Gorai Kinzō's study of Leibniz and the I ching hexagrams

References

• Leibniz , G.W. 1976 . Sämtliche Schriften und Briefe , Vol. 1 , 43 – 43 . Berlin : Dritte Reihe . Chinese characters are cited in the text by superscript italic letters; the characters are reproduced at the end of the paper. With the exception of Shimao's name, Chinese and Japanese names are written with the family name first.
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• Couturat , L. 1901 . La logique de Leibniz Paris reprinted 1971, Hildesheim), 56–61 and 81–85.
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• On the relations of Leibniz with the Jesuit missionaries, see Baruzi Jean Leibniz et l'organisation religieuse de la terre Paris 1907 77 105 and D. E. Mungello, Leibniz and Confucianism: the search for accord (1977, Honolulu).
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• The preface is reprinted in G. G. Leibnitii … opera omnia Dutens L. Geneva 1768 4 78 86 part 1,
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• Niedersächsische Landesbibliothek Vol. 1r-2v , Hannover L.Br. 105 (Bouvet), Bl. With this letter Bouvet sent his biography of the Emperor Khang Hsi, which Leibniz included in a Latin version in the second edition of the Novissima Sinica.
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• The most complete printed edition of the French text, with a parallel German translation, is found in Leibniz G.W. Zwei Briefe über das binäre Zahlensystem und die chinesische Philosophie , edited Stuttgart 1968 with translation and commentary by Renate Loosen and Franz Vonessen Following an earlier editor, Loosen and Vonessen give the title as ‘Lettre sur la Philosophie Chinoise è Nicolas de Remond’, but in letters to Remond, Leibniz himself gives the title quoted in our text. There is an English translation: G. W. Leibniz, Discourse on the natural theology of the Chinese (translated with commentary by Henry Rosemont and Daniel J. Cook: 1977, Honolulu). On the problems of editing this work of Leibniz, see the review of the English translation by D. E. Mungello in Studia Leibnitiana, 9 (1977), 296–301.
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• See Mungello Mungello D.E. Leibniz and Confucianism: the search for accord Honolulu 1977 Joseph Needham, Science and civilisation in China, vol. 2 (1962, Cambridge), pp. 496–505, has suggested that Leibniz's concepts of monads and pre-established harmony may owe something to his Chinese studies, though it seems more likely that he simply found in the Chinese writings echoes of his own ideas. See also D. E. Mungello, ‘Some recent studies on the confluence of Chinese and Western intellectual history’, Journal of the history of ideas, 40 (1979), 649–662.
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• Leibniz , G.W. 1968 . Zwei Briefe über das binäre Zahlensystem und die chinesische Philosophie , edited 126 – 126 . Stuttgart with translation and commentary by Renate Loosen and Franz Vonessen
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• Leibniz , G.W. 1968 . Zwei Briefe über das binäre Zahlensystem und die chinesische Philosophie , edited 127 – 127 . Stuttgart with translation and commentary by Renate Loosen and Franz Vonessen
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• Leibniz , G.W. 1968 . Zwei Briefe über das binäre Zahlensystem und die chinesische Philosophie , edited 128 – 128 . Stuttgart with translation and commentary by Renate Loosen and Franz Vonessen
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• Hans , J. Zacher . 1973 . Die Hauptschriften zur Dyadik von G. W. Leibniz Frankfurt-am-Main
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• Needham , J. 1962 . Science and civilisation in China Vol. 2 , 304 – 345 . Cambridge
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• L.Br. 105 (Bouvet), Bl. 4r-7v. Part of the letter was published in Feller J.F. Otium Hanoveranum , 2nd edition Leipzig 1737 113 115 and again in Dutens (footnote 4), vol. 2, part 1, pp. 262–263. Another part was published in J. Baruzi, Leibniz. Aver de nombreux textes inédits (1909, Paris), 161–164.
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• The idea that it was Leibniz's mention of the characteristica universalis that brought to Bouvet's mind the thought-system of the Chinese is a misinterpretation introduced by Gorai and repeated by Wilhelm. there is indeed a description of the characteristica universalis in the extant manuscript of Leibniz, but this passage was deleted and therefore presumably not transmitted to Bouvet. Gorai quotes the description (L.Br. 105, Bl. 6v) without mentioning that it was deleted Zacher Zwei Briefe über das binäre Zahlensystem und die chinesische Philosophie , edited Stuttgart 1968 99 99 with translation and commentary by Renate Loosen and Franz Vonessen says that the characteristica universalis is mentioned briefly in the letter, but he is evidently not referring to the deleted passage (ibid., 248, footnote). He does not specify the actual passage he has in mind—perhaps Leibniz's reference to the Chinese language—but in our view this is at most a reference to a real characteristic, not the characteristica universalis.
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• Zacher . 1973 . Die Hauptschriften zur Dyadik von G. W. Leibniz 250 – 250 . Frankfurt-am-Main The ‘Essay’ is printed as text No. 9.
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• 1703 . Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences avec les mémoires de mathématique et de physique, Mémoires 85 – 89 . This is Zacher's text No. 14. See also Fontenelle's review in the Histoire, (1703), 58–63; reprinted in Bernard (footnote 37), 433–437.
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• Bouvet's letter of 4 November 1701 was published, without the diagram, in the Mémoires è Trevoux 1704 Janvier 128 165 and in Dutens (footnote 4), vol. 4, part 1, pp. 152–164.
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• Zacher . 1973 . Die Hauptschriften zur Dyadik von G. W. Leibniz 264 – 264 . Frankfurt-am-Main The Latin annotation has been removed from the diagram, though this is transcribed in a footnote. A complete facsimile is printed in an essay review by E.J. Aiton of Zacher's book in Annals of science, 31 (1974), 575–578. Not having access to copies of Gorai or Wilhelm at that time, the reviewer unfortunately repeated the errors of Needham and Zacher concerning the publication of the correspondence by Gorai.
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• Kinzō , Gorai . 1929 . Jukyō no Doitsu seiji shisō ni oyoboseru eikyō^w [The influence of Confucianism on German political thought] 440 – 440 . Tokyo
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• See, for example Mungello Leibniz et l'organisation religieuse de la terre Paris 1907 13 17 and compare footnote 7
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• Mungello . 1907 . Leibniz et l'organisation religieuse de la terre 3 – 5 . Paris
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• See Kinzō Gorai Jukyō no Doitsu seiji shisō ni oyoboseru eikyō^w [The influence of Confucianism on German political thought] Tokyo 1929 440 440
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• Gorai . 1929 . Jukyō no Doitsu seiji shisō ni oyoboseru eikyō^w [The influence of Confucianism on German political thought] 435 – 453 . Tokyo
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• Needham . 1977 . Leibniz and Confucianism: the search for accord 341 – 341 . Honolulu note c, is not quite correct when he says that ‘the correspondence … has as yet been published fully only in Japanese and Chinese’. It has not in fact even today been published fully either in these languages or in any other. Zacher (footnote 11), 262, lines 13–14, is also in error when he remarks of Bouvet's letter of 4 November 1701, ‘Übersetzungen ins Japanische und Chinesische’. A complete publication of the Bouvet-Leibniz correspondence is reported to be in progress (see Mungello (footnote 6), 301).
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• Zacher . 1973 . Die Hauptschriften zur Dyadik von G. W. Leibniz 275 – 275 . Frankfurt-am-Main
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• Dutens . 1768 . G. G. Leibnitii … opera omnia Vol. 4 , 167 – 167 . Geneva
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• Dutens . 1768 . G. G. Leibnitii … opera omnia Vol. 4 , 165 – 165 . Geneva
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• Dutens . 1768 . G. G. Leibnitii … opera omnia Vol. 4 , 165 – 168 . Geneva C. Kortholt, Recueil de diverses pièces sur la philosophie … par M. de Leibniz (1734, Hamburg), 78–83.
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• Zacher . 1973 . Die Hauptschriften zur Dyadik von G. W. Leibniz Frankfurt-am-Main prints parts of this letter as text No. 8.
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• Baruzi , Jean . 1737 . Otium Hanoveranum , 2nd edition 156 – 161 . Leipzig These sections are reprinted in Henri Bernard, ‘Comment Leibniz découvrit le Livre des Mutations’, Bulletin de l'Université de l'Aurore, (3) 5 (1944), 432–445 (pp. 442–445).
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• Pai-min , Liu . 1941 . “ Lai-pu-ni-tzu de Chou-i hsüehx ” . In 1-hsüeh t'ao-lun chi^y Edited by: Cheng-kang , Li . 99 – 113 . Shanghai in
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• Wilhelm , H. 1943 . Leibniz and the I ching . Collectanea commissionis synodalis in Sinis , 16 : 205 – 219 .
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• The lectures were published as Die Wandlung: acht Vorträge zum I Ging^a Peking 1944 English translation by C. F. Baynes (1960, New York). Compare H. Wilhelm, Sinn des I Ging (3rd edition 1979, Düsseldorf-Köln). Born in China in 1905, H. Wilhelm received his doctorate in Berlin in 1932 and from 1948 to 1971 he was a professor in the University of Washington.
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• Wilhelm , R. 1924 . I Ging. Das Buch der Wandlungen Jena See Needham (footnote 7), vol. 2, p. 308.
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• Merkel , R.F. 1920 . Leibniz und die China-Mission Leipzig O. Franke, Leibniz und China, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morganländischen Gesellschaft, 7 (1928), 155–178. Wilhelm remarks that the editions of Kortholt and Dutens were not available to him in Peking.
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• Bernard . 1737 . Otium Hanoveranum , 2nd edition 432 – 432 . Leipzig The reprints were, in addition to the extract from Baruzi mentioned already, Leibniz's paper in the Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, (1703: published 1705), 85–89 (compare Zacher's text No. 14). and Fontenelle's review of this in Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences (1703), 58–63.
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• It is somewhat ironic that the paper of Lach D.F. Leibniz and China Journal of the history of ideas 1945 6 436 455 is frequently cited, for this gives a very poor account of the Bouvet-Leibniz relationship. Lach seems to think that only the trigrams were involved and that the identification with binary numbers was Leibniz's idea.
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• 1952 . Leibniz zu seinem 300 Geburtstag 1646–1946 Berlin Lieferung 8.
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• Müller , K. , ed. 1967 . Leibniz Bibliographie Frankfurt-am-Main M. Whitrow (ed.), Isis cumulative bibliography (1971, London).
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• Needham , J. 1977 . Leibniz and Confucianism: the search for accord 340 – 345 . Honolulu There is a misprint in the date of Wilhelm's paper, p. 652; it should be 1943.
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• For what is probably the best introduction in a western language, with references to the literature and translations, see Needham J. Leibniz and Confucianism: the search for accord Honolulu 1977 2 304 340
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• Needham , J. 1977 . Leibniz and Confucianism: the search for accord Vol. 2 , 274 – 274 . Honolulu
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• Needham , J. 1977 . Leibniz and Confucianism: the search for accord Vol. 2 , 273 – 273 . Honolulu
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• Gorai . 1929 . Jukyō no Doitsu seiji shisō ni oyoboseru eikyō^w [The influence of Confucianism on German political thought] 441 – 441 . Tokyo
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• Wilhelm . 1943 . Leibniz and the I ching . Collectanea commissionis synodalis in Sinis , 16 : 212 – 213 .
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• See Needham Leibniz and Confucianism: the search for accord Honolulu 1977 2 313 313 column 4a.
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• Zacher . 1973 . Die Hauptschriften zur Dyadik von G. W. Leibniz 269 – 269 . Frankfurt-am-Main remarks that the dichotomy beyond the third row does not follow the Chinese tradition, but as we see, it is not correct even in the third row. In the second row, we have = = (great yin), = (small yang), = (small yin), = (great yang), which is correct according to tradition.
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• Barde , René . 1952 . Recherches sur les origines arithmétiques du Yi-King . Archives internationales d'historie des sciences , 5 : 234 – 281 . has questioned the traditional view, claiming that there is no systematic way in which the order could have been obtained by combining trigrams. He suggests, as most probable, that King Wen derived his order from the eight symmetrical hexagrams by interchanging the top or bottom halves of different pairs.
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• Wilhelm . 1943 . Leibniz and the I ching . Collectanea commissionis synodalis in Sinis , 16 : 207 – 207 . Compare Liu (footnote 38), 100. The passage is quoted below from L.Br. 105 (Bouvet). Bl. 6v (doubtful words are indicated by square brackets): jay pensé è quelque chose de plus important, que je medite depuis quelques longues annees en ayant des echantillons, que je ne sçaurois assez poursuivre, faute de loisir et de personnes propres è m'assiste … Il donne des verites abstraites necessaires par des demonstrations de calcul, qui les rendent aussi incontestables que pourroient estres les [verités] des nombres ou de l'algebre. Et le calcul philosophique nouveau de cette specieuse universelle, estant independant de quelque langue que ce soit, il seroit d'un merveilleux secours pour faire gouster ces verités […] aux peuples eloignés dont les langues different tant des nostres et les verités abstraites importantes de la religion naturelle, sur lesquelles la religion revelée est comme entée.
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• L.Br. 105 (Bouvet), Bl. 10v. Zacher Compare Die Hauptschriften zur Dyadik von G. W. Leibniz Frankfurt-am-Main 1973 100 100
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• Couplet . 1687 . Confucius sinarum philosophus sive scientia sinensis latine exposita Paris Compare Zacher (footnote 11), 79.
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• Needham . 1977 . Leibniz and Confucianism: the search for accord Vol. 2 , 342 – 342 . Honolulu According to Needham, Wilhelm points out that Bouvet knew only the Fu-Hsi arrangement. Wilhelm does not commit this error.
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• Wilhelm . 1943 . Leibniz and the I ching . Collectanea commissionis synodalis in Sinis , 16 : 207 – 208 .
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• Wilhelm . 1943 . Leibniz and the I ching . Collectanea commissionis synodalis in Sinis , 16 : 209 – 209 . note 17.
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• Gorai . 1929 . Jukyō no Doitsu seiji shisō ni oyoboseru eikyō^w [The influence of Confucianism on German political thought] 437 – 437 . Tokyo The confusion seems to have been created by Liu, who wrote: ‘Bouvet's fourth letter is dated 4 November 1701. According to this letter, Leibniz seems already to have discussed binary arithmetic problems in his reply to Bouvet, and moreover to have sent a table of numbers, in which 64 was reduced to 32’.
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• Zacher . 1973 . Die Hauptschriften zur Dyadik von G. W. Leibniz 263 – 263 . Frankfurt-am-Main
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• Wilhelm . 1943 . Leibniz and the I ching . Collectanea commissionis synodalis in Sinis , 16 : 215 – 215 .
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• Translated from Zacher Die Hauptschriften zur Dyadik von G. W. Leibniz Frankfurt-am-Main 1973 277 277 ‘… c'est une chose bien suprenante, qu'elle convient parfaitement avec ma nouvelle maniere d'Arithmetique et qu'il a falu justement que je vous en écrivisse dans le temps qu'il faloit. c'est è dire lors que vous vous apliqués au dechifrement de ces lignes.’
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• Wilhelm . 1943 . Leibniz and the I ching . Collectanea commissionis synodalis in Sinis , 16 : 213 – 213 . He mentions in this connection Ku Yen-wu,z Chang Erh-ch'i aa and Wang Ch'uan-shan. bb On Shao Yung, see also Needham (footnote 7), vol. 2, pp. 455–457, where he is described as ‘an original but fanciful thinker’.
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• Gorai . 1929 . Jukyō no Doitsu seiji shisō ni oyoboseru eikyō^w [The influence of Confucianism on German political thought] 446 – 446 . Tokyo
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• Wilhelm . 1943 . Leibniz and the I ching . Collectanea commissionis synodalis in Sinis , 16 : 216 – 216 . Compare Leibniz's original: ‘… the order of the numbers goes from left to right in each line or row of numbers, and the lines or rows follow from top to bottom, and the one as well as the other agrees with the order according to which we write in Europe, contrary to the custom of the orientals and Chinese; it is true however that in each number, the lines must be reckoned from bottom to top, in imitation perhaps of the relation to the circle, where we start from the bottom to top, in beginning with that which is closest to the centre’ (translated from Zacher (footnote 11), 278).
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• Gorai . 1929 . Jukyō no Doitsu seiji shisō ni oyoboseru eikyō^w [The influence of Confucianism on German political thought] 446 – 446 . Tokyo
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• Wilhelm . 1943 . Leibniz and the I ching . Collectanea commissionis synodalis in Sinis , 16 : 216 – 216 .
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• Translated from Zacher Die Hauptschriften zur Dyadik von G. W. Leibniz Frankfurt-am-Main 1973 278 278
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• Translated from Zacher Die Hauptschriften zur Dyadik von G. W. Leibniz Frankfurt-am-Main 1973 285 285
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• Gorai . 1929 . Jukyō no Doitsu seiji shisō ni oyoboseru eikyō^w [The influence of Confucianism on German political thought] 450 – 450 . Tokyo
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• Liu . 1941 . “ Lai-pu-ni-tzu de Chou-i hsüehx ” . In 1-hsüeh t'ao-lun chi^y Edited by: Cheng-kang , Li . 109 – 109 . Shanghai in
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• Wilhelm . 1943 . Leibniz and the I ching . Collectanea commissionis synodalis in Sinis , 16 : 218 – 218 .
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• Wilhelm . 1943 . Leibniz and the I ching . Collectanea commissionis synodalis in Sinis , 16 : 218 – 218 . 214 – 214 .
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• Compare the segregation table in Figure 5, rotated 90° clockwise, with the table of binary numbers in Leibniz's letter Zacher 244 244 Note that the correspondence is in inverse order.
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• Couturat , L. 1901 . La logique de Leibniz 382 – 382 . Paris
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• Couplet . 1687 . Confucius sinarum philosophus sive scientia sinensis latine exposita xlii – xlii . Paris
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