References
- Black, R. M., and B. Muir. 2003. Derivatisation reactions in the chromatographic analysis of chemical warfare agents and their degradation products. Journal of Chromatography A 1000 (1–2):253–81. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(03)00183-3.
- Black, R. M., and R. W. Read. 1988. Detection of trace levels of thiodiglycol in blood, plasma and urine using gas chromatography—electron-capture negative-ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography 449 (1):261–70. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(00)94385-1.
- Blue Book. 2017. Blue book: Recommended operating procedures for analysis in the verification of chemical disarmament (blue book). Helsinki: University of Helsinki.
- Byrd, G. D., R. C. Paule, L. C. Sander, L. T. Sniegoski, E. White, and H. T. Bausum. 1992. Determination of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) and its major metabolites in urine by isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 16 (3):182–7. doi:10.1093/jat/16.3.182.
- Chandra, B., K. Sinha Roy, M. Shaik, C. Waghmare, and M. Palit. 2020a. Mass spectral studies of silyl derivatives of partially hydrolyzed products of nitrogen mustards: Important markers of nitrogen mustard exposure. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 34 (3):e8586. doi:10.1002/rcm.8586.
- Chandra, B., K. Sinha Roy, M. Shaik, C. Waghmare, and M. Palit. 2020b. Mass spectral fragmentation of perfluoroacyl derivatives of half nitrogen mustards for their detection by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 34 (12):e8777. doi:10.1002/rcm.8777.
- Chen, J., Y. Liu, B. Xu, Q. Liu, and J. Xie. 2023. Rapid screening of chemical weapons convention-related chemicals in oil matrix by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Se pu = Chinese Journal of Chromatography 41 (4):348–58. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1123.2022.07007.
- Chinthakindi, S., A. Purohit, V. Singh, D. K. Dubey, and D. Pardasani. 2013. On-matrix derivatization extraction of chemical weapons convention relevant alcohols from soil. Journal of Chromatography. A 1311:170–5. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.079.
- Greenberg, M. I., K. J. Sexton, and D. Vearrier. 2016. Sea-dumped chemical weapons: Environmental risk, occupational hazard. Clinical Toxicology 54 (2):79–91. doi:10.3109/15563650.2015.1121272.
- Izumi, M., K. Fukase, and S. Kusumoto. 2002. TMSCl as a mild and effective source of acidic catalysis in Fischer glycosidation and use of propargyl glycoside for anomeric protection. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 66 (1):211–4. doi:10.1271/bbb.66.211.
- Jakubowski, E. M., C. L. Woodard, M. M. Mershon, and T. W. Dolzine. 1990. Quantification of thiodiglycol in urine by electron ionization gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography 528 (1):184–90. doi:10.1016/S0378-4347(00)82374-9.
- Karthikraj, R., L. Sridhar, M. R. V. S. Murty, N. P. Raju, M. Vairamani, and S. Prabhakar. 2014. P-tolyl isocyanate derivatization for analysis of CWC-related polar degradation products by mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 406 (21):5093–102. doi:10.1007/s00216-014-7624-z.
- Kenar, L., and O. Alp. 2011. Determination of nitrogen mustard hydrolysis products in rat urine samples using GC-MS. Journal of Chromatographic Science 49 (5):361–4. doi:10.1093/chromsci/49.5.361.
- Kim, K., O. G. Tsay, D. A. Atwood, and D. G. Churchill. 2011. Destruction and detection of chemical warfare agents. Chemical Reviews 111 (9):5345–403. doi:10.1021/cr100193y.
- Lee, H. S. N., M. T. Sng, C. Basheer, and H. K. Lee. 2008. Determination of basic degradation products of chemical warfare agents in water using hollow fibre-protected liquid-phase microextraction with in-situ derivatisation followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 1196–1197:125–32. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2008.04.027.
- Minami, M., D. M. Hui, M. Katsumata, H. Inagaki, and C. A. Boulet. 1997. Method for the analysis of the methylphosphonic acid metabolites of sarin and its ethanol-substituted analogue in urine as applied to the victims of the Tokyo Sarin Disaster. Journal of Chromatography. B, Biomedical Sciences and Applications 695 (2):237–44. doi:10.1016/S0378-4347(97)00203-X.
- Nair, A., P. Yadav, A. Behl, R. K. Sharma, S. Kulshrestha, B. S. Butola, and N. Sharma. 2021. Toxic blister agents: Chemistry, mode of their action and effective treatment strategies. Chemico-Biological Interactions 350:109654. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109654.
- Novikova, I. V., R. I. Novikov, Z. V. Smirnova, S. S. Aleksenko, and V. B. Kondrat’ev. 2022. Determination of aminoalcohols as silyl derivatives with three derivatizing agents by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection. Journal of Analytical Chemistry 77 (12):1561–9. doi:10.1134/S1061934822120115.
- Ohsawa, I., and Y. Seto. 2006. Determination of nitrogen mustard hydrolysis products, ethanolamines by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry after tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatization. Journal of Chromatography A 1122 (1–2):242–8. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2006.04.076.
- Pagliano, E. 2020. Versatile derivatization for GC-MS and LC-MS: Alkylation with trialkyloxonium tetrafluoroborates for inorganic anions, chemical warfare agent degradation products, organic acids, and proteomic analysis. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 412 (9):1963–71. doi:10.1007/s00216-019-02299-8.
- Park, Y. K., W. Y. Chung, B. Kim, Y. Kye, M. Shin, and D. Kim. 2013. Ion-pair single-drop microextraction determinations of degradation products of chemical warfare agents in water. Chromatographia 76 (11–12):679–85. doi:10.1007/s10337-013-2431-9.
- Riches, J., R. W. Read, and R. M. Black. 2007. Analysis of the sulphur mustard metabolites thiodiglycol and thiodiglycol sulphoxide in urine using isotope-dilution gas chromatography–ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 845 (1):114–20. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.07.065.
- Rozsypal, T. 2022. Development of a method for the derivatization of ethanolamines and its application to sand samples. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 87 (2):233–45. doi:10.2298/JSC210312047R.
- Sato, E., M. Fujii, H. Tanaka, K. Mitsudo, M. Kondo, S. Takizawa, H. Sasai, T. Washio, K. Ishikawa, and S. Suga. 2021. Application of an electrochemical microflow reactor for cyanosilylation: Machine learning-assisted exploration of suitable reaction conditions for semi-large-scale synthesis. The Journal of Organic Chemistry 86 (22):16035–44. doi:10.1021/acs.joc.1c01242.
- Schummer, C., O. Delhomme, B. Appenzeller, R. Wennig, and M. Millet. 2009. Comparison of MTBSTFA and BSTFA in derivatization reactions of polar compounds prior to GC/MS analysis. Talanta 77 (4):1473–82. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2008.09.043.
- Sokołowski, M. S., and L. Konopski. 2008. Reaction of lewisite-1 with alcohols, diols, and thiols in water—A simple method of derivatization of thiodiglycol. Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements 182 (10):2311–27. doi:10.1080/10426500701429197.
- Trzepizur, D., A. Brodzka, D. Koszelewski, and R. Ostaszewski. 2021. Selective esterification of phosphonic acids. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 26 (18):5637. doi:10.3390/molecules26185637.
- Valdez, C. A., and R. N. Leif. 2021. Analysis of organophosphorus-based nerve agent degradation products by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS): Current derivatization reactions in the analytical chemist’s toolbox. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 26 (15):4631. doi:10.3390/molecules26154631.
- Valdez, C. A., R. N. Leif, and A. Alcaraz. 2016. Effective methylation of phosphonic acids related to chemical warfare agents mediated by trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate for their qualitative detection and identification by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta 933:134–43. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2016.05.034.
- Valdez, C. A., R. N. Leif, and B. R. Hart. 2014. Rapid and mild silylation of β -amino alcohols at room temperature mediated by N -methylimidazole for enhanced detectability by gas chromatography/electron ionization mass spectrometry: NMI-mediated in situ silylation of β -aminoethyl alcohols. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 28 (20):2217–21. doi:10.1002/rcm.7012.
- Valdez, C. A., R. N. Leif, A. K. Vu, and E. P. Salazar. 2021. Trocylation of 3‐quinuclidinol, a key marker for the chemical warfare agent 3‐quinuclidinyl benzilate, for its enhanced detection at low levels in complex soil matrices by electron ionization gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 35 (15): 9123. doi:10.1002/rcm.9123.
- Valdez, C. A., M. K. Marchioretto, R. N. Leif, and S. Hok. 2018. Efficient derivatization of methylphosphonic and aminoethylsulfonic acids related to nerve agents simultaneously in soils using trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate for their enhanced, qualitative detection and identification by EI-GC–MS and GC–FPD. Forensic Science International 288:159–68. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.04.041.
- Weng, Z. Z., J. Xie, K. X. Huang, J. P. Li, L. S. Long, X. J. Kong, and L. S. Zheng. 2022. Asymmetric cyanosilylation of aldehydes by a lewis acid/base synergistic catalyst of chiral metal clusters. Inorganic Chemistry 61 (9):4121–9. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03916.
- Wils, E. R. J., and A. G. Hulst. 1985. Mass spectra of some derivatives of 2,2′-dichlorodiethyl sulphide (mustard gas). Fresenius’ Zeitschrift Für Analytische Chemie 321 (5):471–4. doi:10.1007/BF00487083.
- Young, S. A., and B. R. Capacio. 2019. The application of a single-column GC–MS-MS method for the rapid analysis of chemical warfare agents and breakdown products. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 43 (3):179–87. doi:10.1093/jat/bky085.