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Hugo de vries no mendelian?

Onno G. Meijer Interfaculty of Human Movement Science and Education, Free University, Post Box 7161, 1007 MC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Pages 189-232 | Published online: 22 Aug 2006

References

  • Kuhn , T.S. 1977 . The Essential Tension. Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change xii – xii . Chicago
  • Correns's description of these events has been published in Roberts H.F. Plant Hybridization before Mendel Princeton 1929 335 337
  • I have listed all those works by Hugo de Vries which were used for this paper in Appendix 1. They are ordered by year and, within the same year, following the structure of this paper. The reference to the paper mentioned is thus: de Vries H. Appendix 1 1900
  • Mendel , G. 1866 . Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden . Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn , 4 : 3 – 47 . Abhandlungen
  • Correns , C. 1899 . Untersuchungen über Xenien bei Zea Mays . Berichte der deutschen botanischen Gesellschaft , 17 : 410 – 417 . I have made use of the reprint in J. Kříženecký, Fundamenta Genetica (Brno, 1965), pp. 196–203.
  • de Vries , H. 1899 . “ Appendix 1 ” . In Environ un quart des graines étaient sucrées, les trois autres quarts étaient amylacées 198 – 198 .
  • See Kříženecký Untersuchungen über Xenien bei Zea Mays Berichte der deutschen botanischen Gesellschaft 1899 17 30 30
  • Correns , C. 1900 . G. Mendels Regel über das Verhalten der Nachkommschaft der Rassenbastarde . Berichte der deutschen botanischen Gesellschaft , 18 : 156 – 168 . I have made use of the reprint in J. Kříženecký (footnote 6), 103–12.
  • Correns , C. 1900 . G. Mendels Regel über das Verhalten der Nachkommschaft der Rassenbastarde . Berichte der deutschen botanischen Gesellschaft , 18 : 103 – 103 .
  • For the analysis of Mendel's actual views, see Olby R.C. Mendel no Mendelian? History of Science 1979 17 53 72 and my discussion, O. G. Meijer, ‘The essence of Mendel's discovery’, in V. Orel and A. Matalová, Gregor Mendel and the Foundation of Genetics (Brno, 1983), pp. 123–78. It appears that Mendel's views were in relevant aspects different from Correns's description in his rediscovery paper. What I am implying is that Correns was aware of at least some of these differences but decided to focus on the similarities to undermine De Vries's position.
  • Correns . 1900 . G. Mendels Regel über das Verhalten der Nachkommschaft der Rassenbastarde . Berichte der deutschen botanischen Gesellschaft , 18 : 104 – 104 .
  • de Vries , H. 1900a . Appendix 1
  • de Vries , H. 1900a . “ Appendix 1 ” . In Diese beide Sätze sind in den wesentlichsten Punkten bereits vor langer Zeit von Mendel für einen speciellen Fall (Erbsen) aufgestellt worden. Sie sind aber wieder in Vergessenheit gerathen und verkannt. Sie besitzen nach meinen Versuchen für die echten Bastarde allgemeine Gültigkeit 209 – 209 .
  • de Vries , H. 1900b . Appendix 1
  • See Provine W.B. The Origin of Theoretical Population Genetics Chicago 1979
  • See Stern C. Sherwood E.R. A note on the “three rediscoverers” of Mendelism Folia Mendeliana 1978 13 237 240
  • Sturtevant , A.H. 1965 . A History of Genetics 27 – 27 . New York
  • van der Pas , P.W. 1979 . Hugo de Vries and Gregor Mendel . Folia Mendeliana , 11 : 3 – 16 . A facsimile of this letter, its transcription and translation are given in Appendix 2.
  • De Vries's ratios have been critically discussed in Kottler M. Hugo de Vries and the Rediscovery of Mendel's Laws Annals of Science 1979 36 517 538 and M. Campbell, ‘Did de Vries Discover the Law of Segregation Independently?’, Annals of Science, 37 (1980), 639–55. Their discussion of De Vries does not take into account the corrected numbers of the German rediscovery paper. In general, however, their conclusions remain important, and I want to express my debt to both these papers
  • Went , F.A.F.C. 1900 . Hugo de Vries. Mannen en Vrouwen van Beteekenis in Onze Dagen Haarlem
  • Went , F.A.F.C. 1900 . Hugo de Vries. Mannen en Vrouwen van Beteekenis in Onze Dagen 43 – 43 . Haarlem
  • Jahn , I. 1957–58 . Zer Geschichte der Wiederentdeckung der Mendelschen Gesetze . Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena , 7-2/3 : 215 – 227 .
  • de Vries , H. 1900a . Appendix 1 209 – 209 . footnote 2; 1900b, 269
  • Quoted from Bailey L.H. Plant Breeding New York 1904 155 156 This is the third edition of the 1895 book, which contained a reprint of Bailey's 1892 paper without its bibliography. Bailey's original paper is: L. H. Bailey, ‘Cross-breeding and hybridizing’, The Rural Library, 1 (1892), 1–44. Bailey's role in De Vries's rediscovery is discussed in C. Zirkle, ‘The Role of Liberty Hyde Bailey and Hugo de Vries in the Rediscovery of Mendelism’, Journal of the History of Biology, 1 (1968), 205–18.
  • Roberts . 1929 . Plant Hybridization before Mendel 323 – 323 . Princeton See also footnote 27.
  • Bailey , L.H. 1897 . Strawberries under Glass . Cornell University Agricultural Bulletin , 134 : 263 – 268 . It is discussed in H. de Vries (Appendix 1), 1898.
  • This is my interpretation of Correns's rediscovery and not what Correns literally said; for Correns's recollections, see footnote 3. Since Correns refers to Mendel in his 1899 paper (footnote 6) he must have read Mendel's paper before the end of 1899. He wrote to Roberts: ‘it came to me “like a flash”, as I lay toward morning awake in bed, and let the results go again through my head’—quoted from: Roberts H.F. Plant Hybridization before Mendel Princeton 1929 335 335 In this letter to Roberts, Correns does not remember the exact date of this event, nor the exact date of his first reading of Mendel. He seems to suggest that the discovery came first and the reading of Mendel fairly soon thereafter. I would like to suggest that Correns did read Mendel's paper before that inspired night, that he failed to recognize Mendel's importance on the first reading of his paper, and that it may have worked in his mind subconsciously to reappear ‘like a flash’.
  • Zirkle . 1904 . Plant Breeding 155 – 156 . New York The suggestion is only made implicitly in this paper and it is only fair to say that Zirkle, as I do, accepted the account by Theo J. Stomps (footnote 34).
  • Correns , C. 1899 . Untersuchungen über Xenien bei Zea Mays . Berichte der deutschen botanischen Gesellschaft , 17 : 410 – 417 . I have made use of the reprint in J. Kříženecký, Fundamenta Genetica (Brno, 1965), pp. 196–203.
  • Stomps , T.J. 1954 . On the rediscovery of Mendel's work by Hugo de Vries . The Journal of Heredity , 45 : 293 – 294 .
  • Stomps . 1954 . On the rediscovery of Mendel's work by Hugo de Vries . The Journal of Heredity , 45 : 294 – 294 . Stomps seems to have quoted here literally, and one wonders why he did not give the date of the letter. This letter is not present in the Stomps archives at the Hugo de Vries Laboratorium.
  • “ Bibliotheek van de Universiteit van Amsterdam, Singel 425 ” . In Department of Old and Precious Manuscripts Amsterdam, , The Netherlands
  • van Iterson , G. , den Dooren de Jong , L.E. and Kluyver , A.J. 1940 . Martinus Willem Beijerinck. His Life and His Work 91 – 91 . The Hague
  • de Vries , H. 1900a . Appendix 1 212 – 212 . 1900b, 269; 1917, 408
  • See Roberts H.F. Plant Hybridization before Mendel Princeton 1929 323 323
  • de Vries , H. 1900 . Appendix 1 206 – 206 . 1900a, 212; 1900 b, 264. The fact that he repeated the cross is described in H. de Vries (Appendix 1), 1901–03, ii, 157, where he also specifies the data of the first cross.
  • For example, by van der Pas P.W. Hugo de Vries and Gregor Mendel Folia Mendeliana 1979 11 3 16 and by M. Kottler (footnote 22). See also L. Darden, ‘Hugo de Vries's lecture plates and the discovery of segregation’. Annals of Science, 42 (1985), 233–242
  • See Darden Hugo de Vries's lecture plates and the discovery of segregation Annals of Science 1985 42 233 242
  • For example, in de Vries H. Appendix 1 1899a 1900a; 1900b; 1901–03, ii, 166. See also Darden (footnote 41).
  • de Vries , H. 1899a . “ Appendix 1 ” . In Les plus belles 192 – 192 .
  • From his account in the Mutation Theorie one understands that more plants were involved than those described in his 1899 a account. See de Vries H. Appendix 1 1901-03 II 166 166 The numbers given seem to be an overall average.
  • de Vries , H. 1901-03 . “ Appendix 1 ” . In Auf dem dritten Beete wurde das Verhalten nicht näher ermittelt Vol. II , 169 – 169 .
  • Campbell , M. 1980 . Did de Vries Discover the Law of Segregation Independently? . Annals of Science , 37 : 639 – 655 . uses the term ‘segregation’ only for the phenomenon observed plus its explanation in terms of purity of the germ cells. My own use of the term is less restricted.
  • He draws mainly from the works of Darwin C. The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication London 1868 2 W. O. Focke, Die Pflanzen-Mischlinge. Ein Beitrag zur Biologie der Gewächse (Berlin, 1881); C. Naudin, ‘Nouvelles recherches sur l'hybridité des végétaux’, Nouvelles Archives du Musée d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 1 (1865), 25–171; L. L. de Vilmorin, Notices sur l'Amélioration des Plantes par le Semis et Considérations sur l'Hybridité dans les Végétaux (Paris, 1886); M. Wichura, Die Bastardbefruchtung im Pflanzenreich erläutert an den Bastarden der Weiden (Breslau, 1865).
  • de Vries , H. 1889 . Appendix 1 126 – 126 .
  • I am thus disagreeing with Lindley Darden's views as they were expressed in Darden L. Reasoning in scientific change: Charles Darwin, Hugo de Vries and the Discovery of Segregation Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science 1976 7 127 169 Notwithstanding my disagreement with the conclusions of the paper, I do regard it as the best paper expressing such a view. On Darden's and my own recent adventures, see section 11, below.
  • de Vries , H. 1897 . Appendix 1
  • de Vries , H. 1899a . Appendix 1
  • de Vries , H. 1900c . Appendix 1
  • de Vries , H. 1899a . Appendix 1 192 – 192 . ‘En 1894 j'avais, de graines obtenues de cette manière, un semis de 70 individus bien vigoureux. Toutes les fleurs avaient les taches noires du Méphisto, mais elles n'en avaient pas la monstruosité des étamines. Seulement 15 d'entre elles en montraient un trace, sous la forme d'une ou de deux petites capsules staminogènes. Les plus belles de ces dernières fleurs ont été fécondees par leur propre pollen dans les sacs et les graines de leurs fruits ont été semées en 1895. J'en cultivai deux rabats de deux mètres carrés chacun, avec environ 50 plantes par mètre carré. La plupart avaient les fleurs à taches noires de la grand-mère; quelques-unes, cependant, étaient retournées au caractère du grand-père. Parmi celles-ci il n'y avait que 7 sur environ 40 qui montraient la monstruosité désirée, mais ordinairement à une degré très faible. Deux plantes seulement avaient une couronne pleine dans une fleur à taches blanches. J'en ai fécondée une par son propre pollen. La culture issue en 1896 de ces graines était pure quant au caractère Danebrog, mais pas encore bien riche quant à la polycéphalie’.
  • de Vries , H. 1897 . Appendix 1
  • de Vries , H. 1897 . : 10 – 11 . ‘Oenothera Pohliana = Oenothera Lamarckiana lata × O. L. brevistylis. De variëteit lata is uitsluitend vrouwelijk, de brevistylis zo goed als uitsluitend mannelijk. De eerste is in mijn proeftuin opgetreden, de laatste daar ingevoerd van Hilversum en wel door middel van stuifmeel, dat in 1893 op gecastreerde bloemen van mijne gewone Lamarckiana's werd gebracht. Evenals voor Linaria en Lychnis beschreven is, vertoonde toen de eerste bastaardgeneratie de brevistylie niet; deze keerde eerst in de tweede, in 1895, terug.… De O. Pohliana bracht in 1896 deels lata's, deels kortstijligen, deels atavisten voort, en wel van alle drie omstreeks even veel’.
  • The original title is Eenheid in Veranderlijkheid 1898a see Appendix 1 I have used the Dutch edition which mentions a French translation ‘L'Unité dans la Variation’, Revue de l'Université de Bruxelles, 3 (1898), and an English translation ‘Unity in Variability’, University Chronicle of California, 1 (1898).
  • It is discussed by Campbell Margaret Did de Vries Discover the Law of Segregation Independently? Annals of Science 1980 37 639 655
  • Quetelet , L.A.J. 1870 . L'Anthropométrie Bruxelles F. Galton, Hereditary Genius. An Inquiry into its Laws and Consequences (London: 1869); F. Galton, Natural Inheritance (London, 1889).
  • de Vries , H. 1889 . Appendix 1 1895; 1901–03, ii, 693
  • de Vries , H. 1898a . Appendix 1 18 – 18 . ‘De erfelijkheid in wijderen zin is de grondslag van de gemeenschappelijke afstamming der soorten. Uitzonderingen, of liever afwijkingen van de regel gaan sprongwijze, elke sprong doet eene variëteit ontstaan en de vereeniging van een zeker aantal variëteitskenmerken stempelt een nieuwen vorm tot soort’.
  • de Vries , H. 1901–03 . Appendix 1 Vol. 2 ,
  • de Vries , H. 1901-03 . Appendix 1 Vol. II , 461 – 482 .
  • de Vries , H. 1889 . Appendix 1 I have used a German version. Several translations have been made.
  • 4 – 7 .
  • Aber gerade die Ueberlegung, dass die Merkmale einzeln oder in kleinen Gruppen erlangt worden sind, zeigt uns wiederum von einer andern Seite ihre gegenseitige Unabhängigkeit 10 – 10 .
  • die eine Knospe wird zu einer männlichen, die andere zu einer weiblichen Blüthe 13 – 13 .
  • als ob die neuen Charaktere erst nur im latenten Zustande entstehen, und in diesem allmählig an Stärke gewinnen, bis sie endlich denjenigen Grad erreichen, der zum Sichtbarwerden erforderlich ist 17 – 17 .
  • Nach Jahrtausenden rechnet ihre Existenz in jenen Fällen, wo sie offenbar mindestens so alt sind. Ich meine die Fälle von Rückschlagen auf die Vorfahren der Spezies, von denen die Zebra-ähnlichen Streifen des Pferdes ein so bekanntes Beispiel angeben 17 – 17 .
  • Nirgendwo tritt so klar wie hier das Bild der Art gegenüber seiner Zusammenstellung aus selbständigen Faktoren in den Hintergrund 20 – 20 .
  • Einige kehren zu der Form des Vaters, andere zu jener der Mutter zurück; eine dritte Gruppe steht in der Mitte. Zwischen diesen stellen sich die übrigen in buntester Abwechslung väterlicher und mütterlicher Merkmale, und fast in jedem Grade gegenseitiger Mischung 21 – 21 .
  • Nich selten aber wünscht man einer gegebenen Varietät einzelne bestimmte Eigenschaften mitzutheilen, und entlehnt diese dann einer anderen Varietät, bisweilen sogar einer anderen Art 21 – 21 .
  • Page 32. De Vries gives the following references: Elsberg Louis Regeneration, or the preservation of organic molecules; a contribution to the doctrine of evolution Proceedings of the Association for the Advancement of Science, Hartford Meeting Proceedings of the Association for the Advancement of Science, Hartford Meeting August 1874 and: Louis Elsberg. On the plastidule-hypothesis. Ibid. Buffalo Meeting, August 1876
  • Page 37. De Vries gives the following reference Spencer H. Principles of Biology , second edition 1 180 183
  • Page 39. De Vries gives the following reference, Weismann A. Ueber die Zahl der Richtungskörperchen 1887 30 30
  • Page 41. De Vries gives the following reference, Nägeli C. v. Mechanisch-physiologische Theorie der Abstammungslehre 1884 21 31
  • Mit einem Worte: Verandertes numerisches Verhalten der bereits vorhandenen, und Bildung neuer Arten von Pangenen müssen die beiden Hauptfaktoren der Variabilität sein 54 – 54 .
  • 55 – 86 .
  • 86 – 117 .
  • 127 – 127 .
  • Das ganze lebendige Protoplasma besteht aus Pangenen; nur diese bilden darin die lebenden Elemente 134 – 134 .
  • Durch die Ausbildung des Kernes konnte diese Sachlage geändert werden. Die inaktiven Pangene würden in diesem angehäuft und aufbewahrt werden; die aktiven könnten sich näher aneinander anschliessen 136 – 136 .
  • Die meisten Pangene einer jeden Sorte bleiben aber in den Kernen, sie vermehren sich hier theils zum Zwecke der Kerntheilung, theils behufs jener Abgabe an das Protoplasma 149 – 149 .
  • de Vries , H. 1870 . Appendix 1 Two of his theses (pages not numbered) are worth mentioning here: ‘VII. The chemical composition of the protoplasm is the cause of all differences between the species; VIII. The hypothesis of Pangenesis (Darwin, …) is not able to explain the variability of species’.
  • de Vries , H. 1904 . Appendix 1 366 – 366 .
  • de Vries , H. 1917 . “ Appendix 1 ” . In In the meantime I increased my collection of monstrosities but soon perceived that collecting is not the right way to gain an insight into them. Therefore I preferred revisiting the same spots in nature for successive years and found the monstrosities regularly repeated. This induced the idea of their being hereditable phenomena, a conception wholly new at that time 405 – 405 .
  • de Vries , H. 1889 a . Appendix 1
  • de Vries , H. 1890 . Appendix 1
  • An overview can be obtained by studying volumes 5 and 6 of his Opera e Periodicis Collata 1918–27 (Appendix 1)
  • de Vries , H. 1892 . Appendix 1 234 – 234 .
  • de Vries , H. 1894 . “ Appendix 1 ” . In Die Erbkraft der Cotylvarianten, welche man in gekauften Samen beobachtet, ist in der Regel eine sehr befriedigende. Mann kann sie natürlich nicht nach der procentischen Anzahl der Varianten unter den Keimlingen jenes Samen beurtheilen, sondern erst nach der betreffenden Zahl in ihren eigenen Nachkommen, nachdem man sie isoliert hat blühen lassen 482 – 482 .
  • de Vries , H. 1894 . Appendix 1 482 – 482 .
  • de Vries , H. 1894 . Appendix 1 479 – 479 .
  • The index of the Mutation Theory mentions it, de Vries H. Appendix 1 1901–3 II 240 240
  • de Vries , H. 1898 b . Appendix 1 57 – 57 . (‘crfcijfer’); 1900 d, 225 (‘valeur d'hérédité’)
  • The discussion of hereditary numbers is to be found in: de Vries H. Appendix 1 1901–03 II 111 137 At page 124 De Vries states: ‘Es leuchtet ein, dass die Ermittlung von Erbzahlen sich zu dem wirklichen “Erbwerthe” der Mutterpflanze genau so verhält wie die Prüfung eines Samenmunsters zum Werthe der ganzen Partie’.
  • Darwin . 1868 . The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication Vol. II , 461 – 461 . London 2 vols My attention was drawn to Darwin's use of ‘vigour’ through Darden (footnote 50), 138.
  • de Vries , H. 1899 a . Appendix 1 177 – 177 .
  • de Vries , H. 1898 b . “ Appendix 1 ” . In … the higher the hereditary force, the more effective selection becomes over the years … 61 – 61 .
  • de Vries , H. 1899 b . Appendix 1
  • de Vries , H. 1913 . Appendix 1
  • de Vries , H. 1894 a . “ Appendix 1 ” . In De Verschillen in deze cijfers hangen waarschijnlijk deels van de cultuur, deels van het weder af, dat in het eene jaar den groei der planten zooveel krachtiger bevordert dan in het andere 448 – 448 .
  • de Vries , H. 1899 c . Appendix 1 157 – 157 .
  • This distinction is made in de Vries H. Appendix 1 1899 c 157 157
  • de Vries , H. 1901–03 . Appendix 1 Vol. 2 ,
  • de Vries , H. 1895 a . Appendix 1
  • de Vries , H. 1901–03 . “ Appendix 1 ” . In Als Mutationstheorie bezeichne ich den Satz, dass die Eigenschaften der Organismen aus scharf von einander unterschiedenen Einheiten aufgebaut sind Vol. I ,
  • See als ob die neuen Charaktere erst nur im latenten Zustande entstehen, und in diesem allmählig an Stärke gewinnen, bis sie endlich denjenigen Grad erreichen, der zum Sichtbarwerden erforderlich ist 17 17 where a quote is given in which de Vries uses the word ‘Zustand’ [state]; in French papers de Vries uses the word ‘état’, see H. de Vries (Appendix 1), 1903, 357.
  • This association with Burnett's work may appear to be a trifle sweeping. His transposing of ‘germinal’ phenomena into the somatic realm, however, has a certain resemblance to the ideas of De Vries. I studied Burnett F.M. Intrinsic Mutagenesis Lancaster 1974 One of the many striking examples of De Vries's lack of distinction between somatic and germinal phenomena is to be found in a paper in 1894 where he discusses the ‘hereditary force’ of fasciations. One of his arguments for the existence of a ‘hereditary force’ is the fact that some plants show fasciations repeatedly: ’A last group of facts…is the repeated occurrence of fasciations on the same plant, or on a group of plants arisen vegetatively…out of one specimen. Such facts are the most often and easy to observe; they are no direct proof, but nevertheless a strong argument in favour of the presence of an inner, hereditary potential for fasciation’. (H. de Vries (Appendix 1), 1894a, 444.)
  • de Vries , H. 1895 . “ Appendix 1 ” . In On distingue d'après la conception de la pangénèse deux espèces de variabilité essentiellement différentes. La première est la variabilité fluctuante, appelée le plus souvent individuelle, mais plus exactement continue. La deuxième est la variabilité qui crée les espèces 494 – 494 .
  • See the quote of footnote 14. De Vries was making an exception for ‘false’ hybrids which, according to Millardet Note sur l'hybridation sans croisement ou fausse hybridation Bordeaux and Paris 1894 were constant rather than segregating
  • Symptoms of his hesitations are the belittling of Mendel in Went's book (footnote 23) and his first post-rediscovery non-Mendelian paper: de Vries H. Appendix 1 1900 e
  • de Vries , H. 1895 b . Appendix 1
  • Bateson , W. 1894 . Materials for the Study of Variation. Treated with Especial Regard to Discontinuity in the Origin of Species London
  • de Vries , H. 1895 b . “ Appendix 1 ” . In Die Artmerkmale zweier verwandten Arten traten also hier in der Curve einer einzigen Art neben einander auf 569 – 569 .
  • de Vries , H. 1895 b . “ Appendix 1 ” . In so hättenman hier vielleicht das Material, eine “entstehende Art” experimentell zu studiren 569 – 569 .
  • de Vries , H. 1898 b . Appendix 1
  • de Vries , H. 1898 b . “ Appendix 1 ” . In Waarom het aantal van zeven schijven niet overschreden wordt, is eene vraag, waarop het mij nog niet gelukt is een antwoord te vinden 55 – 55 .
  • de Vries , H. 1899 a . Appendix 1
  • de Vries , H. 1900 c . Appendix 1
  • de Vries , H. 1899 a . “ Appendix 1 ” . In La sélection, c'est le choix des mieux nourris 174 – 174 .
  • de Vries , H. 1899 a . “ Appendix 1 ” . In Notamment dans les fascies et les torsions le degré de développement dépend de la même manière des influences extérieures. Plus celles-ci sont favorables, plus les fascies seront larges et plus les torsions comprendront la majeure partie de la tige; plus riches aussi seront les semis en individus fasciés ou tordus 190 – 190 .
  • de Vries , H. 1917 . Appendix 1
  • de Vries , H. 1917 . Appendix 1 408 – 408 .
  • Unfortunately, the book by et al. Martinus Willem Beijerinck. His Life and His Work The Hague 1940 contains very little information on personal and scientific relations between Beijerinck and De Vries.
  • I used De Vries's offprint of this paper: Beijerinck M.W. Kunnen onze cultuurplanten door kruising verbeterd worden? Verslag van het verhandelde op het 35e Landhuishoudkundig Congres, gehouden te Wageningen 1882
  • Beijerinck . 1882 . Verslag van het verhandelde op het 35e Landhuishoudkundig Congres, gehouden te Wageningen 4 – 5 .
  • Beijerinck . 1882 . Verslag van het verhandelde op het 35e Landhuishoudkundig Congres, gehouden te Wageningen 5 – 6 .
  • Beijerinck . 1882 . Verslag van het verhandelde op het 35e Landhuishoudkundig Congres, gehouden te Wageningen 7 – 7 . ‘met geheel nieuwe kenmerken’.
  • de Vries , H. 1894 b . Appendix 1
  • This is discussed in Millardet's paper Note sur l'hybridation sans croisement ou fausse hybridation Bordeaux and Paris 1894 25 25 See also Olby (footnote 1), 91–93.
  • It was reprinted in de Vries H. Appendix 1 1899 d 114 130 It is listed in the bibliography of H. de Vries (Appendix 1), 1901–03, II, 716, as his first paper on hybridization.
  • de Vries , H. 1900 . “ Appendix 1 ” . In Im Bastard liegen die beiden antagonistischen Eigenschaften als Anlagen neben einander. Im vegetativen Leben wird gewöhnlich nur die dominirende sichtbar. Ausnahmen sind selten: ein Beispiel beiten manche sectoriale Spaltungen. So bietet Veronica longifolia (blau) x V. longifolia alba bei mir nicht selten Trauben, deren Blüthen auf der einen Seite weiss, auf der andere blau sind 210 – 211 .
  • See Darden Hugo de Vries's lecture plates and the discovery of segregation Annals of Science 1985 42 233 242 Figure 5.
  • de Vries , H. 1897 . Appendix 1 7 – 7 .
  • de Vries , H. 1897 . Appendix 1 9 – 9 . In his discussion of Lychnis he states: ‘My experiment shows, how the latency of one character can be transferred through crossing to another species and gives a new argument for the basic proposition of Pangenesis, that the same characters in different species are caused by the same material carriers’. In the offspring of the hybrid he had found ‘2/3 hairy and 1/3 hairless’ (p. 9), in the second and third generation his hairless form of diurna had become almost constant: he was focusing on ‘hairlessness’ rather than on the varietal characteristics (p. 10).
  • de Vries , H. 1897 . “ Appendix 1 ” . In Mijn ras is blauwbloemig, doch waarschijnlijk een bastaard met de witte variëteit, het geeft uit zijn zaad nagenoeg voor 1/4 witte bloemen 14 – 14 .
  • de Vries , H. 1897 . “ Appendix 1 ” . In Ma race produit des fleurs bleues, mais elle est probablement dérivée d'un hybride entre les formes à fleurs bleues et à fleurs blanches; les graines donnent environ pour un tiers des individus à fleurs blanches French translation, 29
  • Haaxman , P.A. 1899 . Maatschappij Diligentia. Natuurkundige Voordrachten 63 – 63 . 's Gravenhage
  • Haaxman , P.A. 1899 . Maatschappij Diligentia. Natuurkundige Voordrachten 79 – 79 . 's Gravenhage ‘Als men nu van dien bastaard het zaad verzamelt en laat ontkiemen, verkrijgt men een bed planten, waarin allerlei schakeeringen van de oorspronkelijke eigenschappen gevonden worden. Gesteld dat aldus tusschen de 200 en 300 planten verkregen worden, dan zijn deze allen verschillend, ofschoon zij allen volkomen hetzelfde type verraden. Er zijn onder die varieteiten, die precies zijn als de Geum urbanum, anderen die volkomen gelijken op de Geum rivale, weer anderen die daartusschen juist het midden houden. In de tweede generatie vallen dus de bastarden uiteen in de drie genoemde groepen en in een mengsel van allerlei combinaties. Wat zal er nu gebeuren, wanneer ik de zaden van al die verschillende planten afzonderlijk neem? De twee ouderlijke typen blijven dan voortaan zuiver, maar de middelste groep, die overeenkomt met de bastaarden van de eerste generatie, blijft die eigenschap behouden en gaat ook voort met uit haar zaad de gehele serie van verschillende typen voort te brengen’. It strikes me as odd, that De Vries decided to choose Geum urbano-rivale as example. From Correns's publication of Mendel's letters to Nägeli I had the impression that Geum urbano-rivale would, at the time, have been known as a constant hybrid; see: C. Correns, ‘Gregor Mendels Briefe an Carl Nägeli 1866–73’, Abhandlungen der mathematisch-physischen Klasse der königlichen sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, 29 (1905), 165–89.
  • Haaxman . 1899 . Maatschappij Diligentia. Natuurkundige Voordrachten 63 – 63 . 's Gravenhage
  • My personal opinion is that ‘orchestrated’ changes in heredity are needed in evolutionary theory but not provided for in genetics. As far as this view is concerned, I have been inspired by: Jacquard A. Serre J.L. La génétique peut-elle être quantitative? La Recherche 1978 8 590 591
  • Millardet , A. 1894 . Note sur l'hybridation sans croisement ou fausse hybridation Bordeaux and Paris
  • Millardet , A. 1894 . Note sur l'hybridation sans croisement ou fausse hybridation 24 – 24 . Bordeaux and Paris
  • Millardet , A. 1894 . Note sur l'hybridation sans croisement ou fausse hybridation 24 – 24 . Bordeaux and Paris
  • Millardet , A. 1894 . Note sur l'hybridation sans croisement ou fausse hybridation 21 – 21 . Bordeaux and Paris ‘absorbation des caractères maternels par le père’.
  • He could have derived this thought from Beijerinck's contention that hybrids may show ‘completely new characteristics’ Beijerinck Verslag van het verhandelde op het 35e Landhuishoudkundig Congres, gehouden te Wageningen 1882 7 7
  • de Vries , H. 1899 . Appendix 1 e: ‘I have especially directed my attention to malformations. It is said, and pretty generally acknowledged, that hybrids show a greater tendency towards malformations than do the parental forms. In my seed-beds they were not rare. In the first place, as regards the number of pistils, Gärtner … found in L. diurna × vespertina occasionally six, and regards this as an example of an increase of the female organs by hybridisation. I found upon my hybrids a fair number of flowers with six, and a few with seven pistils. I thereupon examined my stock plants of Lychnis vespertina glabra and found the same deviation among them. I had therefore simply overlooked it the previous year, and it is not to be doubted that, in this case at least, the malformation has not resulted from the crossing, but is simply inherited from one of the two parents. It results, however, from this that the same explanation may be true in other cases: the hybrids are, as a rule, examined more closely than their parents, and hence more malformations are remarked in them’. (pp. 72–73).
  • For Beijerinck's microbiology, see et al. Martinus Willem Beijerinck. His Life and His Work The Hague 1940 91 91
  • de Vries , H. 1896 . Appendix 1
  • 1900 . Hybridisation as a means of Pangenetic Infection . Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society , 24 : 3 – 3 .
  • de Vries , H. 1899 e . Appendix 1 74 – 74 .
  • In 1897 he gives 2 : 1 de Vries H. Appendix 1 1897 9 9 The actual ratio here is quite close to 2 : 1 and not to 3 : 1. According to the German rediscovery paper (H. de Vries (Appendix 1), 1900 a) the percentage was ‘28’ (page 212). The total number given in the Mutation Theory (H. de Vries (Appendix 1), 1901–03, volume 2, 184) is 158 rather than 153. His whole Lychnis records are bursting with inconsistencies and calculation mistakes.
  • Hurst , C.C. 1900 . Experiments in Hybridisation . Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society , 24 : 90 – 126 .
  • de Vries , H. 1899 e . Appendix 1 73 – 73 .
  • de Vries , H. 1899 e . Appendix 1 75 – 75 .
  • De Vries gives the following references in a later paper de Vries H. Appendix 1 1900f 271 271 For Nawaschine: Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Petersbourg. T. IX, 1898, No. 4, and Botan. Centralblatt, 1899. T. LXXVIII, pp. 241–45; for Guignard: Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences du 4 avril 1899, and Revue générale de Botanique, T. XI, p. 127, 1899.
  • de Vries , H. 1899 . “ Appendix 1 ” . In Il est nécessaire de remarquer qu'il n'y avait sur tous ces épis aucune graine intermédiaire, moitié sucrée, moitié amylacée 198 – 198 .
  • de Vries , H. 1901–03 . Appendix 1 Vol. II , 309 – 319 . particularly 312–13.
  • This sentence is left out in the description of these experiments in the second volume of the Mutation Theory de Vries H. Appendix 1 1901–03 II 309 319
  • Van der Pas . 1979 . Hugo de Vries and Gregor Mendel . Folia Mendeliana , 11
  • de Vries , H. 1903 a . Appendix 1
  • de Vries , H. 1900 e . Appendix 1 295 – 295 .
  • They are discussed extensively in the second volume of the Mutation Theory de Vries H. Appendix 1 1901–03 II 194 206
  • de Vries , H. 1901–1903 . Appendix 1 Vol. II , 693 – 693 .
  • de Vries , H. 1900 e . Appendix 1 uses the term ‘erbungleich’, in H. de Vries (Appendix 1), 1901–03, II, 461–83 the term ‘unisexuell’ is used with the same meaning as the former ‘erbungleich’
  • A definition of ‘progressive’ mutations is given in de Vries H. Appendix 1 1901–03 I 5 5 An overview over the three terms is given in H. de Vries (Appendix 1), 1903 b.
  • A definition of ‘progressive’ mutations is given in de Vries H. Appendix 1 Durch progressive Mutationen entstehen die elementaren Arten, durch retrogressive und degressive die echte Varietäten 1901–03 I 327 327
  • Compare his Rectorial Address L'Unité dans la Variation Revue de l'Université de Bruxelles 1898 3 and the quote of footnote 63
  • de Vries , H. 1903 b . “ Appendix 1 ” . In Die Mendel'schen Gesetze gelten für Varietätmerkmale, während Artmerkmale bei Kreuzungen constante Bastardeigenschaften liefern 329 – 329 .
  • de Vries , H. 1901–03 . Appendix 1 Vol. II , 212 – 319 .
  • de Vries , H. 1901–03 . Appendix 1 Vol. II , 111 – 396 .
  • Quoted from de Veer P.H.W.A.M. Leven en Werk van Hugo de Vries Groningen 1969 187 187
  • For De Vries, see, for example, footnote 26 Stomps T.J. de Vries Hugo Berichte der deutschen botanischen Gesellschaft 1936 53–2 85 96 and other papers of the period—see also his 1954 paper (footnote 34); J. Heimans, ‘Hugo de Vries and the gene concept’, The American Naturalist, 96 (1962), 93–104 and other papers from his inauguration as Stomps's successor onwards; P. W. van der Pas, see footnote 20; Lindley Darden, see footnote 50
  • For Carl Correns, see his 1900 paper (footnote 9), and my discussion in section 2; for Sturtevant, see footnote 19; Conway Zirkle, for example his paper mentioned in footnote 27 Allen Garland A. Life Sciences in the Twentieth Century New York 1975 10 18 Robert Olby, the second edition of his Origins of Mendelism (footnote 1).
  • See Darden Hugo de Vries's lecture plates and the discovery of segregation Annals of Science 1985 42 233 242
  • Doyle , A.C. 1891 . The Complete Sherlock Holmes Long Stories 47 – 47 . London reprinted 1974

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