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John Beale, philosophical gardener of Herefordshire

Part I. Prelude to the Royal Society (1608–1663)

Mayling Stubbs 59 George Street, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2J 1K8
Pages 463-489 | Received 18 Sep 1981, Published online: 18 Sep 2006

  • 1657 . Herefordshire Orchards, A Pattern For All England: Written in An Epistolary Address to Samuel Hartlib Esq. London comprised two letters written by Beale to Hartlib on 3 and 13 May 1656. It was reissued in 1724 and later published with Richard Bradley's New Improvement of Planting and Gardening, Both Philosophical and Practical (London, 1717; seventh edition, 1739). By the early nineteenth century the tract was ‘scarce and valuable’ according to John Nichols's Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century, second edition, 6 vols (London, 1812–15), I, 447. Beale's ‘Aphorisms concerning Cider’ appeared in Evelyn's edition of the collaborative work entitled Pomona: or an Appendix Concerning Fruit-Trees. In Relation to Cider, printed with Evelyn's Sylva, Or A Discourse of Forest-Trees, and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesties Dominions (London, 1664; fifth edition, 1729). The main sources for Beale's published correspondence are: The Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle, edited by Thomas Birch, 6 vols (London, 1772), reprinted (Hildesheim, 1965), volume VI of which is hereafter cited as RB; The Correspondence of Henry Oldenburg, edited by Alfred Rupert Hall and Marie Boas Hall, 11 vols (Madison and Milwaukee, 1865–73, and London, 1975- ) (cited as HO); and The Diary and Correspondence of Dr John Worthington, edited by James Crossley and Richard C. Christie, 2 vols, Chetham Society (Manchester, 1847–86) (cited as JW). Unpublished manuscripts cited in this paper include the Hartlib Papers, Sheffield University Library, Sheffield (HP); the Early Letters and the Boyle Papers in the Royal Society, London (RS: EL and RS: BP respectively); and the John Evelyn Collection at Christ Church, Oxford. References to the latter include the bound volumes containing Beale's correspondence to Evelyn (EC: Corr.) and letters from Evelyn to Beale in the Letter-book, MS. 39 (EC: Lb.). British Library Add. MSS. 15, 948 contains copies and some original letters from Beale to Hartlib and Evelyn. A few letters from Beale to Christopher Wase can be found in the Bodleian Library, MS Corpus Christi College C. 332 (CW), folios 18–29. There are some 400 items of Beale correspondence in all. Beale used the title phrase in a letter to Hartlib, 16 February 1656/7, HP 31/1/17–18.
  • See The Great Instauration: Science, Medicine and Reform 1626–1660 London 1975 478 482 et passim, and the same author's ‘The origins of the Royal Society’, History of Science, 6 (1967), 106–28 (p. 116). As the present article indicates, however, Beale's interest in fruit-tree propagation developed much earlier than Webster suggests on p. 478 of the former work (see also p. 467 below).
  • Hoppen , K.T. 1976 . The nature of the early Royal Society. Part I . British Journal for the History of Science , 9 : 243 – 273 . (pp. 6–7), and Michael Hunter, ‘The social basis and changing fortunes of an early scientific institution: an analysis of the membership of the Royal Society, 1660–85’, Notes and Records of the Royal Society, 31 (1976), 9–114 (pp. 58, 89 and 91).
  • HO I, 320 and The intellectual origins of the Royal Society—London and Oxford Notes and Records 1968 23 129 168 (p. 160).
  • Hartlib to Worthington, 23 April 1661, JW I, 304 and Somerset Incumbents. From the Hugo MSS. 30, 279–80 in the British Museum Weaver Frederic W. Bristol 1889 228 228
  • Yarkhill Parish Register, General Register 1559–1784, Herefordshire Record Office, AD 56/1 et passim. Thomas Beale is cited in Foster Joseph Alumni Oxonienses Oxford 1891 I 95 95 Students Admitted to the Inner Temple 1547–1660 (London, 1877), p. 117 under date 1586, and Abstracts of Wills in the PCC Register Soame, 1620, edited by J. H. Lea (Boston, Massachusetts, 1904), p. 405.
  • Confusion surrounding Beale's birth-date stems from the record in the Yarkhill Parish Register of a John Beale born in 1603. Whether this was a child born to Thomas and Joanna who died in infancy or the child of another family, it is clear that the John Beale baptised in 1608 is the son of Thomas and Joanna Beale who later became a Fellow of the Royal Society. The Dictionary of National Biography (hereafter cited as DNB) and Thomas Birch in The History of the Royal Society posited 1603 as Beale's date of birth. John and J. A. Venn in the Alumni Cantabrigienses, Pt. 1, I (Cambridge, 1927), p. 116, estimated it as 1613, perhaps calculating backwards from Beale's admission to Cambridge in 1629. Sir W. Sterry in The Eton College Register 1441–1698 Eton 1943 was also incorrect in surmising that Beale was 16 years old when he entered King's College in 1629.
  • See Pedigree of Pye Herald and Genealogist 1867 5 132 133 Gerald E. Aylmer, The King's Servants: The Civil Service of Charles I, 1625–1642, revised edition (London, 1974), pp. 308–13; The Visitation of Herefordshire …1569, edited by F. W. Weaver (Exeter, 1886), pp. 91–2; Hugh R. Williamson, George Villiers First Duke of Buckingham: Study for a Biography (London, 1940), p. 90; The Agrarian History of England and Wales, general editor, Herbert P. R. Finberg, Volume IV, 1500–1640, edited by Joan Thirsk (Cambridge, 1967), pp. 274–5. See also letters from Beale to Evelyn, 28 May 1664, EC: Corr. f. 40, and to Hartlib, 23 February 1656/7, HP 62/22/1–2. The DNB incorrectly refers to Beale's uncle as ‘Sir William Pye’ (italics added). On Sir Robert Pye see Aylmer, The King's Servants, pp. 311–13, 380, and the same author's The State's Servats: The Civil Service of the English Republic 1649–60 (London, 1973), pp. 24 and 253–4; Samuel R. Gardiner, A History of England under the Duke of Buckingham and Charles I, 1624–28, 2 vols (London, 1875), II, 153; Mildred A. Gibb, Buckingham 1592–1628 (London, 1935), pp. 281–2 and 299; and Edmund Burke, Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies (London, 1838), p. 433. George Speke, son and heir to Sir George Speke, married a daughter of Sir Robert Pye, according to Bodleian Library MS. Eng. Misc. d. 149, f. 306. On Sir Robert Phelips and George Speke, see DNB and Thomas G. Barnes, Somerset 1625–1640: A County's Government During the ‘Personal Rule’ (London, 1961), pp. 20–25 et passim.
  • On the Lingen, Scudamore and Pye connections see Pedigree of Pye 132 133 and on the Scudamores see Beale to Hartlib, 27 September 1658, HP 51/24v; DNB article on John, 1st Viscount Scudamore; and Hugh Trevor-Roper, Archbishop Laud, 1573–1645, second edition (London, 1962), pp. 214–5. See also Beale to Evelyn, 29 April 1667, EC: Corr. f. 57 and to Harblib, 28 May 1657, HP 25/5/5.
  • The references to the Boyle family are contained in letters from Beale to Hartlib, 18 April 1657, HP 62/15/2 and to Evelyn, 28 May 1664, EC: Corr. f. 40. See also Beale to Hartlib, 27 September 1658, HP 51/24 and to Wase, 5 November 1673, CW f. 20; Birch Thomas The Life of the Honourable Robert Boyle London 1744 2 3 and Weaver, Visitation of Herefordshire, p. 83. Further research on Beale's ancestors is required to establish a specific link with the Boyle family.
  • The comparison with the German duchy of Pomerania was made by Thomas Fuller in The History of the Worthies of England London 1662 33 33 On Herefordshire agriculture and the ruling families see Vaughan's Most Approved and Long Experienced Water-Workes (London, 1610); William Camden, Britain, Or A Chorographicall Description of the Most Flourishing Kingdom, revised edition, translated by Philemon Holland (London, 1610), p. 617; John Webb, Memorials of the Civil War …As It Affected Herefordshire and the Adjacent Counties, edited and completed by T. W. Webb, 2 vols (London, 1879), I, 7–9; Aylmer, ‘Who Was Ruling in Herefordshire from 1645–1661?’, Transactions of the Woolhope Naturalists’ Field Club, Herefordshire, Part 3, 90 (1970), 373–87 (p. 375); Agrarian History, IV 1500–1640, pp. 99–112, 195–97; Joan Thirsk, ‘Seventeenth-Century Agriculture and Social Change’ in Land, Church and People: Essays Presented to Professor H. P. R. Finberg, edited by Joan Thirsk, British Agricultural History Society (Reading, 1970), pp. 148–77. See also Beale to Hartlib, 30 June 1658, HP 52/145; John Hutchinson, Herefordshire Biographies (Hereford, 1890), pp. 60–61; Stebbings Shaw, A Tour to the West of England, in 1788 (London, 1789), pp. 170–71.
  • Aylmer . The King's Servants 308 – 310 . Beale refers to his father's legal and agricultural activities in letters to Hartlib, n.d., HP 52/167–8; 23 February 1656/7, HP 62/22/1–2; to Wase, 5 November 1673, CW f. 20; and to Oldenburg, 12 December 1662, RS: EL B.1.16. On the redstreak see Evelyn, Pomona (1664), Preface; Alicia Amherst, A History of Gardening in England, second edition, reprinted (Detroit, 1969), pp. 181–2; and Trevor-Roper, Archbishop Laud, p. 215.
  • Beale's name is not cited in the list of ‘King's Scholars from 1590. Drawn up c. 1625 [probably by Bright], and continued to 1645’ contained in Documents Illustrating Early Education in Worcester, 685 to 1700 Leach Arthur F. Worcester Historical Society London 1913 244 244 and 252 ff. However, Alec MacDonald in his History of the King's School Worcester (London, 1936) notes on p. 90 that few of the more noteworthy pupils of Bright discussed in the book appeared in the lists edited by Leach. Other students cited by MacDonald included the mathematician Thomas Allen, Roger Boyle, and conjurer Edward Kelley (pp. 65, 70, 81–3, 94). See also Beale to Boyle, 21 November 1663, RB 459 and to Wase, 9 October 1672, CW f. 26.
  • Beale to Wase, 9 October 1672, CW f. 26; MacDonald 86 98 107; and Beale to Boyle, 21 November 1663, RB 459.
  • Patricia , Reif . 1969 . The Textbook Tradition in Natural Philosophy, 1600–50 . Journal of the History of Ideas , 30 : 17 – 32 . (pp. 19–20, 24).
  • Sterry, p. 27, claims that Beale was a ‘commensal at the 3rd table till 1623 (2), then K. S. [King's scholar, i.e. a scholar on the Eton foundation].’ On Hales's role at Eton and his influence on the Great Tew theologians see DNB article; Elson James H. John Hales of Eton New York 1948 11 19 21–5, and Chapter II; Henry R. McAdoo, The Spirit of Anglicanism: A Survey of Anglican Theological Method in the Seventeenth Century (London, 1965), pp. 15–21; Trevor-Roper, pp. 337–8; Thomas Lyon, The Theory of Religious Liberty in England, 1603–39 (Cambridge, 1937), pp. 146–60; and Kurt Weber, Lucius Cary Second Viscount Falkland (New York, 1940), pp. 149–50, 157–8, 249.
  • Page served as Vice Orator of Cambridge, Secretary to the Duke of Ormond, Deputy Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and from 1675–81 as Provost of King's. See Sterry 254 255 ‘Rawlinson's History of Eton College’, Bod. MS. Rawl. B. 266, f. 23; and Venn, III, 294. On Waller see DNB; Weber, p. 82; and references in Beale to Hartlib, n.d. [1657], HP 52/167–8, 16 February 1656/7, HP 31/1/17–18; to Boyle, 28 September 1663, RB 330, and 29 September 1663, RB 332; and to Evelyn, 1 March 1664/5, EC: Corr. f. 38 and 16 June 1679, EC: Corr. f. 139. These allusions to Waller and to Beale's visits to Beaconsfield disprove the assumption by the Halls, HO I, 320, that Beale could not have known the poet Edmund Waller.
  • 1675 . The Lives of Dr. John Donne, Sir Henry Wotton, Mr. Richard Hooker, Mr. George Herbert , fourth edition 127 – 127 . London
  • Smith Logan Pearsall The Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton Oxford1907 2 5 5 I 11–12, 91, 107, 171–2, 456 and II, 205–6 (hereafter cited as HW); Eugenio Garin, Italian Humanism: Philosophy and Civic Life in the Renaissance, translated by Peter Munz (Oxford, 1965), pp. 20–23, 27–31; Hans Baron, The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance: Civic Humanism and Republican Liberty in An Age of Classicism and Tyranny; revised edition (Princeton, New Jersey, 1966), pp. 106–13. See also William Rawley, The Life of the Right Honourable Francis Bacon (London, 1657), reprinted in The Works of Francis Bacon, edited by James Spedding, Robert L. Ellis and Doublas D. Heath, 14 vols (London, 1858), facsimile reprint (Stuttgart, 1963), I, 7–11 [hereafter cited as FB]. On the Hartlib Circle see Webster, Great Instauration, pp. 189, 360, and 421–2.
  • Unaddressed letter, probably to Oldenburg, dated 28 November 1659, HP 60/1/1–4. On Wotton's connection with Bacon and promotion of his philosophy see HW I, 171; Spedding James The Letters and Life of Francis Bacon in FB XIV, 131.
  • DNB on Wotton HW I, 5, 107, and 171.
  • Beale to Hartlib, 18 January 1658/9, HP 51/57. See also Wotton article in DNB and Yates's Rosicrucian Enlightenment London 1972 130 132 138–9 and also Beale to Hartlib, 21 December 1658, HP 51/52–4. For Beale's use of the ‘sub rosa’ phrase with respect to Oldenburg and the Hartlib Circle see, for example, his letter to Boyle, 23 February 1662/3, RS: EL 98.
  • HW I, 12–13; The Genius of the Place: The English Landscape Garden 1620–1820 Hunt John Dixon Willis Peter London 1975 48 50 and Webster, Great Instauration, pp. 467–8.
  • Beale to Hartlib, n.d. (draft outline for ‘A Physique Guarden’ and ‘A Garden of Pleasure’), HP 25/6/3 (Item 7); Wotton Elements of Architecture 109 109 unaddressed letter dated 20 January 1664/5, RS: EL B. 1. 41. Publication of the res rustica (Cato, Vallo, Columella and Palladius) is discussed in Beale to Hartlib, 15 November 1659, HP 62/25/3 and to Wase, 19 October 1672, CW f. 28.
  • Sterry, p. 27, states that Beale was ‘adm. Scholar of King's College Cambridge 20 July 1629’. See also Venn, 116; letters from Beale to Hartlib, n.d. [July] 1657, HP 25/5/27 and to an unknown recipient in RS: EL B.1.42; Leigh August A. King's College, University of Cambridge College Histories London 1899 113 114 Collins's remarks on the Advancement of Learning were contained in Rawley's Life, in FB I, 16.
  • Beale to Evelyn, 24 April 1671, EC: Corr. f. 113 and 24 May 1666, EC: Corr. f. 52; to Boyle, 10 August 1666, RB 411–12. On Hales and Wotton see DNB on the latter's famous tombstone inscription; Elson, pp. 52 and 55; and the Tract Concerning Schism and Schismatics in The Works of the Ever Memorable Mr. John Hales of Eaton Glasgow 1765 I 114 134 3 vols In a letter to Hartlib dated 21 June 1657, HP 25/5/22v, Beale referred to ‘the points of predestination wch for many yeares have not troubled my head’.
  • Curtis , Mark H. 1959 . Oxford and Cambridge in Transition 1558–1642 229 – 259 . Oxford James B. Mullinger, Cambridge Characteristics in the Seventeenth Century (London, 1867), pp. 18–85; Yates, p. 109 and Webster, Great Instauration, p. 37.
  • Beale to Boyle, 2 November 1663, RB 344; Hunter 83 83
  • Saltmarsh John Victoria History of Cambridgeshire and the Isle of Ely London1938–59 6 382 382 in his III notes that after graduating M.A., two King's fellows were appointed to study astronomy, two civil law, two medicine, and four canon law, while the remainder read theology. Preliminary consultation with the Librarian of King's College has failed to produce evidence relating to Beale's specific appointment.
  • Letters from Beale to Evelyn, 1 December 1669, EC: Corr. f. 91 and to Wase, 9 October 1672, CW f. 26. See also Johnson Francis R. Astronomical Thought in Renaissance England New York 1968 142 142 and Yates, p. 108.
  • Beale to Hartlib, 14 August 1657 and 8 September 1657, RS: BP 7.5; Taylor Eva G.R. The Mathematical Practitioners of Tudor & Stuart England Cambridge 1954 192 193 and 198; and Webster, Great Instauration, p. 415. On Oudart, Wotton's protege, see DNB; HW II, 384–98; and Beale to Hartlib, 15 November 1659, HP 62/25/2.
  • Beale to Boyle, 29 September 1663, RB 331, and to Hartlib, 23 February 1656/7, HP 62/22/1–2. See also Somerset Incumbents Weaver 183 183 and Yates, p. 109.
  • Beale to Evelyn, 11 June 1670. EC: Corr. f. 96; to [Oldenburg?], 28 November 1659, HP 60/1; and to Wase, 9 October 1672, CW f. 26. The Gilbert and Paré donations were confirmed by Mr. P. J. Croft, King's College Librarian, in his letter to me of 4 March 1980. See also BL: Add. MSS. 15,948 ff. 92–4. On Duchesne see Debus Allen G. The English Paracelsians London 1965 90 95
  • Beale to Hartlib, 8 June 1657, HP 25/5/18–19. For a discussion of magic and the Hermetic tradition see Thorndyke Lynn A History of Magic and Experimental Science New York 1923–58 8 especially v, 13 and vii on the seventeenth century; and Yates, Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition (London, 1964).
  • Beale to Hartlib, n.d. ‘A Severe Enquyry’, HP 25/19/3 1658 See also letter of 28 May 1657, HP 25/5/1v.
  • Beale to Wase, 9 October 1672, CW f.25 and to Hartlib, 28 May 1657, HP 25/5/7–8. See Sterry 254 255 on Thomas Page.
  • Preface to Herefordshire Orchards 1657 and letter to Evelyn, 28 May 1664, EC: Corr. f. 40.
  • Beale's account of his search for books and manuscripts occurs in letters to Hartlib, n.d. [July, 1657], HP 25/5/25–30; 8 June 1657, HP 25/5/20; to [Oldenburg?], 28 November 1659, HP 60/1; and to Evelyn, 1 December 1669, EC: Corr.f.91. On the Socinians and Grotius see Beale to Hartlib, 8 June 1657, HP 25/5/20 and Beale to Boyle, 17 October 1663, RB 342–3. Socinus's Praelectiones Theologicae 1609 is discussed in Beale to Boyle, 11 October 1665, RB 342. Continuing evidence of prognostic dreams is contained in the above-mentioned letters to Hartlib and also one to Evelyn, 14 March 1663/4, RS: EL B. 1.25.
  • Dury's irenic programme and Scudamore's ambassadorship in Paris in 1637–8 are described in Batten Joseph M. John Dury, Advocate of Christian Reunion Chicago 1944 61 83 et passim; Trevor-Roper, pp. 269 ff.; and Matthew Gibson, A View of the Ancient and Present State of the Churches of Door, Home-Lacy, and Hempsted (London, 1727), pp. 72–106. See also Beale to Evelyn, 6 December 1669, EC: Corr. f.92.
  • On the sinecure and Edward Phelips, son and heir of the local magnate Sir Robert Phelips, see Somerset Incumbents Weaver 183 183 and David Underdown's Somerset in the Civil War and Interregnum (Devon, 1973), pp. 24, 29, and 70. See also Wotton to Beale, 2 June 1638, HP 7/112/2–3, and Sterry, pp. 273–4 on the Pye brothers. Parker's views are discussed in Beale to Evelyn, 4 May 1668, EC: Corr. f. 72.
  • Beale to Evelyn, 3 August 1664, EC: Corr. f. 43. Beale's extrusion from Sock Denis was not recorded in Matthew's Arnold G. Walker Revised Oxford 1948 When Beale returned to Herefordshire and where he resided initially is not known for certain. A letter to Hartlib dated 27 September 1658, HP 51/25, indicates that he had for ten or eleven years [i.e. from 1647 or 1648] resided at Stretton Grandison. For Thomas Beale's will see Lea, p. 405.
  • Beale to Evelyn, 29 August 1677, EC: Corr. f. 137 and to Hartlib, 18 January 1656/7, RS: BP 7.3 (Copy). On Bacon's Sylva Sylvarum and contribution to the advancement of agricultural learning see Webster Great Instauration 249 249 and Sir E. John Russell, A History of Agricultural Science in Great Britain 1620–1954 (London, 1966), pp. 16–18.
  • I have been unable to locate a record of Beale's marriage. His son John's will of October 1684 (PCC Wills, Index Library (1676–85), ix, 26) refers to his mother as ‘Jane’. She was probably the Jane Mackworth christened in 1621 at Great Hanwood, daughter of Thomas Mackworth (Humphrey Mackworth's uncle), MP for Ludlow in 1644. See also Shropshire Parish Registers. Diocese of Hereford Phillimore William P.W. Shropshire Parish Register Society London 1900–20 I 196 196 19
  • On Humphrey Mackworth, son of Richard Mackworth of Betton Grange, Shropshire, see DNB: A History of Shrewsbury London 1825 II 461 461 2 vols 463–71; and William J. Farrow, The Great Civil War in Shropshire (1642–49) Shrewsbury, 1926), pp. 77, 101–109 et passim.
  • Beale to Hartlib, n.d. [1656–7], HP 62/14/3–4, and 8 June 1657, HP 25/5/15. On Lingen's involvement in planned uprisings following the defeat of the royalists see Underdown David Royalist Conspiracy in England 1649–60 New Haven, Connecticut 1960 35 35 and 260, and Hutchinson, pp. 72–5.
  • Beale to Hartlib, 27 September 1658, HP 51/27v, 8 June 1657, HP 25/5/14v, and n.d. [June/July 1657], HP 25/5/27v; Beale to Col. Edward Harley, 19 May 1660, HP 31/1/70; and Calendar of State Papers, Domestic 1654 LXXXI 170 172 On St. Catherine's Hospital see An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in Herefordshire, Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts (1632), ii, 105–6; Herefordshire Record Office File A 942/44; History of Herefordshire, Society of Genealogists (London, n.d. [c. 1945]) pp. 936–7. Tombes, a distinguished scholar from Worcestershire, tutored John Wilkins at Oxford, was a friend of Seth Ward, Bishop of Salisbury, and at one point the recipient of the patronage of John Lord Scudamore. Early in 1650 he disputed with Richard Baxter in Worcester and also with Beale's brother-in-law Nathaniel Stevens on infant baptism. See DNB; Edmund Calamy, The Nonconformist's Memorial, 2 vols, abridged and corrected by Samuel Palmer (London, 1775), ii, 522; and Webb, i, 53–4. Beale identifies Stevens in letters to Hartlib on 27 April and 15 September 1657, HP 31/1/51 and HP 52/9v respectively.
  • Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum 1642–1660 Firth Charles H. Rait Robert S. London1911 II 980 980 3 vols and Aylmer, ‘Who Was Ruling in Herefordshire?’, pp. 380 and 383. On the Stretton Grandison vicarage see Matthews, p. 196; and John Walker, An Attempt Towards Recovering An Account of the Numbers and Sufferings of the Clergy of the Church of England (London, 1714), p. 333. Beale's patron was Elizabeth Hopton, wife of Sir Richard Hopton (d. 1668), according to copies of surveys, Lambeth Palace Library, COMM XIIa/10/173, 24 May 1658.
  • Beale to Hartlib, 28 May 1657, HP 25/5/2–4; n.d. [1657], HP 25/5/29–30; to Boyle, 2 November 1663, RB 439–40; to [Oldenburg?], 28 November 1659, HP 60/1. For similarities with Henry More's experience see Lichtenstein Aharon Henry More: The Rational Theology of A Cambridge Platonist Cambridge, Massachusetts 1962 5 7 Beale discusses his religious views in an undated letter to Evelyn, EC: Corr. f. 27 and in letters to Hartlib dated 23 November 1658, HP 51/35v–36 and 26 March 1659, HP 57/102–3. On the millenarianism of the Hartlib Circle see Webster, Great Instauration, p. 509.
  • For an account of the activities of Hartlib and his Circle during the Interregnum see Turnbull G.H. Samuel Hartlib's influence on the early history of the Royal Society Notes and Records 1953 10 101 305 and also his Hartlib, Dury and Comenius: Gleanings from Hartlib's Papers (London, 1947), pp. 34–88; and Webster, Great Instauration, pp. 67–77, 113–14, and 421–22.
  • Beale to Hartlib, 15 September 1657, HP 31/1/59v–60, and to Worthington, n.d. [Autumn, 1660], JWI, 229 Great Instauration Webster 424 426 and 514–5; Walter E. Houghton, Jr., ‘The history of trades: its relation to seventeenth-century thought as seen in Bacon, Petty, Evelyn, and Boyle’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 2 (1941), 33–60; and Margaret Denny, ‘The early program of the Royal Society and John Evelyn’, Modern Language Quarterly, 1 (1940), 481–97 (pp. 482, 490).
  • Beale told Hartlib on 15 November 1659, HP 62/25/4 that Boyle and Worsley could perhaps tell him ‘wt familiarity many Eton scholars had contracted with sparrows & other birds.’ On Boyle's experiences at Eton (1634–38) and Stalbridge see his letter to Isaac Marcombe, 22 October 1646 in The Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle I xxxiv xxxiv and John J. O'Brien, ‘Samuel Hartlib's Influence on Robert Boyle's Scientific Development. Part. I. The Stalbridge Period’, Annals of Science, 21 (1965), 1–14. See Webster, Great Instauration, pp. 57–62, 72, 340–41, 378–82 and 500–1 on Worsley's agricultural connections with Boyle and Hartlib. John Harrison's scientific library is Robert Birley, The History of Eton College Library (Eton, 1970), pp. 27–30.
  • Russell, p. 16; FBIV, 297 Rossi Paolo Francis Bacon: From Magic to Science London 1968 11 12 translated by Sacha Rabinovitch and Webster, Great Instauration, pp. 427, 468, 472–3 and 482.
  • 1651 . Samuel Hartlib His Legacie , third edition 97 – 97 . London London, 1655, Turnbull, Hartlib, Dury and Comenius
  • Turnbull , ed. Hartlib, Dury and Comenius 99 – 99 . Beale's consistent request for anonymity in his publications is evident from his letters to Hartlib, n.d., HP 62/31 and 19 March 1658/9, HP 51/82, and to Oldenburg, n.d., RS: EL B.1.64.
  • Turnbull , ed. 1920 . Samuel Hartlib. A Sketch of His Life and His Relations to J. A. Comenius 117 – 117 . Oxford and other examples are in Beale to Hartlib, n.d., HP 62/14/1v and 19 December 1656, HP 31/1/6. The ‘Husbandman's Plea' is cited in Beale to Hartlib, n.d., HP 62/31, and 18 January 1656/7, RS: BL 7.3. Two works on natural history, ‘The Purple of the Ancient’ and ‘A Discourse on Pearl-Bearing Shellfish’ were also circulated by Hartlib. See Turnbull, Hartlib, Dury and Comenius, pp. 106–7 and Beale to Hartlib, n.d., HP 51/107–44 and 11 January 1659/60, HP 25/17/1–16. See also Beale to Hartlib, 14 December 1656, HP 31/1/6 and 16 February 1656/7, HP 31/1/17–18.
  • Webster , ed. Great Instauration 480 – 482 . See also Beale to unidentified recipient [Oldenburg or Evelyn], 12 December 1662, RS: EL B.1.16, published in HO i, 479–80. Beale told Oldenburg on 21 January 1662/3, HO ii, 10, that Cromwell's Council (which included his relative, Humphrey Mackworth) ‘did esteeme mee a phansicall proiector' and ‘for many years … endeavoured to divert mee from my profession to their Civile Concernements.’ A record of a Sotheby sale on 24 May 1948 of papers from the Hartlib collection includes a ‘signed letter of Oliver Cromwell seek[ing] employment for one Mr Beale’ (Turnbull Papers, 43/176–7, Sheffield).
  • The term ‘cider man’ was used by a library staff member of the Royal Society. See Herefordshire Orchards 9 11 and 50; and Beale to Hartlib, 18 January 1656/7, RS: BP 7.3. Beale's views on cider are found in letters to Hartlib, 19 March 1658/9, HP 51/94v; 9 April 1658, RS: BP 29/157; 8 May 1658, HP 52/43v, and 22 May 1658, HP 52/65–6. See also Hartlib to Pell, 5 February 1657/8, cited in The Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell, edited by Robert Vaughan, 2 vols (London, 1838), II, 440–41; Beale to Austen, 16 September 1658, HP 51/19–20; and Beale to Evelyn, 16 April 1663, RS: EL B.1.26-8. The testimonials are mentioned in Beale to Hartlib, 5 February 1657/8, cited in Hartlib to Pell, 5 February 1657/8 in Robert Vaughan, II, 440–41.
  • Herefordshire Orchards 2 – 3 . 10, 13, 16–17, 49–50, and 56.
  • Bacon used the Greek concept of ‘Circle Learning’ (‘the chain of sciences … linked together’) to define the attempts of the ancients ‘to teach an universal Sapience and knowledge both of matter and words’. See his Valerius Terminus of the Interpretation of Nature III 228 228 in FB
  • Bacon . Of the Dignity and Advancement of Learning Vol. IV , 297 – 298 . in FB
  • Webster . Great Instauration 75 – 75 . Beale to Hartlib, n.d. (‘For a Colledge’), HP 31/1/77–80; 10 January 1656/7, HP 31/1/9–10, and 15. On William Potter's concepts of currency and trade and his Key of Wealth; Or A New Way for Improving of Trade (London, 1650), see Webster, Great Instauration, pp. 450–3.
  • Beale to Hartlib, 21 December 1658, HP 51/54v; 10 January 1656/7, HP 31/1/11–12; and 8 September 1657, RS: BP 7.5. On Durham College see Beale to [Hartlib], 12 December 1659, HP 52/147–8 and Webster Great Instauration 232 242
  • Beale's tapered perspective is discussed in Beale to Oldenburg July 1668 4 HO IV, 505–7 and 12 October 1668, HO V, 82.
  • See Beale to Evelyn, 30 July 1664, EC: Corr. f. 42; and to Hartlib, 14 August 1657, HP 31/1/31; 15 September 1657, HP 31/1/55; 4 and 15 May 1658, cited in Hartlib to Pell, n.d. [1658] in Robert Vaughan, II, 461–2 and in HP 52/58v; 21 May 1658, HP 52/61–2; 28 August 1657, RS: BP 7.6; 3 November, 1657, HP 52/14v-15. See also Yates Rosicrucian Enlightenment 52 53 and Webster, Great Instauration, pp. 275–82, 304–5.
  • Beale to Hartlib, 28 January 1658/9, HP 51/65; FB II, 640–41. On the role of the Gymnosophists in the prisca magia see Yates Giordano Bruno 5 5 235, 247 and 423.
  • Schrooeder's . Zoologia: Or the History of Animals, As They Are Useful in Physick and Chirurgery was translated into English by T. Bateson. See also Beale to Hartlib, 19 October 1658, HP 51/30, and 11 February 1658/9, HP 51/74.
  • See Beale to Hartlib, 8 June 1657, HP 25/5/13, 20; 24 and 25 August 1657, HP 62/18/1–3; 14 December 1658, HP 51/44–51; Beale to [Evelyn?], 30 September 1659, printed in HO I, 318; and also HP 25/17/15–16. For the role of Bacon and the Rosicrucians in the tradition of Renaissance Hermetism, magic and cabala, see Yates Rosicrucian Enlightenment, passim, and Rossi 13 22
  • Beale to Hartlib, 7 December 1658, HP 51/40; 21 December 1658, HP 51/52v–53; 28 January 1658/9, HP 51/65 and Yates Rosicrucian Enlightenment 70 90 et passim.
  • Beale to Hartlib, 28 May and 15 September 1657, HP 31/1/56–56v and HP 25/5/12 respectively; FB IV, 349–55; and Rossi 16 16 See 470 above for Wotton's interest in astrology.
  • FB IV, 435–7. See Yates The Art of Memory Harmondsworth 1969 276 277 on Hugh Platt's The Jewell House of Art and Nature (London, 1592) et passim on other exponents of the tradition. Beale's family is cited in Beale to Boyle, 29 September 1663, RB 334–5; and his comments on Morley and the art of memory can be found in Beale to Hartlib, 23 and 30 January 1656/7, RS: EL B.1.15a, b; 12 March 1656/7, HP 62/16/2–3; Hartlib to Pell, 4 February 1657/8; cited Robert Vaughan, II, 439; Beale to Boyle, 4 November 1661, RB 326–7 and Worthington to Hartlib, 2 December 1661, HP 67/22/13–14.
  • FB IV, 439–40 De Mott Benjamin Comenius and the real character in England PMLA 1955 70 1068 1081 Beale to Hartlib, 25 August 1657, HP 62/18/4v; 9 January 1657/8, HP 31/1/61–3; and n.d., HP 31/1/2–5.
  • Yates . Giordano Bruno 179 – 180 . Turnbull, Hartlib, Dury and Comenius, Chapter IV (‘Publications’), pp. 88–109; and Batten, pp. 107, 198–203.
  • FB III, 341 Webster Great Instauration 9 12 21, 24–5, 27, 335; Katherine R. Firth, The Apocalyptic Tradition in Reformation Britain 1530–1645 (Oxford, 1979), pp. 205–41; Yates, Rosicrucian Enlightenment, pp. 44, 57–8, 139–40, 155, and 176–8.
  • Turnbull . Hartlib, Dury and Comenius 95 – 96 . 102–3, and 447–8; Hartlib to Pell, 4 February 1657/8 in Robert Vaughan, II, 438–9; Beale to Hartlib, n.d., HP 31/1/1, and 6 August 1659, HP 65/6/1–2. The writings of Henry More and Casaubon are discussed in letters to Hartlib on 28 May 1657, HP 25/5/1–2; 17 August 1657, HP 31/1/35–50; 8 June 1657, HP 25/5/13–20; and n.d. (‘A Severe Enquyry’, 1658), HP 25/19/1–28.
  • Beale to Lady Ranelagh, 10 June 1659, HP 27/17/2; Webster Great Instauration 11 12 14–15; J. R. Jacob, ‘Boyle's circle in the protectorate: revelation, politics and the millennium’, JHI, 38 (1977), 131–40 (pp. 132–3); and also his Robert Boyle and the English Revolution: A Study in Social and Intellectual Change, Studies in the History of Science, 3 (New York, 1977), pp. 124–5.
  • Nuttall , Geoffrey F. 1965 . Richard Baxter 81 – 81 . London William M. Lamont, Richard Baxter and the Millennium: Protestant Imperialism and the English Revolution (London, 1979), pp. 162, 170–1; Batten, p. 173. On Harley see p. 477 above. See also Beale to Baxter, 9 September 1658, Dr. Williams's Library, Baxter Correspondence, III, 137, and to Hartlib, 22 September 1658, HP 51/17.
  • Hartlib to Evelyn, 24 September 1659, BL: Add. MSS. 15,948 f.66.See Denny 488 490 and 496 for a discussion of Evelyn's Elysium Britannicum.
  • Beale's Herefordshire Orchard of 1657 preceded Evelyn's famous Fumifugium London 1661 in arguing that orchards ‘do not only sweeten, but also purify the ambient aire’ (pp. 7–8). See also Beale to Hartlib, 15 November 1659, HP 62/25/3; 18 January and 17 February 1659/60, BL: Add. MSS. 15,948 ff. 84 and 86 respectively.
  • 19 May 1660, HP 31/1/70. Mackworth and others on the Privy Council had raised objections to Tombes's administration in the intervening years, according to Cal. SP. Dom. 1654 LXXXI 170 172
  • Hartlib to Evelyn, 21 May 1660, BL: Add. MSS. 15,948 f. 100; Beale to Hartlib, 15 June 1660, cited in Dircks Henry A Biographical Memoir of Samuel Hartlib London 1865 27 28
  • Birch . History of the Royal Society , 1 103 – 103 . 144–52, 172, 179; Beale to Oldenburg, 12 December 1662, HO I, 479–80; 21 December 1662, HO I, 481–3; and 4 January 1662/3, HO II, 3–5. The committee included Charles Howard, Robert Boyle, Sir William Brereton, Sir Robert Moray, Thomas Henshaw and John Evelyn.
  • Birch . History of the Royal Society , I 179 – 179 . Beale to Oldenburg, 21 January 1662/3, HO II, 10; Denny, pp. 483–4.
  • See FB III, 217–22, 421, 442–3 and IV, 20–21; and Ravetz J.R. Francis Bacon and the reform of philosophy Science, Medicine and Society in the Renaissance Debus A.G. New York 1972 2 97 119 in (pp. 113–4). See pp. 485–86 above for Oldenburg's praise of Beale in terms of the twofold love of God and of man, a familiar theme both in the literature of divine love and in the emblem tradition.

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