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Annals of Science Volume 32, 1975 - Issue 1
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The reception in the Netherlands of the discoveries of electromagnetism and electrodynamics (1820–1822)

H.A.M. Snelders Institute for the History of Science, University of Utrecht, Janskerkhof 30, Utrecht, 2501, The Netherlands
Pages 39-54 | Received 26 Nov 1974, Published online: 23 Aug 2006

  • See Meyer-Bjerrum K. The scientific life and works of H. C. Oersted Naturvidenskabelige Skrifter Oersted H.C. Copenhagen 1920 1 xiii clxvi in R. C. Stauffer, ‘Persistent errors regarding Oersted's discovery of electromagnetism’, Isis, 44 (1953), 307–310; and ‘Speculation and experiment in the background of Oersted's discovery of electromagnetism’, Isis, 48 (1957), 33–50. For a general introduction, see B. Dibner, Oersted and the discovery of electromagnetism (1962, New York and London).
  • Oersted , H.C. 1799 . Dissertatio de forma metaphysices elementaris naturae externae Hauniae in Skrifter, vol. 1, 79–105.
  • See Snelders H.A.M. Romanticism and Naturphilosophie and the inorganic natural sciences, 1797–1840. An introductory survey Studies in Romanticism 1970 9 193 215 and De invloed van Kant, de Romantiek en de ‘Naturphilosophie’ op de anorganische natuurwetenschappen in Duitsland (1973, Utrecht), 93–100.
  • Oersted , H.C. 1799 . Grundtraekkene af Naturmetaphysiken tildeels efter en nye plan Kjøbenhavn para. 80; in Skrifter, vol. 1, 77.
  • Snelders , H.A.M. 1970 . De invloed , 9 : 88 – 93 .
  • Oersted , H.C. 1806 . “ Ueber die Art, wie sich die Electricität fortpflanzt ” . In Neues allgemeines Journal der Chemie Edited by: Gehlen , A.F. Vol. 6 , 292 – 302 . Already in this article Oersted tried to realize the effect of the ‘conflictus’ by heating wires until they were glowing.
  • Oersted , H.C. 1812 . Ansicht der chemischen Naturgesetze durch die neueren Entdeckungen gewonnen Berlin Quoted from Skrifter, vol. 2, 148.
  • On 2 August 1820 the Kantian mineralogist Christian Samuel Weiss wrote to his friend Oersted: ‘Deine Entdeckung, wie Du sie giebst, ist mir nun besonders anziehend auch von der Seite, wiefern sie in die Kategorie gehört von den heut zu Tage aufgefundenen Erscheinungen von Differenz in den Seiten (der Linien, des Lichtstrahles etc. wie bekannt) die wir alten Kantischen Dynamiker uns früher nicht hätten träumen lassen’. Correspondance de H. C. Oersted avec divers savants Copenhagen 1920 1 267 267 publiée par M. C. Harding On the Kantian influence on the minoralogical work of Weiss, see H. A. M. Snelders, De invloed (footnote 3), 44–48.
  • See, for example Gilbert L.W. Annalen der Physik 1820 66 292 292 and C. H. Pfaff, Der Eleklro-Magnetismus, eine historisch-kritische Darstellung der bisherigen Entdeckungen auf dem Gebiete desselben, nebst eigenthümlichen Versuchen (1824, Hamburg), 53.
  • ‘La nouvelle a d'abord été reçue tr`es froidement ici. On avait crue que c'était encore une rˆeverie allemande’. Letter from Pierre Louis Dulong to Jöns Jacob Berzelius, 2 October 1820, in Jac. Berzelius Bref Söderbaum H.G. Uppsala 1915 4 18 18
  • Arago , D.F.J. 1820 . Expériences relatives `a l'aimantation du fer et de l'acier par l'action du courant voltaïque . Ann. chim. phys. , 15 : 93 – 102 . The German physicist Johann Salomo Christoph Schweigger demonstrated the solenoid a little earlier than Arago (13 September 1820) and independently of the French physicist. On Schweigger, see H. A. M. Snelders, ‘J. S. C. Schweigger: his romanticism and his crystal electrical theory of matter’, Isis, 62 (1971), 328–338.
  • Amp`ere , A.M. 1820 . Mémoire présenté `a l'Académie royale des Sciences, le 2 octobre 1820, o`u se trouve compris le résumé de ce qui avait été lu `a la mˆeme Académie les 18 et 25 septembre 1820, sur les effets des courans électriques . Ann. chim. phys. , 15 : 59 – 76 . 170–218.
  • Algemeene Konst- en Letter-Bode, voor het jaar 1820 322 324 Deel II This weekly paper, hereafter abbreviated in the style ‘AKLB, 1820, II, 322–324’, was published at Haarlem. The first series appeared from 1778 until 1793 as ‘Algemene konst- en letter-bode, voor meer- en mingeoeffenden behelzende berigten, uit de geleerde waereld, van alle landen nopens …’. The second series appeared between 1794 and 1800 as ‘Nieuwe algemene konst- en letter-bode, voor meer- en mingeöffenden, Behelzende berigten, uit de geleerde waereld, van alle landen nopens …’. This was followed by ‘Algemene Konst- en Letter-Bode voor het jaar …’ from 1801 onwards. The French translation of Oersted's paper appeared as ‘Expériences sur l'effet du conflict électrique sur l'aiguille aimantée’, Ann. chim. phys., 14 (1820), 417–425.
  • Oersted , H.C. 1820 . Proeven over de uitwerking van het Galvanismus op de Magneetnaald . AKLB , II : 324 – 329 .
  • 1821 . AKLB , I : 2 – 3 .
  • 1821 . AKLB , I : 197 – 197 . On Jacob Nieuwenhuis as Kantian scientist, see H. A. M. Snelders, ‘De ontvangst van Kant bij enige Nederlandse natuurwetenschapsbeoefenaars omstreeks 1800’, Scientiarum historia, 12 (1970), 23–38; and Over de invloed (footnote 3), 59–64. Compare C. W. Bruinvis, Nieuw Nederlandsch Biographisch Woordenboek (1912, Leiden), vol 2, cols. 990–992.
  • 1821 . AKLB , I : 194 – 198 . and 1821, II, 323–328, 338–342.
  • 1821 . AKLB , I : 306 – 306 . (footnote).
  • van Citter-Eymers , J.G. 1958 . Albretus van Beek 1787–1856 . Mededelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeling Letterkunde , 21 ( 5 ) : 95 – 131 . n.s.
  • van Beek , A. 1821 . Expériences électro-magnétiques, faites dans le cabinet de la Société de physique d'Utrecht . Biblioth`eque universelle. Science et arts , 17 : 21 – 24 . and ‘Proeven met het Galvanismus en de Electriciteit op de Magneetnaald, genomen te Utrecht’, AKLB, 1821, I, 105–107 (letter of 1 February 1821). Also in Annalen der Physik, 68 (1821), 303–306, and 69 (1821), 220–202.
  • The apparatus of Offerhaus is described by van Beek Bibl. univ. 1821 17 196 197 in and by G. Moll in Journal de physique, 92 (1821), 309–311, and The Edinburgh philosophical journal, 6 (1822), 352–355. See also AKLB, 1821, I, 337–345; and Ann. Phys., 69 (1821), 198–200.
  • van Beek , A. 1821 . AKLB , I : 106 – 106 .
  • van Beek , A. 1821 . AKLB , I : 166 – 168 .
  • Moll , G. 1821 . The Edinb. phil. journal , 5 : 83 – 83 . Richard van Rees (1797–1875) was professor of mathematics at the University of Liege (1821). In 1831 he became professor at the University of Utrecht, first of mathematics and after 1838 also of physics as successor of Moll.
  • Hachette , J.N.P. 1821 . J. phys. , 92 : 240 – 241 . and letters from Moll to de Blainville, ibid., 295–301, 309–311, 311–312.
  • 1821 . Ann. Phys. , 69 : 193 – 202 . Also in AKLB, 1822, II, 167–174.
  • Moll , G. 1823 . AKLB , I : 292 – 296 . 307–312.
  • AKLB 1823 I 260 264 308–314 J. phys., 96 (1823), 53–58; Ann. Phys., 73 (1823), 433–440.
  • 1823 . Nouvelles expériences de M. Seebeck sur les actions électro-magnétiques. Note communiquée par M. Oersted . Ann. chim. phys. , 22 : 199 – 201 . ‘Magnetische Polarisation der Metalle und Erze durch Temperatur-Differenz’, Abh. königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, (1822–23), 265–273.
  • Oersted , H.C. 1820 . Neuere elektro-magnetische Versuche . Journal für Chemie und Physik , 29 : 364 – 369 . Translated in Annals of Philosophy, 16 (1820), 375–377; and Bibl. univ., 15 (1820), 137–141.
  • Oersted , H.C. 1820 . Ann. of phil. , 16 : 375 – 376 .
  • van Beek , A. 1821 . Considérations et expériences sur les phénom`enes électro-magnétiques . Bibl. univ. , 17 : 195 – 202 . esp. pp. 197–200 (letter to Mare Auguste Pictet, 1 June 1821). Also in AKLB, 1821, I, 337–345 (letter of 1 May 1821) and summary in Ann. Phys., 73 (1823), 433–440.
  • 1821 . Bibl. univ. , 17 : 199 – 199 .
  • This was described by Julius von Yelin Conrad Ueber den Zusammenhang der Electricität und des Magnetismus Ann. Phys. 1820 66 395 411 and 68 (1821), 17–27. Compare the prize-essay of Friedrich Kries, ‘Verhandeling over de magnetische en electro-magnetische verschijnselen’, Natuurkundige Verhandelingen van de Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen te Haarlem, 13 (1824), pt. 1, 123–198, esp. pp. 163 ff.
  • 1821 . Expériences électro-magnétiques faites `a Florence par le Prof. Gazzeri, le Marquis Ridolfi, et le Chev. Antinori, du 6 au 18 Janv. inclusivement, en présence de quelques amateurs des sciences physiques . Bibl. univ. , 16 : 101 – 118 . Summary in Ann. Phys., 71 (1822), 262–272.
  • 1821 . Bibl. univ. , 16 : 107 – 107 . (experiment performed by Ridolfi).
  • 1821 . Bibl. univ. , 16 : 105 – 105 . (experiment by Gazzeri).
  • van Beek , A. 1821 . Bibl. univ. , 17 : 201 – 202 . and AKLB, 1821, I, 337–345. Johann Wilhelm Pfaff succeeded in repeating the Italian experiments (Ann. Phys., 69 (1821), 84–91).
  • Amp`ere , A.M. 1820 . Ann. chim. phys. , 15 : 207 – 207 .
  • Unpublished notes of Fresnel to Amp`ere, in Collection de mémoires relatifs `a la physique, publiés par la société française de physique Paris 1885 2 141 143 (undated), and 144–147 (dated 5 June 1821).
  • ‘Cette hypoth`ese m'a été communiquée par M. Fresnel, qui trouvait plusieurs avantages `a considérer de cette mani`ere les courants électriques de l'aimant’ (from an unpublished manuscript of Amp`ere in Collection de mémoires relatifs `a la physique, publiés par la société française de physique Paris 1885 2 140 140
  • Williams , Compare L. Pearce . 1962 . Amp`ere's electrodynamical molecular model . Contemporary physics , 4 : 113 – 123 .
  • 1821 . Annales des mines , 5 : 535 – 558 . Also in Amp`ere, Recueil d'observations électrodynamiques (1822, Paris), 69–92.
  • van Beek , A. 1821 . AKLB , II : 180 – 185 .
  • van Beek , A. 1821 . Sur les procédés électriques par lesquels l'acier reçoit la vertu magnétique . Bibl. univ. , 18 : 184 – 194 . A summary of the experiments was given by Moll in a letter to Brewster from 29 September 1821 (The Edinb. phil. journal, 5 (1821), 83–85). Compare Ann. Phys., 72 (1822), 13–25, 28–31.
  • 1821 . Bibl. univ. , 18 : 188 – 189 .
  • 1821 . Bibl. univ. , 18 : 190 – 190 . compare AKLB, 1821, II, 184.
  • 1821 . Bibl. univ. , 18 : 190 – 191 .
  • 1821 . Bibl. univ. , 18 : 191 – 192 . Ann. Phys., 72 (1822), 22–23.
  • van Beek , A. 1821 . J. phys. , 93 : 315 – 317 . The experiment was also communicated by van Beek in letters of 7 October 1821 to the editors of the Bibl. univ. (18 (1821), 192–193) and of 30 November 1821 to the AKLB (1822, II, 355–357), and by Moll in a letter to Brewster of 8 December 1821 (The Edinb. phil. journal, 6 (1822), 220–224). Compare Ann. Phys., 72 (1822), 22–25, 28–31; and Bibl. univ., 20 (1822), 123–126. Van Beek and his co-workers also experimented with steel balls and steel plates.
  • 1821 . Lettre de M. A. van Beck [sic] `a M. Amp`ere, de l'Académie des Sciences . J. phys. , 93 : 312 – 314 . Compare Ann. Phys., 72 (1822), 13–25.
  • 1821 . Réponse de M. Amp`ere `a la lettre de M. van Beck [sic], sur une nouvelle expérience électro-magnétique . J. phys. , 93 : 447 – 467 . A summary appeared in Ann. Phys., 72 (1822), 136–157.
  • 1932 . Faraday's Diary Vol. 1 , 50 – 52 . London Published as ‘On some new electromagnetic motions, and on the theory of magnetism’, Quarterly journal of science, 12 (1822), 74–96. See also 12 (1822), 186, 283–285, 416–421. Compare L. Pearce Williams, Michael Faraday. A biography (1965, London), 151–168.
  • Amp`ere , A.M. 1822 . Expériences relatives au nouveaux phénom`enes électro-dynamiques obtenus au mois de Décembre 1821 . Ann. chim. phys. , 20 : 60 – 74 . Compare Ann. Phys., 72 (1822), 257–276. Amp`ere communicated his results to the Académie des Sciences on 7 January 1822.
  • Quoted from Appleyard R. A tribute to Michael Faraday London 1931 157 157 See the answer of Faraday dated 2 February 1822, who repeated the experiment successfully the day after he received Amp`ere's letter (L. Darmsta`edter, ‘A holograph letter of Faraday’, Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 3 (1922–23), 119–121; Correspondance du Grand Amp`ere, publiée par L. de Launay (1943, Paris), vol. 3, 909–911).
  • Amp`ere , A.M. 1821 . J. phys. , 93 : 448 – 448 . In 1822 Amp`ere repeated this experiment with as its object ‘de savoir si l'on peut produire un courant électrique par l'influence d'un autre courant’ using a large magnet. He succeeded in detecting induced currents when the closed copper coil was attracted and repelled by the magnet. (Unpublished report to the Académie des Sciences dated 16 September 1822, in Collection (footnote 40), vol. 2, 332–334.) In June 1822 van Beek wrote that Amp`ere's theory of magnetism was definitely established as described in Amp`ere's letter in the Journal de physique (footnote 52); AKLB, 1822, II, 167–174.
  • On van der Eyk Speyert AKLB 1837 II 212 213 see N. G. van Kampen, Beknopte geschiedenis der letteren en wetenschappen in de Nederlanden, van de vroegste tijden af, tot op het begin der negentiende eeuw (1826, Delft), vol. 2, 269–271; A. J. van der Aa, Biographisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden (1859), Haarlem), vol. 4, letter E, p. 91.
  • van der Eyk , S. Speyert . 1805 . Carmen de lumine tanquam primo-agente in mundo spectando . AKLB , I : 197 – 198 . 1823
  • van der Eyk , S. Speyert . 1823 . Hactenus illius cantaverat inscia musa … . AKLB , I : 198 – 200 .
  • 1821 . AKLB , I : 306 – 311 . (letter of 20 April 1821).
  • 1821 . AKLB , I : 308 – 309 .
  • 1821 . AKLB , I : 324 – 326 . (letter of 1 May 1821). Also in Bibl. univ., 18 (1821), 94–102 (letter of 29 September 1821) and partly in Annales générales des sciences, 8 (1821), 339–340. Compare footnote 35.
  • 1821 . Annales générales des sciences , 8 : 340 – 340 .
  • 1936 . Correspondance du Grand Amp`ere Vol. 2 , 570 – 572 . Paris Compare E. A. Guillemin, ‘Early developments in electromagnetic theory’, Isis, 18 (1932), 118–126. Speyert van der Eyk mentioned the letter from Amp`ere in Bibl. univ., 18 (1821), 98.
  • Correspondance du grand Amp`ere 570 – 570 .
  • Correspondance du grand Amp`ere 578 – 579 .
  • Jean Michel van der Heyden or Vanderheyden (1767–1836, professor of mathematics at the University of Li`ege) constructed a modified instrument for the demonstration of the electromagnetic phenomenon. See his Mémoire sur l'électro-magnétisme J. phys. 1822 94 285 297 322–345. He is mentioned in the Description d'un appareil électrodynamique construit par M. Amp`ere (1824, Paris).
  • van der Eyk , S. Speyert . 1822 . AKLB , I : 226 – 230 . 243–248, 258–262; and separately as Verhandeling over het Electro-Magnetismus (1823, Haarlem). A summary was given as ‘Mémoire sur l'électro-magnétisme, et principalement sur la mani`ere par laquelle on peut expliquer, jusqu'`a un certain degré de vraisemblance, plusieurs phénom`enes magnétiques’, Bibl. univ., 20 (1822), 247–258 (letter of 1 March 1822).
  • 1822 . Bibl. univ. , 20 : 247 – 247 . compare Verhandeling, 6, 13.
  • See Amp`ere Ann. chim. phys. 1820 15 59 59
  • van der Eyk , S. Speyert . 1822 . AKLB , I : 226 – 230 . Bibl. univ., 257, Verhandeling, 28.
  • van der Eyk , S. Speyert . 1822 . AKLB , I : 226 – 230 . Bibl. univ., 252; Verhandeling, 17 and note on pp. 10–11.
  • 1821 . Bibl. univ. , 18 : 102 – 102 .

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