Determination of Lead in Human Hair by High Resolution Continuum Source Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with Microwave Digestion and Solid Sampling

REFERENCES

• Acar , O. 2005 . Determination of lead, chromium, manganese and zinc in slurries of botanical and biological samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using tungsten-containing chemical modifiers . Microchim. Acta. 151 : 53 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arslan , Z. , and J. F. Tyson . 2007 . Slurry sampling for determination of lead in marine plankton by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry . Microchem. J. 86 : 227 – 234 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASpect CS 1.5.3. 2008 . Analytik Jena AG, Konrad Zuse Str. 1.
   Google Scholar
• Barrento , S. , A. Marques , B. Teixeira , M. L. Carvalho , P. Vaz-Pires , and M. L. Nunes . 2009 . Accumulation of elements (S, As, Br, Sr, Cd, Hg, Pb) in two populations of Cancer pagurus: Ecological implications to human consumption . Food Chem. Toxicol. 47 : 150 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baysal , A. , and S. Akman . 2010 . Determination of lead in hair and its segmental analysis by solid sampling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry . Spectrochim. Acta B 65 : 340 – 344 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baysal , A. , and S. Akman . 2011 . A rapid solid sampling method for determination of nickel and copper along human hair by ETAAS . Microchem. J. 98 : 291 – 296 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biasino , J. , J. R. Dominguez , and J. Alvarado . 2007 . Hydrogen peroxide in basic media for whole blood sample dissolution for determination of its lead content by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry . Talanta 73 : 962 – 964 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borges , D. L. G. , A. F. da Silva , B. Welz , A. J. Curtius , and U. Heitmann . 2006 . Determination of lead in biological samples by high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with direct solid sampling . J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. 21 : 763 – 769 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Campos , R. C., C. L. T. Correia , F. Vieira , T. D. Saint Pierre , A. C. Oliveira , and R. Goncalves . 2011 . Direct determination of P in biodiesel by high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry . Spectrochim. Acta B 66 : 352 – 355 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vries , W. , P. Romkens , and G. Schutze . 2007 . Critical soil concentrations of cadmium, lead, and mercury in view of health effects on humans and animals . In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , Vol. 191 , ed. G. W. Ware . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• El Deeb , S., B. N. Ma , and R. Gust . 2012 . Determination of Ni-II(3-OMe-salophene) in MCF7 and HT29 cancer cell lines using HR-CS-AAS and in serum albumin using LC with monolithic silica . Microchem. J. 101 : 24 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandjean , P. 1984 . Lead poisoning: Hair analysis show the calendar of events . Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 3 : 223 – 228 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu , C. W. , S. J. Chen , X. J. Xu , L. K. Zheng , Y. Li , et al. 2009 . Lead and cadmium synergistically enhance the expression of divalent metal transporter 1 protein in central nervous system of developing rats . Neurochem. Res. 34 : 1150 – 1156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunduz , S. , S. Akman , A. Baysal , and M. Kahraman . 2010 . The use of silver nanoparticles as an effective modifier for the determination of arsenic and antimony by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry . Spectrochim. Acta B 65 : 297 – 300 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harikins , D. K. , and A. S. Susten . 2003 . Hair analysis: exploring the state of science . Environ. Health Persp. 111 : 576 – 578 .
   Google Scholar
• Hong , C. L. , Y. B. Jia , X. E. Yang , Z. L. He , and P. J. Stoffella . 2008 . Assessing lead thresholds for phytotoxicity and potential dietary toxicity in selected vegetable crops . Bull. Environ. Contam. Tox. 80 : 356 – 361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agency , I. A. E. 1978 . Activation analysis of hair as an indicator of contamination of man by environmental trace element pollutants. Report IAEA/RL/50.
   Google Scholar
• Kales , S. N. , C. A. Christophi , and R. B. Saper . 2007. Hematopoietic toxicity from lead-containing Ayurvedic medications. Med. Sci. Monitor 13: CR295–CR298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karimooy , H. N. , M. B. Mood , M. Hosseini , and S. Shadmanfar . 2010 . Effects of occupational lead exposure on renal and nervous system of workers of traditional tile factories in Mashhad (northeast of Iran) . Toxicol. Ind. Health 26 : 633 – 638 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazi , T. G. , J. A. Baig , A. Q. Shah , G. A. Kandhro , S. Khan , H. I. Afridi , N. F. Kolachi , S. K. Wadhwa , F. Shah , and A. M. Baig . 2011 . Determination of arsenic in scalp hair samples from exposed subjects using microwave-assisted digestion with and without enrichment based on cloud point extraction by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry . J. Aoac. Int. 94 : 293 – 299 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kummrow , F. , F. F. Silva , R. Kuno , A. L. Souza , and P. V. Oliveira . 2008 . Biomonitoring method for the simultaneous determination of cadmium and lead in whole blood by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry for assessment of environmental exposure . Talanta 75 : 246 – 252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurfürst , U. 1998 . Solid sample analysis-direct and slurry sampling using GF AAS and ETV-ICP . Berlin : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Li , R. S. , H. T. Yan , X. M. Yang , Z. X. Li , and Y. A. Guo . 2011 . Simultaneous determination of trace lead, tin and cadmium in biological samples by a chemical vapor generation-four-channel atomic fluorescence spectrometry dual gas-liquid separator system . J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. 26 : 1488 – 1493 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , Y. H. , L. S. Yang , W. Y. Wang , H. R. Li , J. M. Lv , X. Y. Zou . 2011 . Trace element concentrations in hair of healthy Chinese centenarians . Sci. Total. Environ. 409 : 1385 – 1390 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massadeh , A. , A. W. El-Rjoob , and H. Smadi . 2011 . Lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, iron, and calcium in human hair as a function of gender, age, smoking, and hair dyeing . Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 93 : 494 – 503 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra , K. P. 2009 . Lead exposure and its impact on immune system: A review . Toxicol. In Vitro 23 : 969 – 972 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreira , F. R. , R. M. Borges , and R. M. Oliveira . 2005 . Comparison of two digestion procedures for the determination of lead in lichens by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry . Spectrochim. Acta B 60 : 755 – 758 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murata , K. , T. Iwata , M. Dakeishi , and K. Karita . 2009 . Lead toxicity: does the critical level of lead resulting in adverse effects differ between adults and children? J. Occup. Health 51 : 1 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni , S. Q. , R. P. Li , and A. J. Wang . 2011 . Heavy metal content in scalp hair of the inhabitants near Dexing Copper Mine, Jiangxi Province . China Sci. China Ser. D 54 : 780 – 788 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomura , C. S. , and P. V. Oliveira . 2010 . Method for cadmium and lead longitudinal profiles determination in hair by solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry . Anal. Methods 2 : 49 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oleszczuk , N. , J. T. Castro , M. M. da Silva , M. D. A. Korn , B. Welz , and M. G. R. Vale . 2007 . Method development for the determination of manganese, cobalt and copper in green coffee comparing direct solid sampling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry . Talanta 73 : 862 – 869 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira , S. R. , J. A. G. Neto , J. A. Nobrega , and B. T. Jones . 2010 . Determination of macro- and micronutrients in plant leaves by high-resolution continuum source flame atomic absorption spectrometry combining instrumental and sample preparation strategies . Spectrochim. Acta B 65 : 316 – 320 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olmedo , P. , A. Pla , A. F. Hernandez , O. Lopez-Guarnido , L. Rodrigo , and F. Gil . 2010 . Validation of a method to quantify chromium, cadmium, manganese, nickel and lead in human whole blood, urine, saliva and hair samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry . Anal. Chim. Acta. 659 : 60 – 67 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pozebon , D. , V. L. Dressler , and A. J. Curtius . 1999 . Hair analysis: A review on the procedures for the determination of trace elements and applications . Quim. Nova. 22 : 838 – 846 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quadros , D. P. C. , M. Rau , M. Idrees , E. S. Chaves , A. J. Curtius , and D. L. G. Borges . 2011. A simple and fast procedure for the determination of Al, Cu, Fe and Mn in biodiesel using high-resolution continuum source electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Spectrochim. Acta B 66: 373–377.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resano , M. , E. Mozas , C. Crespo , J. Briceno , J. D. Menoyo , and M. A. Belarra . 2010 . Solid sampling high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry to monitor the biodistribution of gold nanoparticles in mice tissue after intravenous administration . J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. 25 : 1864 – 1873 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronis , M. J. J. , J. Aronson , G. G. Gao , W. Hogue , R. A. Skinner , T. M. Badger , and C. K. Lumpkin . 2001 . Skeletal effects of developmental lead exposure in rats . Toxicol. Sci. 62 : 321 – 329 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sardans , J. , F. Montes , and J. Penuelas . 2010 . Determination of As, Cd, Cu, Hg and Pb in biological samples by modern electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry . Spectrochim. Acta B 65 : 97 – 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah , F. , T. G. Kazi , H. I. Afridi , N. Kazi , J. A. Baig , A. Q. Shah , S. Khan , N. F. Kolachi , S. K. Wadhwa . 2011 . Evaluation of Status of Trace and Toxic Metals in Biological Samples (Scalp Hair, Blood, and Urine) of Normal and Anemic Children of Two Age Groups . Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 141 : 131 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah , F. , T. G. Kazi , H. I. Afridi , S. Khan , N. F. Kolachi , M. B. Arain , and J. A. Baig . 2011 . The influence of environmental exposure on lead concentrations in scalp hair of children in Pakistan . Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 74 : 727 – 732 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidhu , P. , and B. Nehru . 2004 . Lead intoxication: Histological and oxidative damage in rat cerebrum and cerebellum . J. Trace. Elem. Exp. Med. 17 : 45 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Tokar , E. J. , B. A. Diwan , and M. P. Waalkes . 2010 . Early life inorganic lead exposure induces testicular teratoma and renal and urinary bladder preneoplasia in adult metallothionein-knockout mice but not in wild type mice . Toxicology 276 : 5 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torok , P. , and M. Zemberyova . 2010 . Utilization of W/Mg(NO3)2 modifiers for the direct determination of As and Sb in soils, sewage sludge and sediments by solid sampling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry . Spectrochim. Acta B 65 : 291 – 296 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verstraeten , S. V. , L. Aimo , and P. I. Oteiza . 2008 . Aluminium and lead: Molecular mechanisms of brain toxicity . Arch. Toxicol. 82 : 789 – 802 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver , V. M. , M. Griswold , A. C. Todd , B. G. Jaar , Y. D. Ahn , C. B. Thompson , and B. K. Lee . 2009 . Longitudinal associations between lead dose and renal function in lead workers . Environ. Res. 109 : 101 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welz , B. , H. Becker-Ross , S. Florek , and U. Heitmann . 2005 . High-resolution continuum source AAS . Weinheim : Wiley-VCH .
   Google Scholar
• Welz , B. , F. G. Lepri , R. G. O. Araujo , S. L. C. Ferreira , M. D. Huang , M. Okruss , and H. Becker-Ross . 2009 . Determination of phosphourus, sulfur and the halogens using high-temperature molecular absorption spectrometry in flames and furnaces – a review . Anal. Chim. Acta. 647 : 137 – 148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia , L. B. , X. Li , Y. L. Wu , B. Hu , and R. Chen . 2008 . Ionic liquids based single drop microextraction combined with electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for determination of Co, Hg and Pb in biological and environmental samples . Spectrochim. Acta B 63 : 1290 – 1296 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin , J. , B. Hu , M. He , M. M. Zheng , and Y. Q. Feng . 2009 . Polymer monolith microextraction combined with electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the determination of trace Cd, Tl, and Pb in human serum and urine . J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. 24 : 76 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng , J. , L. Ouyang , X. Y. Wang , Y. Q. Liu , Q. Xie , H. D. Chu , Q. Wu , T. Q. Fan , and J. Y. Wang . 2008 . Comparison of 51 element contents in normal human lung tissue over twenty years . Spectrosc. Spectr. Anal. 28 : 1153 – 1156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar