References
- Millis , Walter , ed. 1952 . The Forrestal Diaries 460 – 460 . London
- April 1948 . Manchester Guardian April , 16
- Bartlett , C.J. 1972 . The Long Retreat, A Short History of British Defence Policy, 1945–70 London C. Driver, The Disarmer: A Study in Protest (London, 1964). E. Meehan, The British Left Wing and Foreign Policy (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1960). A J. R. Groom, British Thinking about Nuclear Weapons (London, 1974). Robert Gilpin, American Scientists and Nuclear Weapons Policy (Princeton, New Jersey, 1962).
- Cabinet , Attlee . November 1945 . Public Record Office November , Kew CAB 129/4 Memo CP (45) 272, 5
- Gilpin . 1962 . American Scientists and Nuclear Weapons Policy 75 – 75 . Princeton, New Jersey See also Cole of the Atomic Energy Commission. ‘The Soviet Hydrogen Test occurred sooner, than most officials in Washington had expected…’ Atomic Scientists Journal, 3, No. 3 (January, 1954), 169.
- Bartlett . 1972 . The Long Retreat, A Short History of British Defence Policy, 1945–70 33 – 33 . London
- Attlee . November 1945 . Public Record Office November , Kew 5
- Parkin , Frank . 1968 . Middle Class Radicalism: the Social Bases of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament 105 – 105 . Manchester The only full scale sociological analysis of CND membership is that given by Parkin (p. 180). Out of a total of 163 male respondents to his questionnaire, he identified 10 as scientists, 10 as physicians and 10 as engineers. He does not single out scientists in this sample from among schoolteachers (40), civil servants and local government officials (9), or university and college lecturers (8).
- Groom . 1974 . British Thinking about Nuclear Weapons 326 – 326 . London
- See Werskey Gary The Visible College London 1979
- For Bernal, see Goldsmith Maurice Sage: A Life of J. D. Bernal London 1980 ‘J. D. Bernal 1901–71’, Biographical Memoirs of the Royal Society, 26 (London, 1980), 17–84, A. H. Teich, Scientists and Public Affairs (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1973). For C. F. Powell, see ‘C. F. Powell 1903–69’, Biographical Memoirs of the Royal Society, 17 (London, 1971), 541–63. For E. H. S. Burhop, see ‘E. H. S. Burhop 1901–71’, Biographical Memoirs of the Royal Society, 27 (London, 1981), 131–52.
- CAB 128/4. See CM (45) 51st Conclusions, Cabinet Office, Public Record Office Kew 1945 November 8
- CAB 130/8 Gen. 106–114, No. 107, Atomic Energy in France, Despatch from the British Embassy in Paris Public Record Office Kew 1945 December 1 2 12
- See Gowing M. Independence and Deterrence, Britain and Atomic Energy, 1945–52 London 1974 I 3 vols and II
- See Shils E.A. America's Paper Curtain Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists October 1952 8 7 210 210 This article detailed the working of the McCarran Act under which many scientists were refused admission to the U.S.A. The issue contains lists of British scientists refused admission. See also Greta Jones, ‘British Scientists, Lysenko and the Cold War’, Economy and Society, 8 (1979), 26–58 for an account of the political atmosphere of this period in British history.
- Lindemann's scientific eminence and friendship with Churchill made him a major influence on scientific policy during the Second World War. For a fuller account of his activities see Dictionary of National Biography 1951–1960 Oxford 1971 635 640 and The Earl of Birkenhead, The Prof. in Two Worlds: the official Life of Viscount Cherwell (London, 1961). Sir Henry Tizard, rector of Imperial College 1929–42, worked with the government on problems of British air defence in the 1930s. In the immediate post-war period he was chairman of the Defence Policy Committee and Advisory Committee on Scientific Policy; see Dictionary of National Biography 1951–60 (Oxford, 1971), pp. 974–80.
- Gowing . 1974 . Independence and Deterrence, Britain and Atomic Energy, 1945–52 Vol. I , London 3 vols
- Burhop to Blackett Blackett Papers J17 Library of the Royal Society London 1948 November 5
- November 1948 . Blackett Papers , November , London : J17 Library of the Royal Society . Blackett to Burhop, 12
- See The Scientific Worker 1950 5 4 23 27 July and P. M. S. Blackett, ‘The Development of the Association of Scientific Workers’ (1947), and ‘Summary of the Presidential Address to the AScW’, (25 May, 1947). Unpublished manuscripts in the Blackett Papers, E23 and E22.
- August 1947 . The International Control of Atomic Energy, Statement of the Executive Committee of the AScW August , 2 – 2 . London
- August 1947 . The International Control of Atomic Energy, Statement of the Executive Committee of the AScW August , 3 – 3 . London
- 1950 . Reports of the Proceedings of the 82nd Trades Union Congress, Brighton 197 – 197 .
- 1950 . Reports of the Proceedings of the 82nd Trades Union Congress, Brighton 409 – 409 .
- December 1947 . Manchester Guardian December , 22 For Russell's equivocation on the bomb in the 1940s—at one stage he seemed to be advocating a preventive nuclear strike against the U.S.S.R. as a means of securing her agreement to the international control of atomic energy—see Ronald W. Clark, Life of Bertrand Russell (London, 1975), pp. 525–69. Russell was certainly never pro-nuclear, but in the 1940s he accepted the British government's line on the international control of atomic weapons. See also House of Lords Debates, 30 April 1947, 147, pp. 272–3.
- See Penrose Papers University College London 41/3 Memoranda and Leaflets and 41/4 Correspondence of MAPW
- For a discussion of Trotter, see Jones Greta Social Darwinism and English Thought Brighton 1980
- 1950 . Manual of Basic Training on Civil Defence Vol. II , London
- 1950 . Atomic Attack: Can Britain be Defended? 1 – 1 . London Published by the Association of Scientific Workers
- See also Blackett Papers Library of the Royal Society London F54 For a fuller account of Anderson's career, see the Dictionary of National Biography (footnote 18), pp. 21–4.
- See The Scientific Worker 1950 5 4 32 32 July The Churches sent 21 people. The Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers and National Council of Labour Colleges also participated. The AScW claimed that on the publication of their 1947 statement their North-Eastern Area wrote to all trades unions, co-operative guilds and churches in the South Yorkshire area offering to provide speakers and enclosing copies of the report. The Sheffield branch of the AScW was particularly active. The dissemination of AScW material to trade unions and cooperative branches went on throughout the 1950s.
- See Science for Peace Nature March 1952 169 449 450 15
- See the reports in Atomic Scientists Journal May 1954 3 5 292 297
- See the reports in Atomic Scientists Journal May 1954 3 5 296 297
- October 1953 . Manchester Guardian October , 13
- CAB 129/71 C(54) 315. Civil Defence Manpower, Memo by Secretary of State for the Home Department and Minister for Welsh Affairs 1954 October 18
- CAB 129/72, C(54) 389 Fall Out, Memo by the Minister of Defence 1954 December 9
- CAB 128/27 CC(54) 86 53rd Conclusion, Minute 3 1954 December 14
- April 1954 . Coventry Evening Telegraph April , 6
- See South Yorkshire and Rotherham Advertiser 1954 April 24–30 Newcastle Journal, 13–14 April; Manchester Co-Operative News 3 April 1954. The Woman's Co-Operation Guild sent a resolution to the Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary stating: ‘We therefore demand the British government should take urgent action asking the Americans to cease further tests’. For reports of activities in other areas, see Atomic Scientists Journal, 3, No. 6 (July 1954), 362.
- April 1954 . South Yorkshire and Rotherham Advertiser April , 5 – 5 . 24
- See South Yorkshire and Rotherham Advertiser 1954 July 3 and 28 August 1954.
- See Report of the Sheffield Methodists May Synod in Sheffield Telegraph 1954 May 8 The links between religious nonconformity and political radicalism in certain areas of England were still surprisingly strong in post-war Britain.
- 1954 . The Scientific Worker , 9 ( 3 ) May : 24 – 24 .
- See MAPW papers in Penrose Papers University College London 41/3 Memoranda
- See Burhop Papers in possession of the Physics Department University College London
- Simultaneously the United States and six other nations announced a plan for an international agency to encourage projects for the use of atomic power for peaceful purposes. This Atoms for Peace agency held a conference at Geneva in 1955. Although Gilpin American Scientists and Nuclear Weapons Policy Princeton, New Jersey 1962 says that the decision to set up this agency preceded the Lucky Dragon, this incident certainly accelerated it. The objective of Atoms for Peace was, partly, to improve the public image of atomic energy. It did not deal with questions of atomic weapons. See Nature, 174 (16 October 1954), 724, and Nature, 176 (29 October 1955), 814.
- Burhop to Biquard, South Yorkshire and Rotherham Advertiser 1954 November 30 Burhop Papers at UC
- See Actions of the WFSW Leading Up to the First Pugwash Conference by Burhop E.H. Burhop Papers at UC
- See Hahn Otto My Life London 1970 210 228
- For a list of participants and the character of the debates, see the volume Science and Freedom London 1955 which is the proceedings of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, Hamburg 23–26 July 1953.
- 1956 . The Hazards to Man of Nuclear and Allied Radiation , London : Medical Research Council . Cmnd 9780 For discussion of the controversy over nuclear radiation in the U.S.A., see Carolyn Kopp. ‘The Origins of the American Scientific Debate over Fallout Hazards’, Social Studies of Science, 9 (1979), 403–22.
- Auerbach , C. 1959 . The Prime Minister seems to think it a cause for complacency that the human race has survived in spite of a considerable amount of radiation from natural sources. The opposite is true …. The fact that there is this inescapable amount of natural radiation… makes it even more imperative to keep radiation from any additional sources as low as possible . Nature , 183 June : 1773 – 1776 . ‘Radio-active Fallout’ 27 (p. 1775)
- 1960 . The Hazards to Man of Nuclear and Allied Radiation: A Second Report to the Medical Research Council London Cmnd 1225 Also reported in the British Medical Journal, 2 (December 1960), 1947.
- 1955 . Statement on Defence London Cmd 9391
- 1954 . The Scientific Worker , 9 ( 4 ) July : 4 – 4 .
- See Motion 7 TUC Reports, Southport 1955
- 1956 . TUC Reports, Brighton 195 – 195 .
- See Groom British Thinking about Nuclear Weapons London 1974 454 454
- June 1954 . “ Coventry and the H-bomb ” . In New Statesman June , 721 – 721 . 5 For Crossman's view on defence, see ‘The Dilemma of the H-bomb’, New Statesman, 26 February 1955, p. 268 (with George Wigg).
- Williams , Philip M. 1983 . The Diary of Hugh Gaitskell, 1945–56 557 – 557 . London
- Williams , Philip M. 1979 . Hugh Gaitskell 453 – 453 . London
- For example, News of Britain's latest success at Woomera will increase the uneasiness of American Scientists already afraid that British atomic research workers are outdistancing them Daily Herald October 1953 15
- 1958 . Report on Britain's Contribution to Peace and Security 4 – 4 . London Cmnd 363
- 1954 . America's Atomic Dilemma . New Statesman , February : 180 – 182 . 13
- See the pamphlet written for the Royal Institute of Strategic Affairs with Buzzard Anthony Denis Healey MP Richard Goold-Adams MP On Limiting Atomic War Bulletin of Atomic Scientists June 1957 13 6 216 216 published in the 6
- 1958 . Limited Nuclear War . New Statesman , May : 625 – 627 . 17
- Blackett to Mountbatten, Blackett Papers Library of the Royal Society of London 1959 August 18 F81
- 1957 . TUC Reports, Blackpool 203 – 203 . and p. 202
- See Jones Greta Bernalism Revisited Economy and Society 1981 10 115 123
- See Jones Greta British Scientists, Lysenko and the Cold War Economy and Society 1979 8 26 58 for a fuller account of the politics of this period
- In May 1955, the AScW reported increased pressure on them as a result of the events of 1954. None too soon, our Atomic Science Committee has been re-organised and expanded to cope with the increasing demands made upon it. It supplies speakers and produces an annual review of all nuclear developments with references. We have a key position as a trade union of scientists and the inescapable duty of bringing the issues raised by nuclear warfare before the whole trade union movement’. The Scientific Worker May 1955 1 3 3 3