the detection of amitrole . Talanta , 69 : 1136 – 1142 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skaff , H. , Sill , K. and Emrick , T. 2004 . Quantum dots tailored with poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 126 : 11322 – 11325 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorlier , P. , Denuzière , A. , Viton , C. and Domard , A. 2001 . Relation between the degree of acetylation and the electrostatic properties of chitin and chitosan . Biomacromolecules , 2 : 765 – 772 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Star , A. , Tu , E. , Niemann , J. , Gabriel , J. C.P. , Joiner , C. S. and Valcke , C. 2006 . Label‐free detection of DNA hybridization using carbon nanotube network field‐effect transistors . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 103 : 921 – 926 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steel , A. B. , Heme , T. M. and Tarlov , M. J. 1998 . Electrochemical quantitation of DNA immobilized on gold . Anal. Chem. , 70 : 4670 – 4677 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storff , J. J. , Lucas , A. D. , Garmella , V. , Bao , Y. P. and Muller , U. R. 2004 . Homogeneous detection of unamplified genomic DNA sequences based on colorimetric scatter of gold nanoparticles . Nat. Biotechnol. , 22 : 883 – 887 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storhoff , J. J. , Elghanian , R. , Mucic , R. C. , Mirkin , C. A. and Letsinger , R. L. 1998 . One‐pot colorimetric differentiation of polynucleotides with single base imperfections using gold nanoparticle probes . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 120 : 1959 – 1964 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storhoff , J. J. , Lazarides , A. A. , Mucic , R. C. , Mirkin , C. A. , Letsinger , R. L. and Schatz , G. C. 2000 . What controls the optical properties of DNA‐linked gold nanoparticles assemblies . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 122 : 4640 – 4650 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strano , M. S. , Heng , M. , Jagota , A. , Onoa , G. B. , Heller , D. A. , Barone , P. W. and Usery , M. L. 2004 . Understanding the nature of DNA assisted separation of single walled carbon nanotubes using fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy . Nano Lett. , 4 : 843 – 550 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su , X. , Xauli , S. F. and Oshea , S. J. 2001 . Au nanoparticles and silver enhancement reaction amplified microgravimetric biosensor . Chem. Commun. , : 755 – 756 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun , R. W.Y. , Chen , R. , Chung , N. P.Y. , Ho , C. M. , Lin , C. L.S. and Che , C. M. 2005 . Silver nanoparticles fabricated in Hepes buffer exhibit cytoprotective activities toward HIV‐1 infected cells . Chem. Commun. , : 5059 – 5061 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun , Y. , Yan , F. , Yang , W. and Sun , C. 2006 . Multilayered construction of glucose oxidase and silica nanoparticles on Au electrodes based on layer‐by‐layer covalent attachment . Biomaterials , 27 : 4042 – 4049 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeda , S. , Sbagyo , A. , Sakoda , Y. , Ishii , A. , Sawamura , M. , Sueoka , K. , Kida , H. , Mukasa , K. and Matsumoto , K. 2005 . Application of carbon nanotubes for detecting antihemagglutinins based on antigenantibody interaction . Biosens. Bioelectron. , 21 : 201 – 205 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang , D. , Yuan , R. and Chai , Y. 2005 . Amplification of antigen–antibody interactions via back‐filling immobilization of GOx on antibody‐functionalized core shell SiO2/Au nanoparticle surfaces . Biosens. Bioelectron. , 10.1016/j.bios.2005.10.026. (In press).
   Google Scholar
• Taoshi , Y. , Yuan , R. , Chai , Y. Q. and He , X. L. 2007 . Development of an amperometric immunosensor based on TiO2nanoparticles and gold nanoparticles . Electrochim. Acta , 52 : 3518 – 3524 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taton , T. A. , Mirkin , C. A. and Letsinger , R. L. 2000 . Scanometric DNA array detection with nanoparticles probes . Science , 289 : 1757 – 1760 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taton , T. A. , Mucic , R. C. , Mirkin , C. A. and Letsinger , R. L. 2000 . The DNA mediated formation of spramolecular mono‐ and multilayered nanoparticles structures . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 122 : 6305 – 6306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Templeton , A. C. , Chen , S. , Gross , S. M. and Murray , R. W. 1999 . Water soluble isolable gold clusters protected by tiopronon and coenzyme A monolayers . Langmuir , 15 : 66 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thanh , N. T.K. and Rosenzweig , Z. 2002 . Development of an aggregation‐based immunoassay for antiprotein A using gold nanoparticles . Anal. Chem. , 74 : 1624 – 1628 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokareva , I. and Hutter , E. 2004 . Hybridization of oligonucleotide‐modified silver and gold nanoparticles in aqueous dispersions and on gold films . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 126 : 15784 – 15789 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topoglidis , E. , Campbell , C. J. , Cass , A. E.G. and Durrant , J. R. 2006 . Nitric oxide biosensors based on the immobilization of hemoglobin on mesoporous titania electrodes . Electroanalysis , 18 : 882 – 887 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triulzi , R. C. , Micic , M. , Giordani , S. , Serry , M. , Chiou , W. A. and Leblane , R. M. 2006 . Immunoassay based on the antibody conjugated PAMAM‐dendrimer gold quantum dot complex . Chem. Comm. , : 5068 – 5070 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trrece , R. F. , Macalo , G. S. , Rao , L. and Deanna , F. 1993 . Synthesis of III–V semiconductor by solid state metathesis . Inorg. Chem. , 32 : 2745 – 2752 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai , C. S. , Yu , T. B. and Chen , C. T. 2005 . Gold nanoparticle‐based competitive colorimetric assay for detection of protein–protein interactions . Chem. Commun. , : 4273 – 4275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turkevich , J. , Garton , G. and Stevenson , P. C. 1954 . The color of colloidal gold . J. Colloid Sci. , 9 : 26 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Uda , T. , Kanmei , R. , Akasofu , S. , Hifumi , E. and Ohtaki , M. 1994 . Application of polymer‐protected ultrafine platinum particles to the immunological detection of human serum albumin . Anal. Biochem. , 218 : 259 – 264 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vastarella , W. and Nicastri , R. 2005 . Enzyme‐semiconductor nanoclusters combined systems for novel amperometric biosensors . Talanta , 66 : 627 – 633 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma , A. , Simard , J. M. , Worrall , J. W.E. and Rotello , V. M. 2004 . Tunable reactivation of nanoparticle‐inhibited α‐galactosidase by glutathione at intracellular concentrations . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 126 : 3987 – 13991 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinodgopal , K. , He , Y. , Ashokkumar , M. and Grieser , F. 2006 . Sonochemically prepared platinum‐ruthenium bimetallic nanoparticles . J. Phys. Chem. B , 110 : 3849 – 3852 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , C. Y. and Hu , X. Y. 2005 . Determination of benorilate in pharmaceutical formulations and its metabolite in urine at carbon paste electrode modified by silver nanoparticles . Talanta , 67 : 625 – 633 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , J. , Liu , G. , Polsky , R. and Merkoci , A. 2002 . Electrochemical stripping detection of DNA hybridization based on cadmium sulfide nanoparticle tags . Electrochem. Commun. , 4 : 722 – 726 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , J. , Musameh , M. and Lin , Y. H. 2003 . Solubilization of carbon nanotubes by nafion toward the preparation of amperometric biosensors . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 125 : 2408 – 2409 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , J. , Polsky , R. and Xu , D. 2001 . Metal nanoparticles‐based electrochemical stripping potentiometric detection of DNA hybridization . Anal. Chem. , 73 : 5576 – 5581 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , J. , Polsky , R. and Xu , D. 2001 . Silver‐enhanced colloidal gold electrochemical stripping detection of DNA hybridization . Langmuir , 17 : 5739 – 5741 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , J. , Profitt , J. A. , Pugia , M. J. and Suni II. 2006 . Au nanoparticle conjugation for impedence and capacitance signal amplification in biosensors . Anal. Chem. , 78 : 1769 – 1773 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , J. X. , Li , M. X. , Shi , Z. J. , Li , N. Q. and Gu , Z. N. 2002 . Direct electrochemistry of cytochrome c at a glassy carbon electrode modified with single‐wall carbon nanotubes . Anal. Chem. , 74 : 1993 – 1997 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , L. , Wang , J. X. and Zhou , F. M. 2004 . Direct Electrochemistry of catalase at a gold electrode modified with single‐wall carbon nanotubes . Electroanalysis , 16 : 627 – 632 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , W. , Yan , P. , Liu , F. , Xie , Y. , Geng , Y. and Qian , Y. 1998 . Preparation and characterization of nanocrystalline Cu2−xSe by a novel solvothermal pathway . J. Mater. Chem. , 8 : 2321 – 2322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , Y. , Qian , W. , Tan , Y. , Ding , S. and Zhang , H. 2007 . Direct electrochemistry and electroanalysis of haemoglobin adsorbed in self‐assembled films of gold nanoshells . Talanta , 72 : 1134 – 1140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , K. A. , Veenhuizen , P. T.M. , De La Torre , B. G. , Eritja , R. and Dekker , C. 2002 . Carbon nanotubes with DNA recognition . Nature , 420 : 761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willner , I. 2002 . Biomaterials for sensors, fuel cells, and circuitry . Science , 298 : 2407 – 2408 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willner , I. and Katz , E. 2000 . Integration of layered redox proteins and conductive supports for bioelectronic applications . Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. , 39 : 1180 – 1218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willner , I. , Patolsky , F. , Weizmann , Y. and Willner , B. 2002 . Amplified detection of single‐base mismatches in DNA using microgravimetric quartz‐crystal‐microbalance transduction . Talanta , 56 : 847 – 856 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wohlstadter , J. N. , Wilbur , J. L. , Sigal , G. B. , Biebuyck , H. A. , Billadeau , M. A. , Dong , L. , Fischer , A. B. , Gudibande , S. R. , Jameison , S. H. , Kenten , J. H. , Leginus , J. , Leland , J. K. , Massey , R. J. and Wohlstadter , S. J. 2003 . Carbon nanotube based biosensor . Adv. Mater. , 15 : 1184 – 1187 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , A. , Cheng , W. , Li , Z. , Jiang , J. and Wang , E. 2006 . Electrostatic‐assembly metallized nanoparticles network by DNA template . Talanta , 68 : 693 – 699 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , L. , Chen , J. , Du , D. and Ju , H. 2006 . Electrochemical immunoassay for CA125 based on cellulose acetate stabilized antigen/colloidal gold nanoparticles membrane . Electrochim. Acta , 51 : 1208 – 1214 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , S. , Zhao , H. , Ju , H. , Shi , C. and Zhao , J. 2006 . Electrodeposition of silver–DNA hybrid nanoparticles for electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide and glucose . Electrochem. Communn. , 8 : 1197 – 1203 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao , Y. , Ju , H. X. and Chen , H. Y. 1999 . Hydrogen peroxide sensor based on horseradish peroxidase‐labeled Au colloids immobilized on gold electrode surface by cysteamine monolayer . Anal. Chim. Acta , 391 : 73 – 821 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao , Y. , Patolsky , F. , Katz , E. , Hainfeld , J. F. and Willner , I. 2003 . Plugging into enzymes: nanowiring of redox enzymes by a gold nanoparticle . Science , 299 : 1877 – 1880 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , Q. , Mao , C. , Liu , N. N. , Zhu , J. J. and Shen , J. 2006 . Direct electrochemistry of horseradish peroxidase based on biocompatible carboxymethyl chitosan–gold nanoparticle nanocomposite . Biosens. Bioelectron. , 22 : 768 – 773 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , Z. A. , Chen , X. , Qu , X. H. and Dong , S. J. 2004 . Electrocatalytic oxidation of catechol at multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified electrode . Electroanalysis , 16 : 684 – 687 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue , H. , Sun , W. , He , B. and Shen , Z. 2003 . Single wall corbon nanotubes as immobilization material for glucose biosensor . Synthetic Materials , 135 : 831 – 832 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , W. , Li , Y. , Bai , Y. and Sun , C. 2006 . Hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on myoglobin/colloidal gold nanoparticles immobilized on glassy corbon electrode by a nafion film . Sensor Actuator B , 115 : 42 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , W. , Wang , J. , Zhao , S. , Sun , Y. and Sun , C. 2006 . Multilayered construction of glucose oxidase and gold nanoparticles on Au electrodes based on layer‐by‐layer covalent attachment . Electrochem. Commun. , 8 : 665 – 672 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , X. , Wang , Q. , Wang , K. , Tan , W. and Li , H. 2007 . Enhanced surface plasmon resonance with the modified catalytic growth of Au nanoparticles . Biosens. Bioelectron. , 22 : 1106 – 1110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , Y. , Yang , H. , Yang , M. , Liu , Y. , Shen , G. and Yu , R. 2004 . Amperometric glucose biosensor based on a surface treated nanoporous ZrO2/Chitosan composite film as immobilization matrix . Anal. Chim. Acta , 525 : 213 – 220 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin , T. , Wei , W. , Yang , L. , Gao , X. and Gao , Y. 2006 . A novel capacitive immunosensor for transferrin detection based on ultrathin alumina sol–gel‐derived films and gold nanoparticles . Sensor Actuator B , 117 : 286 – 294 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yonzon , C. R. , Stuart , D. A. , Zhang , X. , McFarland , A. D. and Haynes , C. 2005 . Toward advanced chemical and biological nanosensors: an overview . Talanta , 67 : 438 – 448 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• You , C. C. , De , M. , Han , G. and Rotello , V. M. 2005 . Tunable Inhibition and denaturation of γ‐chymotrypsin with amino acid‐functionalized gold nanoparticles . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 127 : 12873 – 12881 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu , W. W. and Peng , X. 2002 . Formation of high quality CdS and other II/VI semiconductor nanocrystals in noncoordinating solvents: tunable reactivity of monomers . Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Eng. , 41 : 2368 – 2361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu , X. , Kim , S. N. , Papadimitrakopoulos , F. and Rusling , J. F. 2003 . Peroxidase activity of enzymes bound to the ends of single‐wall carbon nanotube forest electrodes . Electrochem. Commmun. , 5 : 408 – 411 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanchet , D. , Micheel , C. M. , Paral , W. J. , Gerion , D. and Alivisatos , A. P. 2001 . Electrophoretic isolation of discrete Au nanocrystal/DNA conjugates . Nano Lett. , 1 : 32 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zayats , M. , Baron , R. , Popov , I. and Willner , I. 2005 . Biocatalytic growth of Au nanoparticles: from mechanistic aspects to biosensors design . Nano Lett. , 5 : 21 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zayats , M. , Katz , E. , Baron , R. and Willner , I. 2005 . Reconstitution of Apo‐Glucose dehydrogenase on pyrroloquinoline quinone‐functionalized Au nanoparticles yields an electrically contacted biocatalyst . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 127 : 12400 – 12406 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , C. Y. and Johnson , L. W. 2006 . Hogeneous rapid detection of nucleic acids using two color quantum dots . Analyst , 131 : 484 – 488 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , F. F. , Wan , Q. , Wang , X. L. , Sun , Z. D. , Zhu , Z. Q. , Xian , Y. Z. , Jin , L. T. and Yamamoto , K. 2004 . Amperometric sensor based on ferrocene‐doped silica nanoparticles as an electron transfer mediator for the determination of glucosein rat brain coupled to in vivo microdialysis . J. Electroanal. Chem. , 571 : 133 – 138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , L. , Jiang , X. , Wang , E. and Dong , S. 2005 . Attachment of gold nanoparticles to glassy carbon electrode and its application for the direct electrochemistry and electrocatalytic behavior of hemoglobin . Biosens. Bioelectron. , 21 : 337 – 345 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , M. G. , Smith , A. and Gorski , W. 2004 . Carbon nanotube‐chitosan system for electrochemical sensing based on dehydrogenase enzymes . Anal. Chem. , 76 : 5045 – 5050 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , S. , Wang , N. , Yu , H. , Niu , Y. and Sun , C. 2005 . Covalent attachment of glucose oxidase to an Au electrode modified with gold nanoparticles for use as glucose biosensor . Bioelectrochemistry , 67 : 15 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao , B. , Hu , H. and Hadden , R. C. 2004 . Synthesis and properties of water soluble single walled carbon nanotube (m‐aminobengene sulphonic acid) graft polymer . Adv. Funct. Mater. , 14 : 71 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao , B. , Hu , H. , Bekyarova , E. , Itkis , M. E. , Niyogi , S. and Haddon , R. C. 2004 . Carbon nanotubes: Chemistry . Encycloped. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. , : 493 – 506 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhao , B. , Hu , H. , Yu , A. , Perea , D. and Hadden , R. C. 2005 . Synthesis and characterization of water soluble single walled carbon nanotube graft copolymers . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 127 : 8197 – 8203 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao , G. , Feng , J. J. , Xu , J. J. and Chen , H. Y. 2005 . Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of heme proteins immobilized on self‐assembled ZrO2 film . Electrochem. Commun. , 7 : 724 – 729 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao , G. , Feng , J. J. , Zhang , Q. L. , Li , S. P. and Chen , H. Y. 2005 . Synthesis and characterization of prussian blue modified magnetite nanoparticles and its application to the electrocatalytic reduction of H2O2 . Chem. Mater. , 17 : 3154 – 3159 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao , G. , Xu , J. J. and Chen , H. Y. 2006 . Fabrication, characterization of Fe3O4 multilayer film and its application in promoting direct electron transfer of haemoglobin . Electrochem. Commun. , 8 : 148 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao , G. C. , Zhang , L. , Wei , X. W. and Yang , Z. S. 2003 . Myoglobin on multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified electrode: direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis . Electrochem. Commun. , 5 : 825 – 829 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao , H. Q. , Lin , L. , Li , J. R. , Tang , J. A. , Duan , M. X. and Jiang , L. 2001 . DNA biosensor with high sensitivity amplified by gold nanoparticles . J. Nanoparticle Res. , 3 : 321 – 323 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao , J. H. , Yang , X. G. , Zhang , W. X.D. , Wang , W. , Xie , Y. and Qian , Y. T. 2000 . A solvothermal route to wurtzite ZnSe nanoparticles . J. Mater. Res. , 15 : 629 – 632 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao , S. , Zhang , K. , Bai , Y. , Yang , W. and Sun , C. 2006 . Glucose oxidase/colloidal gold nanoparticles immobilized in Nafion film on glassy carbon electrode: direct electron transfer and electrocatalysis . Bioelectrochem. , 69 : 158 – 163 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao , Y. , Gao , Y. , Zhan , D. , Liu , H. , Zhao , Q. , Kou , Y. , Shao , Y. and Li , M. 2005 . Selective detection of dopamine in the presence of ascorbic acid and uric acid by a carbon nanotubes‐ionic liquid gel modified electrode . Talanta , 66 : 51 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao , Y. D. , Bi , Y. H. , Zhang , W. D. and Luo , Q. M. 2005 . The interface behavior of hemoglobin at carbon nanotube and the detection for H2O2 . Talanta , 65 : 489 – 494 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng , M. and Huang , X. 2004 . Nanoparticles comprising a mixed monolayer for specific bindings with biomolecules . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 126 : 12047 – 12054 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng , M. , Jagota , A. , Semke , E. D. , Diner , B. A. , Mclean , R. S. , Lusting , S. R. , Richardson , R. E. and Tassi , N. G. 2003 . DNA assisted dispersion and separation of carbon nanotubes . Nature , 2 : 338 – 342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng , M. , Jagota , A. , Strano , M. S. , Santos , A. P. , Baronf , P. , Chou , S. G. , Diner , B. A. , Dresselhaws , M. S. , Mclean , R. S. , Onoa , G. B. , Samsonitze , G. G. , Semke , E. D. , Usrey , M. L. and Walls , D. J. 2003 . Structure‐based carbon nanotube sorting by sequence dependent DNA assembly . Science , 302 : 1545 – 1548 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong , X. , Yuan , R. , Chai , Y. , Liu , Y. , Dai , J. and Tang , D. 2005 . Glucose biosensor based on self assembled gold nanoparticles and double‐layer‐2d network (3‐mercaptopropyl)‐trimethoxysilane polymer onto gold substrate . Sensor Actuator B , 104 : 191 – 198 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou , N. , Wang , J. , Chen , T. , Yu , Z. and Li , G. 2006 . Enlargement of gold nanoparticles on the surface of a self‐assembled monolayer modified electrode: a mode in biosensor design . Anal. Chem. , 78 : 5227 – 5230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu , J. J. and Wang , H. 2003 . “ Novel methods for chemical preparation of metal chalogenide nanoparticles ” . In Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Edited by: Nalwa , H. S. New York : American Scientific Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Zhu , N. , Zhang , A. , He , P. and Fang , Y. 2003 . Cadmium sulphide nanocluster‐based electrochemical stripping detection of DNA hybridization . Analyst , 128 : 260 – 264 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuo , Y. , Yuan , R. , Chai , Y. , Zhang , Y. , Li , X. , Wang , N. and Zhu , Q. 2006 . Amperometric enzyme immunosensors based on layer‐by‐layer assembly of gold nanoparticles and thionine on Nafion modified electrode surface for 1‐fetoprotein determinations . Sensor Actuator B , 114 : 631 – 639 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuo , Y. , Yuan , R. , Chai , Y. , Zhang , Y. , Li , X. , Zhu , Q. and Wang , N. 2005 . An amperometric immunosensor based on immobilization of hepatitis B surface antibody on gold electrode modified gold nanoparticles and horseradish peroxidase . Anal. Chim. Acta , 548 : 205 – 210 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zorbas , V. , Ortiz‐Acevedo , A. , Dalton , A. B. , Yoshida , M. M. , Dieckmann , G. R. , Draper , R. K. , Baughmann , R. H. , Jose‐Yacaman , M. and Musselman , I. H. 2004 . Prepartion and characterization of individual peptide‐wrapped single‐walled carbon nanotubes . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 126 : 7222 – 7227 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar