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Annals of Science Volume 37, 1980 - Issue 6
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Charles Darwin and group selection

Michael Ruse Departments of History and Philosophy, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
Pages 615-630 | Received 02 Oct 1979, Published online: 23 Aug 2006

  • See Lewontin R.C. The units of selection Annual review of ecology and systematics et al. Annual Reviews Inc. California 1970 1 1 23 in
  • Wynne-Edwards , V.C. 1962 . Natural regulation of animal numbers , Edinburgh : Oliver and Boyd .
  • Williams , G.C. 1966 . Adaptation and natural selection , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
  • See for instance Levins R. Extinction Some mathematical questions in biology Gerstenhaber M. American Mathematical Society Providence 1970 77 107 in S. A. Boorman and P. R. Levitt, ‘Group selection on the boundary of a stable population’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 69 (1972), 2711–2713; their ‘Group selection of the boundary of a stable population’, Theoretical population biology, 4 (1973), 82–128: and M. J. Wade. ‘A critical review of the models of group selection’. Quarterly review of biology, 53 (1978), 101–114.
  • See Wilson E.O. Sociobiology: the new synthesis Belknap Cambridge, Mass. 1975 R. L. Trivers, ‘The evolution of reciprocal altruism’, Quarterly review of biology, 46 (1971), 35–57; his ‘Parental investment and sexual selection’, in B. Campbell, Sexual selection and the descent of man, 1871–1971 (1972. Chicago: Aldine): his ‘Parent-offspring conflict’. American zoologist, 14 (1974), 249–264: D. F. Barash, Sociobiology and behaviour (1977, New York; Elsevier); R. D. Alexander, ‘The search for an evolutionary philosophy’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria Australia, 84 (1971), 99–120; his ‘The evolution of social behavior’, Annual review of ecology and systematics, 5 (1974), 325–384; his ‘The search for a general theory of behavior’, Behavioral science, 20 (1975), 77–100; his ‘Evolution, human behavior, and determinism’, PSA 1976 (ed. F. Suppe and P. Asquith: 1977, Michigan; Philosophy of Science Association), vol. 2, 3–21; ‘Natural selection and the analysis of human sociality’, in C. E. Goulden (ed.), Changing scenes in natural sciences (1977, Philadelphia; Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences); R. Dawkins, the selfish gene (1976, Oxford; Oxford University Press); D. L. Hull, ‘Sociobiology: A scientific bandwagon or a traveling medicine show?’ Society, 15 (1978), 50–59; M. Ruse, ‘Sociobiology: Sound science or muddled metaphysics?’, in F. Suppe and P. Asquith (eds.), PSA 1976 (supra) vol. 2, 48–71; his ‘Sociobiology: A philosophical analysis’, in A. Caplan (ed.), The sociobiology debate (1978, New York: Harper and Row); his ‘The genetics of altruism’, Theory and decision (1979, forthcoming); and his Sociobiology: sense or nonsense? (1979, Dordrecht: Reidel).
  • et al. Letter to editor New York review of books 1975 22 18 43 44 their ‘Sociobiology: another biological determinism’, BioScience, 26 (1976), 182–186; their ‘Sociobiology: a new biological determinism’, in Sociobiology Study Group of Boston (eds.), Biology as a social weapon (1977, Boston); and M. Sahlins, The use and abuse of biology (1976, Ann Arbor; University of Michigan).
  • Levins . 1970 . “ Extinction ” . In Some mathematical questions in biology , Edited by: Gerstenhaber , M. 77 – 107 . Providence : American Mathematical Society . in
  • Lewontin The units of selection Annual review of ecology and systematics et al. Annual Reviews Inc. California 1970 1 1 23 in
  • Lewontin , R.C. and Levins , R. 1976 . “ The problem of Lysenkoism ” . In The radicalisation of science , Edited by: Rose , H. and Rose , S. London : Macmillan . in
  • See, for instance Barash Sociobiology and behaviour Elsevier New York 1977 and Sahlins (footnote 6)
  • Darwin , C. 1859 . On the origin of species , 1st ed. , London : John Murray .
  • Darwin , C. 1871 . The descent of man , 1st ed. , London : John Murray .
  • West Eberhard , M.J. 1975 . The evolution of social behavior by kin selection . Quarterly review of biology , 50 : 1 – 33 . and J. Maynard Smith, ‘Group selection’, Quarterly review of biology, 51 (1976), 277–283.
  • See Ruse Sociobiology: Sound science or muddled metaphysics? PSA 1976 (supra) Suppe F. Asquith P. 2 48 71 in
  • Flew , A.G.N. 1959 . The structure of Darwinism . New biology , 28 : 18 – 34 . M. Ruse, ‘Natural selection in “The origin of species”’, Studies in the history and philosophy of science, 1 (1971), 311–351; and his ‘Charles Darwin's theory of evolution: an analysis’, Journal of the history of biology, 8 (1975), 219–241.
  • Lorenz , K. 1966 . On aggression , New York : Harcourt Brace and World .
  • Darwin . 1859 . On the origin of species , 1st ed. , 63 – 63 . London : John Murray .
  • Darwin . 1859 . On the origin of species , 1st ed. , 75 – 75 . London : John Murray .
  • Darwin . 1859 . On the origin of species , 1st ed. , 90 – 90 . London : John Murray .
  • Darwin . 1859 . On the origin of species , 1st ed. , 87 – 87 . London : John Murray . See also M. Ghiselin, The triumph of the Darwinian method (1969, Berkeley; University of California Press); and E. Mayr, ‘Sexual selection and natural selection’, in B. Campbell (footnote 5), 87–106.
  • Such criticisms are still being made. See Himmelfarb G. Darwin and the Darwinian revolution Anchor New York 1962
  • Darwin . 1859 . On the origin of species , 1st ed. , 236 – 236 . London : John Murray .
  • Darwin . 1859 . On the origin of species , 1st ed. , 237 – 238 . London : John Murray .
  • Hamilton , W.D. 1964 . The genetical theory of social behaviour . Journal of theoretical biology , 7 : 1 – 32 . and R. Trivers and H. Hare, ‘Haplodiploidy and the evolution of social insects’, Science, 191 (1976), 249–263.
  • Alexander . 1971 . The search for an evolutionary philosophy . Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria Australia , 84 : 99 – 120 .
  • Kottler , M.J. 1976 . Isolation and speciation, 1837–1900 , Yale University Ph.D. thesis .
  • Darwin . 1859 . On the origin of species , 1st ed. , 245 – 245 . London : John Murray .
  • Darwin , C. 1862 . On the two forms, or dimorphic condition, in the species of Primula, and on their remarkable sexual relations . Journal of the proceedings of the Linnaean Society (botany) , 6 : 77 – 96 . reprinted in P. H. Barrett (ed.), The collected papers of Charles Darwin (1977, Chicago: Chicago University Press), vol. 2, 45–63. See also Ghiselin (footnote 20); and H. L. K. Whitehouse, ‘Cross-and self-fertilization in plants’, in P. R. Bell (ed.), Darwin's biological work (1959, Cambridge; Cambridge University Press).
  • Darwin . On the two forms, or dimorphic condition, in the species of Primula, and on their remarkable sexual relations . Papers , 2 61 – 61 .
  • Darwin , C. 1851 . A monograph of the sub-class cirripedia, with figures of all the species. The lepadidae; or pedunculated cirripedes , London : Ray Society . and his A monograph of the sub-class cirripedia, with figures of all the species. The balamidae (or sessile cirripedes); the verrucidae, &c (1854, London; Ray Society). See also Ghiselin (footnote 20); and M. Ruse, The Darwinian revolution: science red in tooth and claw (1979, Chicago; University of Chicago Press).
  • Darwin . On the two forms, or dimorphic condition, in the species of Primula, and on their remarkable sexual relations . Papers , 2 62 – 62 .
  • Darwin , C. 1865 . On the sexual relations of the three forms of Lythrum salicavia . Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnaean society (Botany) , 8 : 169 – 196 . reprinted in Barrett (footnote 28), vol. 2, 106–131.
  • Rudwick , M.J.S. 1974 . Darwin and Glen Roy:: a “great failure” in scientific method? . Studies in the history and philosophy of science , 5 : 97 – 185 .
  • Darwin , C. 1959 . On the origin of species by means of natural selection , Edited by: Peckham , M. 446 – 446 . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . variorum text
  • Darwin , C. 1959 . On the origin of species by means of natural selection , Edited by: Peckham , M. 444 – 444 . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . variorum text
  • Darwin , C. 1868 . Variation of animals and plants under domestication , London : John Murray .
  • Darwin , F. and Seward , A.C. , eds. 1903 . “ Letter from Wallace to Darwin, February, 1868 ” . In More letters of Charles Darwin , Vol. 1 , 288 – 288 . London : Murray . in
  • Darwin , F. and Seward , A.C. , eds. 1903 . “ Letter from Wallace to Darwin, February, 1868 ” . In More letters of Charles Darwin , Vol. 1 , 288 – 297 . London : Murray . in
  • Darwin , F. and Seward , A.C. , eds. 1903 . “ Letter from Wallace to Darwin, February, 1868 ” . In More letters of Charles Darwin , Vol. 1 , 296 – 296 . London : Murray . in
  • Wallace , A.R. 1889 . Darwinism , London : Macmillan .
  • Darwin and Seward . 1903 . More letters of Charles Darwin , Vol. 1 , 297 – 297 . London : Murray .
  • Marchant , J. 1916 . Alfred Russel Wallace: life and reminiscences , 151 – 154 . New York : Harper .
  • 1970 . L. Wilson, Sir Charles Lyell's scientific journals on the species question , 382 – 382 . New Haven : Yale University press .
  • Darwin . 1859 . On the origin of species , 1st ed. , 488 – 488 . London : John Murray .
  • de Beer , G. 1960–67 . Darwin's notebooks on transmutation of species . Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), historical series , 2 : 27 – 200 . (pp 129–176)
  • Gruber , H. and Barrett , P. 1974 . Darwin on man , 42 – 42 . New York : Dutton . notebook, M.
  • Darwin . 1871 . The descent of man , 1st ed. , Vol. 1 , 196 – 196 . London : John Murray .
  • Wallace , A.R. 1869 . Sir Charles Lyell on geological climates and the origin of species . Quarterly review , 126 : 359 – 394 . his ‘The limits of natural selection as applied to man’, in Contributions to the theory of natural selection (1870, London; Macmillan). see also M. J. Kottler, ‘Alfred Russel Wallace, the origin of man, and spiritualism’, Isis, 65 (1974), 145–192; and R. Smith, ‘Alfred Russel Wallace: philosophy of nature and man’, British journal for the history of science, 6 (1972), 177–199.
  • Darwin . 1869 . Sir Charles Lyell on geological climates and the origin of species . Quarterly review , 126 : 376 – 377 .
  • Darwin . 1869 . Sir Charles Lyell on geological climates and the origin of species . Quarterly review , 1 : 163 – 163 .
  • Darwin . 1869 . Sir Charles Lyell on geological climates and the origin of species . Quarterly review , 1 : 163 – 163 .
  • Darwin . 1869 . Sir Charles Lyell on geological climates and the origin of species . Quarterly review , 1 : 166 – 166 .
  • Romanes , E.R. 1895 . Life and letter of George John Romanes , London : Longmans . 173. It must be noted, however, that Romanes had his own special views on speciation, which might have made him a less-than-reliable reporter; see Kottler (footnote 26).
  • Darwin . 1869 . Sir Charles Lyell on geological climates and the origin of species . Quarterly review , 1 : 166 – 166 .
  • Darwin . 1869 . Sir Charles Lyell on geological climates and the origin of species . Quarterly review , 1 : 103 – 103 .
  • Darwin . 1869 . Sir Charles Lyell on geological climates and the origin of species . Quarterly review , 1 : 168 – 168 .
  • Darwin . 1869 . Sir Charles Lyell on geological climates and the origin of species . Quarterly review , 1 : 161 – 161 .
  • Trivers . 1971 . The evolution of reciprocal altruism . Quarterly review of biology , 46 : 35 – 57 .
  • Darwin . 1869 . Sir Charles Lyell on geological climates and the origin of species . Quarterly review , 1 : 163 – 163 .
  • Wilson . 1975 . Sociobiology: the new synthesis , 550 – 550 . Cambridge, Mass. : Belknap .
  • Wilson , E.O. 1975 . Human decency is animal . The New York Times magazine , October : 38 – 50 . 12
  • Alexander . 1971 . The search for an evolutionary philosophy . Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria Australia , 84 : 99 – 120 .
  • Wallace , A.R. 1900 . Studies: scientific and social , London : Macmillan .

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