References
- Grimaux , E. 1899 . Lavoisier , 3rd edn. 247 – 247 . Paris
- Grimaux , E. 1899 . Lavoisier , 3rd edn. 249 – 249 . Paris
- See for example: Duveen D.I. Klickstein H.S. A bibliography of the works of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier London 1954 308 308 H. J. Abrahams, ‘Lavoisier's proposals for French education,’ J. Chem. Educ., 1954, 31, 413–416.
- Condorcet . 1792 . Rapport et projet de décret sur l'organisation générale de l'instruction publique 94 – 94 . Paris 8vo.
- For the proposals of the Comité and their reception by the Convention, see Procès-verbaux du Comité d'Instruction Publique de la Convention Nationale Guillaume J. Paris 1891 i xv xv et seq. This work is subsequently cited as Guillaume.
- Guillaume , i xviii – xviii .
- Reprinted in Guillaume i 609 613
- The only known copy of Arbogast's table, with a few manuscript notes by Lavoisier, was found among Lavoisier's papers and published by Grimaux E. Œuvres de Lavoisier Paris 1893 vi 532 535 He incorrectly placed it between the Réflexions sur l'Instruction Publique and the projet de décret of the Bureau de Consultation and was clearly unaware of its significance. Guillaume, a far more competent editor, subsequently re-published it in its proper context, and without Lavoisier's notes (Guillaume, vol. ii, pp. 896–901). There are some slight differences between the versions of the table printed by Grimaux and Guillaume. Grimaux indicated Lavoisier's manuscript notes by printing them in italics; perhaps the differences occur in places where he omitted to do so.
- Guillaume , i l – li . 503–516
- For Hassenfratz's revolutionary activities, see et al. Biographie nouvelle des contemporains Paris 1823 ix 54 58
- Guillaume , i li – liv .
- This petition, submitted to the Convention on 5 July 1793, was first printed in Guillaume ii 426 428
- Printed in J. du Lycée des Arts July 1793 11 15 Guillaume, vol. ii, pp. 428–30 (including the list of signatories); L. Scheler, Lavoisier et la Révolution française. I. Le Lycée des Arts, Paris, rev. ed., 1957, pp. 42–44.
- The relevant minutes of the Bureau de Consultation, for 10 July to 4 November 1793, are printed in Guillaume ii 902 907
- Réflexions sur l'instruction publique, présentées à la Convention Nationale par le Bureau de Consultation des Arts et Métiers Vol. 8vo , [1] – 22 . There is a copy in the British Museum: F.495(8). The colophon (p. 22) reads: ‘De l'Imprimerie de Du Pont, père et fils, Imprimeurs de l'Académie des Sciences.’ The Academy was suppressed only three days after this was printed on 5 August 1793.
- Scheler , L. 1957 . Lavoisier et la Révolution française. I. Le Lycée des Arts , rev. ed. 47 – 47 . Paris
- Dumas , J.B. , ed. 1868 . Œuvres de Lavoisier Vol. iv , 649 – 650 . Paris
- Foureroy , A.F. 1796 . Notice sur la vie et les travaux de Lavoisier … 25 – 47 . Paris an 4
- Ersch , J.S. 1797 . La France litéraire Vol. ii , 262 – 262 . Hamburg
- Barbier , A.A. 1806 . Dictionnaire des ouvrages anonymes et pseudonymes Vol. ii , 280 – 280 . Paris
- Desaudray , C.G. 1798 . Annuaire du Lycée des Arts pour l'an 6 120 – 120 . Paris
- In 1819 Georges Cuvier was writing the account of Lavoisier for the Biographie Universelle, and he obtained from Madame Lavoisier some notes which have been published by Gillispie C.C. Rev. Hist. Sci. 1956 9 56 61 She said that in 1791 [sic] ‘il fit à la prière de le Comité de l'instruction publique de l'assemblée constituante [sic] un plan d'instruction publique qu'il fit précéder de quelques réfflections sur l'éducation, petit chef d'oeuvre de logique et d'elegance’. (Madame Lavoisier's spelling is here retained.) This inaccurate statement written twenty-five years after his death can hardly be regarded as evidence that Lavoisier was the sole author of the Réflexions, and it is noteworthy that Cuvier did not mention the Réflexions in his article (Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne, Paris, Chez L. G. Michaud, 1819, vol. xxiii, pp. 461–467).
- In the original octavo edition of the Réflexions it was stated on p. 12 that ‘le Bureau de Consultation croit devoir se renfermer dans ce qui le concerne, et se borner à l'éducation relative aux arts’, and on p. 20 that ‘le Bureau de Consultation rappelle ici qu'il n'a eu intention de suivre qu'une des routes de l'instruction publique, celle relative aux arts utiles; il laisse à d'autres le soin de réclamer auprès de la Convention en faveur des lettres et des arts d'agrément’. Both these passages were omitted from the later quarto edition, which had several hundred words of additional material, containing: a short statement of the need to educate girls in the principles of the domestic arts and appreciation of the fine arts; a more detailed discussion of the advanced education suitable for those entering certain professions, such as navigation, engineering and medicine; an explanation of how education could make the nation more prosperous; and a plea for the establishment of regular meetings between scientists and craftsmen. See also footnote 33.
- Du Pont's invoice was found by Grimaux, presumably among Lavoisier's papers, and was published in Guillaume ii 907 907 It is reproduced here (Fig. 1), as given by Guillaume. It must be noted that it contains one error. The first item should read: ‘2,000 exemp. sur l'instruction publique en une feuille 1/2 in -8° …’, and not ‘in -4°’. It is not known whether the error was present in the original, or was introduced during the printing.
- We have not located any of the 100 copies of the Réflexions printed on 2 September. The text was probably very close to the final version, since no additional proof had to be prepared.
- Réflexions sur l'instruction publique, présentées à la Convention Nationale par le Bureau de Consultation des Arts et Métiers, suivies d'un projet de décret [1] – 20 . 4to (Réflexions), [1]–27 (projet). The colophon (p. 27) reads: De l'imprimerie des C. du Pont, rue Helvétius, No. 57. This is in the British Museum: 936.f.3.(38). The Réflexions and projet are reprinted in Œuvres de Lavoisier, vol. vi, pp. 516–558; the Réflexions alone is reprinted in L. Scheler, Lavoisier et le principe chimique, Paris, Seghers, 1964, pp. 170–184.
- 1868 . Œuvres de Lavoisier Vol. iv , 650 – 668 . Paris This is printed immediately after ‘Réflexions sur l'éducation publique’; see footnote 17 above.
- 1893 . Œuvres de Lavoisier Vol. vi , 516 – 516 . Paris
- See Grimaux E. Œuvres de Lavoisier Paris 1893 vi 532 535 above, for details of Lavoisier's copy of the Tableau. Only one of Lavoisier's alterations incorporated in A related to a subject of which he had specialized knowledge: in the proposals for the lycées, Lavoisier added the words ‘et géographie physique’ to ‘géologie’.
- 1793 . Lycée des Arts. Seconde partie du prospectus Paris n.d. Bibliothèque Nationale: Rz. 3007.
- The word ‘technologiste’ does not appear to have been used in the French language in 1793, but ‘technologist’ was already in use in English. See Description of a portable chest of chemistry … invented by J. F. A. Gottling … translated [anonymously] from the original German C. and G. Kearsley London 1791 185 185 The English translation reads: ‘The manufacturer is distinguished from the technologist, or projecting artist, in this respect, that this latter endeavours to improve all the materials, produced by nature, while the manufacturer usually confines himself to a single article only’. The word ‘technologist’ is thus older than ‘scientist’, which was not coined until 1834 (S. Ross, Ann. Sci., 1962 (pub. 1964), 18, 71).
- In the final version of Réflexions 19 19 (4to it was shown that some useful arts—navigation and medicine, for example—needed to draw on many sciences, and this was considered to necessitate regular meetings between scientists and artistes. Such meetings, it was said, should include branches of knowledge that seemed to be only very slightly related.
- Grimaux , E. 1899 . Lavoisier , 3rd edn. 243 – 243 . Paris For further information about the suppression of the Académie des Sciences, see W. A. Smeaton, Fourcroy, chemist and revolutionary, London, 1962, pp. 49–53.
- The Pétition présentée à la Convention Nationale par le Département de Paris is printed in Guillaume ii 409 417 and is followed (pp. 418–426) by an account of the discussion in the Convention.