- Rayleigh , Lord . 1943 . The Life of Sir J. J. Thomson, O.M. 6 – 6 . Cambridge
- Falconer , Isobel . 1986 . Corpuscles, Electrons, and Cathode Rays: J. J. Thomson and the Discovery of the Electron . British Journal for the History of Science , 20 : 241 – 276 .
- Sinclair , S.B. 1987 . J. J. Thomson and the Chemical Atom . Ambix , 34 : 89 – 116 .
- Stranges , Anthony N. 1982 . Electrons and Valence: Development of the Theory: 1900–1925 , College Station, Texas A&M University Press .
- Stranges . 1982 . Electrons and Valence: Development of the Theory: 1900–1925 , College Station, Texas A&M University Press . Colin A. Russell, The History of Valency (Leicester, 1971); Robert E. Kohler, ‘The Origin of G. N. Lewis's Theory of the Shared Pair Bond’, Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, 3 (1971), 343–76.
- Anderson , D.L. 1964 . The Discovery of the Electron Princeton L. Marton and C. Marton, Advances in Electronic and Electron Physics, 50 (1980), 449; G. P. Thomson, J. J. Thomson: Discoverer of the Electron (New York, 1966). Abraham Pais, Inward Bound: Of Matter and Forces in the Physical World (Oxford, 1986), pp. 78–86.
- Emil Weichert and Walther Kaufmann obtained similar values at about the same time as Thomson. Neither came anywhere close to Thomson's interpretation. In an article on Thomson J.J. Dictionary of Scientific Biography Gillespie C.C. New York 1976 XIII 362 372 in John Heilbron suggested that Thomson's ‘old concerns’, including his interest in the vortex atom and chemical combination, pushed him to ‘discover’ the electron. Heilbron, however, depicts the discovery of the electron as a sudden ‘coup de maître’ and considers chemistry merely as a subject to which Thomson ‘gave continuing consideration’. He does not suggest any developmental connections between Thomson's chemical interests and the discovery of the electron.
- Thomson , J.J. 1937 . Recollections and Reflexions 341 – 341 . New York
- Thomson , J.J. 1899 . Philosophical Magazine , 48 : 547 – 547 .
- Schuster , Arthur . 1908 . The Progress of Physics 1875–1908 70 – 71 . Cambridge
- Topper , D.R. 1980 . To Reason by Means of Images: J. J. Thomson and the Mechanical Picture of Nature . Annals of Science , 37 : 31 – 57 . offers a contrary interpretation, namely, that one reason for Thomson's attraction to atomic theories was that atomic theories were founded upon models and metaphors amenable to mechanical explanations through visual images.
- Stewart , Balfour . 1878 . Elementary Lessons in Physics 360 – 369 . London
- Thomson , J.J. 1881 . On the Electric and Magnetic Effects Produced by Motion of Electrified Bodies . Philosophical Magazine , 11 : 229 – 229 .
- Kragh , Helge . 1979 . Niels Bohr's Second Atomic Theory . Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences , 10 : 124 – 178 . On pp. 165–6, Kragh characterizes Bohr's theory as a distinctly physical theory, which, from the point of view of the chemists, was ‘uninteresting and incomprehensible’. Attempts to extend Bohr's theory and reconcile it with the chemists' static atom failed ‘because Bohr's atom was not particularly suited to deal with chemical problems’.
- On the dramatic change of style in theoretical physics, which took place in the 1890s, see McCormach Russell H. A. Lorentz and the Electromagnetic View of Nature Isis 1970 61 459 497 On p. 495, McCormach summarizes the situation thus: ‘The whole cultural configuration at the turn of the century was implicated in the change from mechanical to electromagnetic thinking. The immaterial electromagnetic concepts were attractive in the same measure that the inert, material imagery of mechanics was displeasing’. For a younger generation of physicists, who were under their forties around 1900, Maxwell, (William) Thomson, and Boltzmann were seen as ‘misguided in their pursuit of mechanical invention’.
- Kuhn , T.S. and Heilbron , J.L. 1969 . The Genesis of the Bohr Atom . Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences , 1 : 211 – 290 .
- J. J. Thomson's son, G. P. Thomson, wrote that Thomson's chief ambition was to be a theorist, Thomson G.P. J. J. Thomson and the Cavendish Laboratory in his Day London 1964 115 115 The historical sociologist of science Joseph Ben-David provided a model which ties changes in careers of scientists and the contents of their theories. An individual moving from one academic field or profession to another of lower status might find himself in a position of role conflict. This he may try to resolve by fitting the methods and techniques of the old role to the new one. Thomson's chemical emphases after 1900, according to Ben-David's model, display ‘role hybridization’. See Joseph Ben-David, ‘Roles and Innovations in Medicine’, American Journal of Sociology, 65 (1960), 557–68.
- Thomson , J.J. 1937 . Recollections and Reflexions 2 – 2 . New York
- Partington , J.R. 1964 . A History of Chemistry Vol. IV , 282 – 282 . London
- Thackray , Arnold . 1970 . “ Introduction ” . In A New View of the Origin of Dalton's Atomic Theory Edited by: Roscoe , Henry E. and Harden , Arthur . xv – xv . New York
- Roscoe , H.E. and Harden , A. 1896 . London
- Thomson , J.J. 1937 . Recollections and Reflexions 21 – 21 . New York
- Schuster quoted in Kargon Robert H. Science in Victorian Manchester Manchester 1977 218 218
- Thomson , J.J. 1937 . Recollections and Reflexions 19 – 20 . New York
- Kargon . 1977 . Science in Victorian Manchester 216 – 216 . Manchester
- Stewart , Balfour . 1870 . Lessons in Elementary Physics 360 – 369 . London
- Thomson , J.J. 1937 . Recollections and Reflexions 22 – 22 . New York On Stewart's and Tait's book, see P. M. Heimann, ‘The Unseen Universe: Physics and Philosophy of Nature in Victorian Britain’, British Journal of the History of Science, 6 (1972), 73–9.
- Snelders , H.A.M. 1976 . A. M. Mayer's Experiments with Floating Magnets and their Use in the Atomic Theories of Matter . Annals of Science , 33 : 67 – 80 .
- Thomson , William . 1878 . Floating Magnets . Nature , 18 : 13 – 13 .
- Reynolds , Osborne . 1903 . The Sub-Mechanics of the Universe Cambridge For J. J. Thomson's recollections of Reynolds's book, see footnote 8, 15–17.
- Thomson , J.J. 1883 . A Treatise on the Motion of Vortex Rings London
- Thomson , J.J. 1883 . A Treatise on the Motion of Vortex Rings ix – ix . London
- Thomson , J.J. 1883 . A Treatise on the Motion of Vortex Rings 120 – 120 . London
- Thomson , J.J. 1883 . A Treatise on the Motion of Vortex Rings 107 – 107 . London
- Thomson , J.J. 1884 . On the Chemical Combination of Gases . Philosophical Magazine , 18 : 233 – 267 .
- Thomson , J.J. 1884 . On the Chemical Combination of Gases . Philosophical Magazine , 18 : 233 – 233 .
- Thomson , J.J. 1884 . On the Chemical Combination of Gases . Philosophical Magazine , 18 : 233 – 234 .
- Thomson , J.J. 1884 . On the Chemical Combination of Gases . Philosophical Magazine , 18 : 233 – 233 .
- Thomson , J.J. 1888 . Applications of Dynamics to Physics and Chemistry London
- Ostwald , Wilhelm . 1885–7 . Lehrbuch der allgemeine Chemie Vol. II , 745 – 747 . Leipzig 2 vols (1887)
- Schuster , Arthur . 1890 . The Discharge of Electricity through Gases . Proceedings of the Royal Society , 47 : 526 – 559 . (p. 539)
- Thomson , J.J. 1887 . Reply to Professor Ostwald's criticism … . Philosophical Magazine , 23 : 379 – 380 . idem, Nature, 42 (1890), 295, 614; A. Schuster, Nature, 42 (1890), 591–2.
- Thomson , J.J. 1891 . Illustration of the Properties of the Electric Field by Means of Tubes of Electrostatic Induction . Philosophical Magazine , 31 : 150 – 150 .
- Topper , D.R. 1980 . To Reason by Means of Images: J. J. Thomson and the Mechanical Picture of Nature . Annals of Science , 37 : 31 – 57 . and 15
- Kevles , Daniel J. 1979 . The Physicists: The History of a Scientific Community in Modern America 29 – 29 . New York suggests that, intellectually, American physicists had been closest to the British Victorian school.
- Thomson , J.J. 1893 . Recent Researches in Electricity and Magnetism vi – vi . Oxford
- Thomson , J.J. 1893 . Recent Researches in Electricity and Magnetism 3 – 3 . Oxford
- Morley , H.F. and Muir , M.M.P. , eds. 1888–94 . Watts Dictionary of Chemistry Vol. III , 410 – 417 . London 4 vols (1892)
- Thomson , J.J. 1895 . The relation between the Atom and the Charge of Electricity carried by it . Philosophical Magazine , 40 : 511 – 544 .
- Thomson , J.J. 1895 . The relation between the Atom and the Charge of Electricity carried by it . Philosophical Magazine , 40 : 514 – 515 .
- Thomson , J.J. 1895 . The relation between the Atom and the Charge of Electricity carried by it . Philosophical Magazine , 40 : 515 – 515 .
- Thomson , J.J. 1897 . On cathode rays . Philosophical Magazine , 44 : 313 – 313 .
- Thomson , J.J. 1897 . On cathode rays . Philosophical Magazine , 44 : 312 – 312 .
- An account of Kaufmann's research programme is provided in Miller A.I. Albert Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity: Emergence (1905) and Early Interpretation (1905–1911) Reading, Massachusetts 1981 47 54
- Thomson , J.J. 1881 . On the electric and magnetic effects produced by the motion of electrified bodies . Philosophical Magazine , 11 : 229 – 249 .
- Nernst , Walter . 1898 . Theoretische Chemie , 2nd edn 347 – 348 . Stuttgart
- Abegg , Richard and Bodländer , G. 1899 . Die Elektroaffinität, ein neues Prinzip der chemischen Systematik . Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie , 20 : 243 – 243 .
- Lewis , G.N. 1923 . Valence and the Structure of Atoms and Molecules 29 – 30 . New York
- Thomson , J.J. 1904 . Electricity and Matter New Haven
- Thomson , J.J. 1923 . The Electron in Chemistry Philadelphia
- Lewis , G.N. 1923 . Valence and the Structure of Atoms and Molecules 29 – 30 . New York
- Thomson , J.J. 1923 . Transactions of the Faraday Society , 19 : 450 – 450 .
- Kohler , Robert E. 1975 . The Lewis-Langmuir Theory of Valence and the Chemical Community 1920–1928 . Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences , 6 : 431 – 468 .
- Johnson , Treat B. 1926 . ‘Organic Chemistry’ in the jubilee edition of the Anniversary of the American Chemical Society . Journal of the American Chemical Society , 48 : 149 – 149 . The members of the section devoted to ‘organic chemistry theory (valency and electron problems)’ were: Moses Gomberg*, Julius Stieglitz*, W. A. Noyes*, J. B. Conant, K. G. Falk*, H. S. Fry*, J. M. Nelson*, C. W. Porter, E. C. Franklin. The asterisk denotes well-known followers of Thomson.
- Kohler , R.E. 1975 . The Lewis-Langmuir Theory of Valence and the Chemical Community, 1920–1928 . Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences , 6 : 431 – 468 .
- Abegg , Richard . 1904 . Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie , 39 : 376 – 380 .
- Abegg , Richard . 1904 . Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie , 39 : 380 – 380 .
- Kevles , Daniel J. 1979 . The Physicists: The History of a Scientific Community in Modern America 29 – 29 . New York
- Servos , John . 1986 . Mathematics and the physical sciences in America, 1880–1930 . Isis , 77 : 611 – 629 .
- Servos , John . 1986 . Mathematics and the physical sciences in America, 1880–1930 . Isis , 77 : 621 – 621 .
- Kohler , Robert E. 1974 . Irving Langmuir and the “Octet” Theory of Valence . Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences , 6 : 39 – 87 .
- On this divide, see, for example, Duhem Pierre The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory Paris 1906 J. T. Merz, A History of European Thought in the Nineteenth Century, 4 vols (London, 1896–1914); Emile Meyerson, Identity and Reality (Paris, 1908); Robert Kargon, ‘Model and Analogy in Victorian Science’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 36 (1969), 423.
- Quoted in Kargon Model and Analogy in Victorian Science Journal of the History of Ideas 1969 36 436 436
- Noyes , William A. 1904 . Present Problems of Organic Chemistry . Science , 20 : 490 – 501 . (p. 501)
- Noyes , William A. 1909 . Molecular Rearrangements . Journal of the American Chemical Society , 31 : 1368 – 1374 . (p. 1368)
- Noyes , William A. 1917 . Journal of the American Chemical Society , 39 : 879 – 882 . (p. 881). Emphasis added.
- Noyes , William A. 1917 . Journal of the American Chemical Society , 39 : 879 – 882 . (p. 881). Emphasis added.
- Lewis . 1923 . Valence and the Structure of Atoms and Molecules 67 – 67 . New York
- Quoted in Kohler Robert E. Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 1971 3 351 352
- Servos , John . private communication
- For a summary of the contributions of Falk and Nelson, see Stranges Electrons and Valence: Development of the Theory: 1900–1925 College Station, Texas A&M University Press 1982
- Lewis . 1923 . Valence and the Structure of Atoms and Molecules 69 – 71 . New York
- Thomson , J.J. 1913 . Rays of Positive Electricity 63 – 68 . London
- Bray , W.C. and Branch , G.E.K. 1913 . Valence and Tautomerism . Journal of the American Chemical Society , 35 : 1440 – 1440 .
- Abegg and Bodlander . 1899 . Die Elektroaffinität, ein neues Prinzip der chemischen Systematik . Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie , 20 : 453 – 453 .
- Lewis , G.N. 1916 . The Atom and the Molecule . Journal of the American Chemical Society , 38 : 762 – 762 .
- Robinson , Robert and Kermack , William O. 1922 . An Explanation of the Property of Induced Polarity of Atoms and an Interpretation of the Theory of Partial Valencies on an Electronic Basis . Journal of the Chemical Society , 121 : 427 – 440 . (p. 428, footnote).
- Pauling , Linus . 1938 . The Nature of the Chemical Bond , ix – ix . Ithaca : Cornell University Press . 2
Annals of Science
Volume 48, 1991 - Issue 6