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Evidence from advertising for mathematical instrument making in London, 1556–1714

D.J. Bryden National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh, EH1 1JF, U.K.
Pages 301-336 | Received 03 Jul 1991, Published online: 20 Aug 2006

  • Hind , A.M. 1952 . Engraving in England in the 16th and 17th Centuries Vol. I , 9 – 10 . Cambridge 2 vols 39–58.
  • O'Malley , C.D. , ed. 1959 . Thomas Geminus Compendiosa totius anatomie delineatio: A facsimile of the First English Edition of 1553 in the Version of Nicholas Udall 9 – 21 . London 24–39.
  • Taylor , E.G.R. 1954 . The Mathematical Practitioners of Tudor and Stuart England 20 – 20 . Cambridge D. J. de S. Price, ‘The manufacture of Scientific Instruments, c. 1500–c. 1700’, in A History of Western Technology, edited by C. Singer, E. J. Holmyard, A. R. Hall, and T. I. Williams, 5 vols (Oxford, 1954–58), III, 586; S. A. Bedini and D. J. de S. Price, ‘Instrumentation’, in Technology and Western Civilization, edited by M. Kranzberg and C. W. Pursell, 2 vols (New York, 1967), I, 186–7.
  • c. 1550 Horary and geometric quadrant—Museo di Storia della Scienza, Florence, no. 2509; recto and verso illustrated in Museo di Storia della Scienza, Catalogo Miniati M. Florence 1991 32 32 155[ ] Planispheric Astrolabe—Museo di Storia della Scienza, Florence, no. 1093 (IC 489); see Miniati, p. 32. 1551 Horary quadrant—British Museum, Department of Medieval and Later Antiquities, 1858.8–21.1. Made for Edward VI and bearing arms of the Royal Tutors, Sir John Cheke and William Buckley; illustrated in F. A. B. Ward, A Catalogue of European Scientific Instruments (London, 1981), pp. 56–7, and plate 149. 1552 Universal Astrolabe with arms of Edward VI, the Duke of Northumberland and Sir John Cheke—Museés Royaux d'Art et d'Histoire, Bruxelles (IC 450); recto and verso illustrated in D. W. Waters, The Art of Navigation in England in Elizabethan and Early Stuart Times (London, 1958), plates xxvii and xxviii. c. 1555 Planispheric Astrolabe, made for Edward VI—National Maritime Museum, A36/37-92C (IC 425); incomplete, and with spiral logarithmic rule engraved in the mater by Henry Sutton, 1655. 1559 Planispheric Astrolabe with royal arms, made for Queen Elizabeth—Museum of the History of Science, Oxford (IC 575).
  • For an overview of the period, see Taylor The Mathematical Practitioners of Tudor and Stuart England Cambridge 1954 20 20 and M. Feingold, The Mathematicians' Apprenticeship; science, universities and society in England, 1560–1640 (Cambridge, 1984); more particularly, see S. Johnston, ‘Mathematical Practitioners and Instruments in Elizabethan England’, Annals of Science, 48 (1991), 319–344.
  • Digges , L. 1556 . A Boke Named Tectonicon London see also C. L. Oastler, John Day the Elizabethan Printer (Oxford, 1975), pp. 12–13 and 61.
  • Digges . 1561 . A Boke Named Tectonicon London and reissued 1562); ‘Imprynted at London by Thomas Gemini, dwellynge withint the Blacke friers: who is there ready exactly to make all the Instruments apperteynynge to the Booke’. Somewhat surprisingly there is no mention of Gemini's instrument-making activities in either of the two editions of the astronomical and nautical almanac compiled by Digges and issued by Gemini—L. Dygges, A Prognostication of Right Good Effect (London, 1555), ‘Imprynted at London, within the blacke Fryars, by Thomas Gemini’; L. Dygges, A Prognostication Everlasting of Ryght Good Effecte (London, 1656), ‘Agayne Imprinted by Thomas Gemini’—yet in this readership were potential customers from whom an immigrant craftsman practising a new trade could hope to receive commissions.
  • Digges . 1556 . A Boke Named Tectonicon London sigF1r-F2r.
  • O'Mally . 1959 . Thomas Geminus Compendiosa totius anatomie delineatio: A facsimile of the First English Edition of 1553 in the Version of Nicholas Udall Edited by: O'Malley , C.D. 18 – 19 . London
  • Arber , E. 1875 . A Transcript of the Registers of the Company of Stationers of London 1554–1640 Vol. I , 54 – 54 . London 3 vols In 1556, along with 90 others, Gemini contributed to the Stationers' Company assessment by the Corporation of the City of London towards the erection of the City Bridewell. He paid 20 d, as much as full members of the Company; see Arber, I, 46–8.
  • O'Malley . 1959 . Thomas Geminus Compendiosa totius anatomie delineatio: A facsimile of the First English Edition of 1553 in the Version of Nicholas Udall Edited by: O'Malley , C.D. 18 – 18 . London
  • Brown , J. 1979 . Mathematical Instrument-Makers in the Grocers' Company 1688–1800 London J. Brown, ‘Guild Organisation and the Instrument-Making trade, 1550–1830: the Grocers' and Clockmakers' Companies’, Annals of Science, 36 (1979), 1–34.
  • Crawforth , M.A. 1987 . Instrument Makers in the London Guilds . Annals of Science , 44 : 319 – 377 .
  • Turner , G.L'E. 1983 . “ Mathematical instrument-making in London in the 16th century ” . In English Map-Making 1500–1650 Edited by: Tyacke , S. 93 – 106 . London in (p. 99), cites maps engraved by Cole and Ryther where both state that they are English.
  • Harvey , G. 1593 . Pierces Supererogation or a New Praise of the Old Asse 190 – 190 . London
  • Worsop , E. 1582 . A Discoverie of Sundrie Errours and Faults Daily Committeed by Landmeters Ignorant of Arithmeticke and Geometrie London sigA4r.
  • Gabriel Harvey's annotated copy of Blagrave J. The Mathematicall Jewell London 1585 is in the British Library, press mark C 60 o 7. For the context of Harvey's annotations, see V. F. Stern, Gabriel Harvey, his Life, Marginalia and Library (Oxford, 1979), pp. 165–8, 202.
  • Blagrave . 1585 . The Mathematicall Jewell London sigA1r, ¶2v and 13–19.
  • Blagrave , J. 1590 . Baculum familliare catholicon sive general 69 – 69 . London
  • Lucar , C. 1590 . A Treatise Named Lucar Solace 9 – 10 . London
  • Worsop . 1582 . A Discoverie of Sundrie Errours and Faults Daily Committeed by Landmeters Ignorant of Arithmeticke and Geometrie London sigA2v: ‘I, a simple man among the common people have set forth this discourse to their behoofe, by the plainest waies I could devise, and for their easiest understanding … learned bookes can not bee undestoode of the common sort, and that they be as juels, and riches, shadowed, or wrapped up from their sight: I have thought good by a plaine and popular discourse, to laie open unto the understanding of every reasonable man, the necessities and commodities of those singular workes and knowledge’.
  • Hopton , A. 1610 . Baculum Geodaeticum … or the Geodaeticall Staffe 11 – 11 . London
  • Hopton , A. 1612 . An Almanack and Prognostication, for … 1612 London sigB2r-v. Hopton was intending his readers to find the shop of fellow almanac maker, mathematician, and physician Edward Pond; see E. Pond, An Almanack for the Year of Christ … 1612 (London, 1612), sigA2r; see below footnote 32.
  • Rathborne , A. 1616 . The Surveyor 133 – 133 . London Elias Allen is similarly commended as maker of the theodolite p. 124; John Thompson for the plain table p. 125.
  • Wyberd , J. 1639 . Horolographia Nocturna, or Lunar Horologiographie 14 – 15 . London Earlier on the same page Wyberd comments on an instrument used to construct dials: ‘But indeed the most absolute way of all, were to have it made in brass which may be done by Mr. Elias Allen dwelling without Temple barre over against St. Clements Church, London, who maketh all sorts of Mathematicall Instruments and also horizontall Sunne-Dyalls in brasse’.
  • Sturmy , S. 1669 . The Mariners Magazine 53 – 53 . London
  • Jones , S. 1670 . A Guide to the Young Gager, or A Compendious Introduction to the Art of Gaging 65 – 65 . London
  • Moore , J. 1674 . A Mathematical Companion … Collected out of the Notes and Papers of Sir Jonas Moore by Nicholas Stephenson 28 – 28 . London
  • Moore . 1674 . A Mathematical Companion … Collected out of the Notes and Papers of Sir Jonas Moore by Nicholas Stephenson 57 – 57 . London
  • Everard , T. 1696 . Stereometry, or the Art of Gauging Made Easie by the Help of a Sliding Rod , third edition 18 – 18 . London
  • Lightbody , J. 1713 . The New Art of Gauging London sigA7r
  • Hood , T. 1596 . The Use of the Two Mathematicall Instruments, the Crosse Staffe … and the Jacobs Staffe , second edition London sigA1r; ‘The Staves are to be sold in marke Lane, at the house of FRANCIS COOKE’. On the basis of this data, Taylor (footnote 3), 189, would categorize Cooke as an instrument maker. The evidence is somewhat slight and hardly tallies with Cooke's role as translator from the Latin of The Principles of Geometry, Astronomie and Geographie Gathered out of Geo. Henisch. Appointed to be Read … by Thomas Hood (London, 1591). This information suggests identifying Francis Cooke as the son of Thomas Cooke, Clothmaker of London. He matriculated at St John's College, Oxford, in 1579 and proceeded to BA (1584) and MA (1588); see J. Foster, Alumni Oxoniensis, 4 vols (Oxford, 1891–92), I, 319. J. Blagrave, Astrolabium Uranicum generale (London, 1596), sigA3r: Maister William Matts Stationer, at the signe of the Plough, over against St Dunstons Church in Fleetestreet, who hath the Impression of this Booke … with whome, I have taken order to furnish with these Instruments and their supplements any that shall want them. Pond (footnote 23), sigA2r. In the context of stating that he taught the use of Hopton's new surveying instruments, including the metal version of the geodaetical staffe (see footnote 22), Pond added: ‘The practice, making and Demonstration of these, with the mathematical Scale, and all other instruments, in use eyther be Sea or Land. Also Clocks and Watches, with necessary additius and divers motions are made and to be sold, with all their severall uses to be taught, by me Edward Pond, at my Shop at the Globe, a little without Temple bar between the Bull head and the Mermaid Tavernes'. Pond's almanacs indicate that he practised as a physician and mathematician. The 1612 almanac is the only one in which a claim is made to make any mechanisms—see B. Capp, Astrology and the Popular Press: English Almanacs 1500–1800 (London, 1979), p. 325.
  • Bretnor , T. 1618 . A New Almanacke and Prognostication for … 1618 London sigC8r-v. John Harper, William Pratt and Jeremy Drury were granted a patent for a table for casting accounts in 1616, see Calendar of State Papers Domestic 1547–1625 edited by R. Lemon and M. A. E. Green (London, 1856–71), VI, 357. Neither of the two contemporary accounts, J. Harpur, The Jewell of Arithmeticke (London, 1617), or W. Pratt, The Arithmeticall Jewell (London, 1617), indicate who made the instrument for sale. I am indebted to Dr G. Clifton of Project SIMON for the information that ‘Robert Linnborowe servant to Edward Coolinge' was made free of the Goldsmiths' Company on 9 July 1604; see Goldsmiths' Company, Wardens Accounts & Court Minutes, 13, 1599–1604. For an account of the instrument see D. J. Bryden, ‘The Arithmeticall Jewell or Jewell of Arithmetick’, Quarto (Abbot Hall Art Gallery [Kendal] Quarterly Bulletin), 23 (1985), 7–12. J. Napier, Rabdologia. seu numerationis per virgulas (Edinburgh, 1617). A copy was registered at the Stationers' Company in London in May 1617; see Arber (footnote 10), III, 282.
  • Johnson , J. 1618 . An Almanacke and Prognostication for … 1618 London sigA2v.
  • Gilden , G. 1618 . A New Almanack and Prognostication for … 1618 London sigB2r-v. Gilden, like Bretnor, also noted one of John Napier's works, in this instance the account of logarithms. A similar text appeared in his 1619 almanac, except that no mention was made of Nathanial Gosse as an instrument maker working in wood. By 1625, Gilden had shortened the passage to refer only to Napier's invention of logarithms and to provide the general comment that there were ‘also many new invented excellent Instruments for the Mathematicks made in, London’, citing John Thompson and Elias Allen.
  • Browne , D. A New Almanacke and Prognostication for … 1624 1624 – 1624 . London sigC2v.
  • Browne , D. 1630 . A New Almanacke and Prognostication for … 1630 London sigC1v.
  • Bretnor . 1618 . A New Almanacke and Prognostication for … 1618 London sigC8v.
  • 1667 . Philosophical Transactions , 2 : 448 – 448 .
  • Hooke , R. 1674 . Some Animadversions on the First Part of Hevelius, his Mchina Coelestis London G3v. For the context of the design of this quadrant, see A. Chapman, Dividing the Circle; The Development of Critical Angular Measurement in Astronomy 1500–1850 (Chichester, 1990), pp. 45–49.
  • Houghton , J. 1692–1703 . A Collection of Letters for the Improvement of Husbandry and Trade London second series no. 51, 21 July 1693. The comment was reprinted for several months. In the event, Houghton's attempt to provide disinterested information was swamped by advertising. Characters were given on a number of occasions over the next 18 months; e.g. no. 51, 21 July 1693, for John Marshall, optical instrument maker; no. 53, 4 August 1693, for the patent dredging engine of John Pointz; no. 60, 22 September 1693, for John Yarwell, optical instrument maker; no. 108, 24 August 1694 for the funereal medals of Thomas Wood. In no. 68, 17 November 1693, when he first allowed the intrusion of notices relating to medical pills and potions, Houghton prefaced this section of advertisements with the comment: ‘Pray mind the Preface to this half Sheet. Like Lawyers I take all Causes I may fairly, who likes not may stop here’. However, even this warning did not remain in type for long. By mid 1695 three of the four pages were taken over totally by advertising.
  • Houghton . 1674 . Some Animadversions on the First Part of Hevelius, his Mchina Coelestis London no. 78, 26 January 1694.
  • Polter , R. 1605 . The Pathway to Perfect Sayling London sigD1r and E2v. The text in the second edition (revised H. Bond, London, 1644), is identical.
  • Partridge , S. 1661 . The Description and Use of an Instrument Called the Double Scale of Proportion 188 – 188 . London
  • Hunt , W. 1697 . A Mathematical Companion, or the Description and Use of a New Sliding Rule London sigN12r.
  • Partridge . 1671 . The Description and Use of an Instrument Called the Double Scale of Proportion London issue, printed for G. Sawbridge, Walter Hayes and William Bradley) sigA5r. Thompson's death was noted by John Collins in a letter to John Wallis 2 January 1666; see S. J. Rigaud, Correspondence of Scientific Men of the 17th Century, 2 vols (Oxford, 1841), II, 459.
  • Coggeshall , H. 1682 . A Treatise of Measures by a Two Foot Rule 3 – 3 . London In the context of the passage cited, ‘nicely’ did not mean better or more accurately, but that Wynne subdivided to a greater number of parts than did other makers of the rule.
  • Borough , W. 1581 . A Discours of the Variation of the Cumpass … to be Annexed to the Newe Attractive of R. N. London sigB1v, sigG4v.
  • Hood , T. 1598 . The Making and Use of the Geometrical Instrument, Called a Sector London sigA1r.
  • Barlowe , W. 1597 . The Navigators Supply London siga1r; see sigK2r for the recommendation of John Goodwyn.
  • Oughtred , W. 1632 . The Circles of Proportion and the Horizontal Instrument London translated by W. Forster Some issues of this work and the 1639 reissue were published by Elias Allen; see P. J. Wallis, ‘William Oughtred's Circles of Proportion’, Transactions of the Cambridge Bibliographical Society, IV (1968), 372–7; W. Oughtred, The New Artificial Gauging Line or Rod (London, 1633), pp. 10–12 and sigC6v; W. Oughtred, To the English Gentrie (London, 1634), passim but especially, sigsB3r, B4r-C1v and C3v-D1r; W. Oughtred, The Description and Use of the Double Horizontal Dyall (London, 1636), sigA8v; W. Oughtred, The Description and Use of the Double Horizontal Dyall … Whereunto is Added the Description of the Generall Horological Ring (London, 1652), which also appears as an integral appendix to H. van Ettenn = J. Leurechon, Mathematical Recreations … Whereunto is Added the Description and Use of the Generall Horologicall Ring and the Double Horizontal Dial (London, 1653), sigX8v.
  • See, for example L[eybourn] W. The Art of Numbering by Speaking Rods London 1667 sigA8v, and 2nd edition (London, 1685),p. 87; W. Leybourn, The Art of Dialling Performed Geometrically (London, 1669), sigA4v; W. Leybourn, Panorganon (London, 1672), sigπ4v; W. Leybourn, The Compleat Surveyor, third edition (London, 1674), sig***3r and fourth edition (London, 1679), siga3v; W. Leybourn, The Line of Proportion, second edition (London, 1668), sigA3r; W. Leybourn, The Line of Proportion … A Second Part (London, 1677), sigA6r.
  • See, for example, Leybourn W. The Compleat Surveyor London 1653 sigA6v, and second edition (London, 1657), sigA6v. It should be noted in this context that Hayes was known to and recommended by Leybourn's brother Richard, the joint partner in their printing business, long before Thompson's death; see W. O[ughtred], Dialling Performed Instrumentally, edited by R[ichard] L[eybourn] (London, 1652), p. 34.
  • Leybourn , W. 1669 . The Art of Measuring or the Carpenters New Rule London sigA4v. Both the title page of the second edition (London, 1677), and the preface, sigA4r, indicate that the rule itself was designed by Samuel Foster, who was largely responsible for the text; in that edition, and the 1682 reissue, it is the instrument maker John Nash who is advertised as supplying the rule; see sigR4v.
  • Leybourn , W. 1690 . Cursus Mathematicus London see the legend on the plate of scales bound facing p. 397; W. Leybourn, The Art of Dialling Performed Geometrically, second edition (London, 1700), sigA6r.
  • Bond , H. 1642 . The Boate Swaines Art … Also the Use of an Opening Scale London printed by Richard Cotes for William Lugger bears a title page note: ‘The scale is made in brasse by Thomas Fowre at the Dyall in the Bulwarke: and in Wood by Robert Bissaker at Ratcliffe over against the Red Lyon Taverne’. In the second edition (London, for the widow Sayle, 1663), which appeared with a redrafted text under the title The Art of Apparelling and Fitting of any Ship, three instrument makers are mentioned, Christopher Packwood, Robert Bissaker, and Joseph Hone; see sigA1v. The same three names appear on the title page of the 1664 edition of The Boate Swaines Art, printed by William Godbid for William Fisher. Joseph Hone alone appears on the 1670 edition (printed by W. Godbid for William Fisher and Benjamin Hurlock), and the 1677 edition (printed by W. Godbid for William Fisher and Elizabeth Hurlock), being replaced by Walter and John Henshaw in the 1699 edition (printed for Richard Mount [Fisher's son-in-law and successor]). Joseph Hone's name reappears in the 1704 issue of the 1663 text which appeared as The Art of Apparelling (printed for Edw. Bauldwin). Bond died in 1678.
  • Love , J. 1688 . Geodaesia or the Art of Surveying and Measuring of Land Made Easie London siga2v.
  • Love , J. 1715 . Geodaesia or the Art of Surveying and Measuring of Land Made Easie , second edition London sigA5v.
  • Taylor , J. 1687 . Thesaurarium Mathematicae or The Treasury of the Mathematicks London sigA7r.
  • Taylor , J. 1707 . Thesaurarium Mathematicae or The Treasury of the Mathematicks , second edition London revised by W. Allingham sigA4v. Note that Worgan was a co-publisher of Allingham's A Short Account of the Nature and Use of Maps (London, 1698), and also sold that author's Epitome of Geometry; see London Gazette, no. 3551 November 20–23, 1699 and Post Boy, no. 810 June 15–18, 1700.
  • For Rowley's apprenticeship, see Crawforth Instrument Makers in the London Guilds Annals of Science 1987 44 340 341
  • For Wynne's apprenticeship, see Brown Mathematical Instrument-Makers in the Grocers' Company 1688–1800 London 1979 13 13 Annals of Science, 36) and 34.
  • For Worgan's apprenticeship, see Brown Mathematical Instrument-Makers in the Grocers' Company 1688–1800 London 1979 9 9 Mathematical Instrument-Makers …
  • Crawforth . 1987 . Instrument Makers in the London Guilds . Annals of Science , 44 : 340 – 340 .
  • Worgan booked an apprentice in the Grocers' Company on 8 October 1700. The apprentice was turned over to the rule maker William Haddon of the Stationers' Company in March 1701; see Brown Mathematical Instrument-Makers in the Grocers' Company 1688–1800 London 1979 28 28 Mathematical Instrument-Makers … perhaps because of his first master's death. Rowley had moved in to Worgan's premises by 1702; see I. G. Pardies, Short but Plain Elements of Geometry, translated by J. Harris, second edition (London, 1702), sigA1r.
  • See above, A Boke Named Tectonicon London 1556 46, and 51. Walter Hayes was the publisher of Leybourne's 1667 text on Napier's rods; see footnote 52.
  • John Brown was the author of, and certainly was associated with, the publication of: The Description and Use of a Joynt-Rule London 1661 (printed by T.J. for J. Brown and H. Sutton The Triangular Quadrant (for J. Brown and H. Sutton, London, 1662); The Description and Use of the Triangular Quadrant (printed by John Darby for John Wingfield, and to be sold by J. Brown and J. Seller, London, 1671); Horolographia: or The Art of Dialling (printed by John Darby for John Wingfield, and to be sold by J. Brown and J. Seller, London, 1671); The Practical Gauger (for J. Brown and R. Morden, London, 1678); The Carpenters Joynt Rule (printed for T. and J. Brown, London, 1684). The map and instrument maker John Seller was the author of, and certainly was associated with, the publication of: Practical Navigation (printed by J. Darby and to be sold by J. Seller and J. Wingfield, London, 1669); also the editions of 1672, 1680 and 1694; Jeremiah Seller was a copublisher of the ?1699 edition; A Pocket Book (sold by J. Seller and John Hills, London, 1682); The Sea Gunner (printed by H. Clark for the author and sold by him, London, 1691).
  • To take the letter W: Wynne H. The Description and Use of the General Horological Ring or Universal Ring Dyal London 1682 sigA1r; ‘I Formerly published half a Sheet on this Subject, and having disposed of all I printed, I found myself necessitated to Print more to gratify those who bought the instruments of me’. The 1682 pamphlet has survived, the earlier broadsheet apparently has not Contrarywise a copy is known of the instruction sheet headed ‘The USE of the/Universal Ring-Dial’, and ending ‘This Instrument or any other useful for the Mathematicks, are Made and/Sold by John Worgan at his Shop under St. Dunstans Church in/Fleet-street, 1691’ (British Library, press mark 1811 a 1 (50)), but no copy is known of A Short Treatise of the Description of the Sector which is recorded as having been ‘Printed for and Sold by J. Worgan Mathematical Instrument Maker at his Shop under St. Dunstan's Church in Fleet Street’; see Post Boy, no. 641, May 16–18, 1699 and Bibliotheca Annua, or the Annual Catalogue for the Year …, edited by A. Roper and W. Turner (London, 1700- ), no. 1, 63. There is a copy of a broadsheet The use of the universal ring-dial which terminates: ‘This instrument or any other useful for the Mathematick; are Made and Sold by Tho. Walpoole at the Sign of the Mariner and Compass in the Minories, 1696’ bound with the Lewis Evans copy of J. Moxon, Mechanick Dyalling, second edition (London, 1692), in the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford. Aeroscopium: or An Account of Weather Glasses Exactly Made, and Sold by John Warner, Mathematical Instrument Maker [London, c. 1685] is known from a single copy in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge, MS R.4.45; there is another issue of this in the National Library of Scotland, MS 4862 box 106 F.3b, in which Warner is associated in the publication with Henry Wynne.
  • Taylor . 1954 . The Mathematical Practitioners of Tudor and Stuart England 403 – 403 . Cambridge Typical examples are: E. Gunter, The Description and Use of the Sector (London, 1624), p. 143: ‘I am at least contented to give way that it came forth in English. Not that I thinke it worthy either of my labour or the publique view, but partly for my owne ease. For it is as painefull for others to transcribe my copie, so it is troublesome for me to give satisfaction to all that desire it’; S. Morland, The Description and Use of Two Arithmetick Instruments (London, 1672), sigA2r: ‘and by the importunity of his very good friends made publick’: J. Lightbody, The Gauger and Measurer's Companion (London, 1694), sigA4r-v: ‘Had I not been prevail'd upon by some ingenious men … I should not have expressed myself in Print’.
  • Partridge . 1661 . The Description and Use of an Instrument Called the Double Scale of Proportion 188 – 188 . London issue of 1692. For the end of Hayes' working life see Brown (footnote 12, Mathematical Instrument-Makers …), 26.
  • Partridge . 1661 . The Description and Use of an Instrument Called the Double Scale of Proportion 188 – 188 . London issue of 1692; the copy in British Library, press mark: Maps C.21.b.22.
  • Tuttell was drowned on 22 January whilst undertaking a hydrographic survey in the lower reaches of the Thames estuary for the Admiralty, Post Boy, no. 1048, 31 January-3 February 1702 Moxon J. Mathematicks Made Easie , Fourth edition for Thomas Mors London 1705 sig2D1v-2D6v. This book is no more than a reissue of the enlarged third edition of 1700–1701, with a new title page.
  • Tuttell , T. 1698 . The Description and Uses of a New Contriv'd Eliptical Double Dial London sigA1r. The first edition was ‘Printed by W. Rewdmayne for the Author, and are to be Sold by J. Harris at the Harrow in Little-Brittain’, The reissue by Elizabeth Harris is noted in The Present State of Europe, 14, pt.9 (September, 1703), p.338. The stock apparently passed to T. Ballard under whose name it was entered in the Term Catalogue for Michaelmas term 1704 and as a reprinted book in Trinity Term 1705; see E. Arber, The Term Catalogues, 3 vols (London, 1903–06), III, 426, 470.
  • Gunter . 1624 . The Description and Use of the Sector 143 – 143 . London The plate of the sector is usually found bound after the letterpress title page. The first edition appears in a number of variant issues. Only a few copies, e.g. (Whipple Museum Cambridge, B745 and Bodleian Library, 4°Rawl.180) have the full inscription on the plate; in most copies the reference to Gos does not appear on the plate. From 1653, published under the title The Works of Edmund Gunter. The third (1653) and fourth (1662) editions were edited by Henry Bond; the fifth (1673) and sixth (1680) by William Leybourn.
  • See above, Leybourn W. The Compleat Surveyor London 1653 for Leybourn’s relationship with Thompson, and footnote 46 for Thompson’s death.
  • Sturmy . 1669 . The Mariners Magazine 53 – 53 . London The plate is normally bound either at the opening of Book II, or with the preliminary engraved portrait of the author and the engraved title page, immediately preceding the letterpress title page. For a discussion of this work and its various editions, see C. E. Kenney, The Quadrant and the Quill (London, 1947).
  • Worsop . 1582 . A Discoverie of Sundrie Errours and Faults Daily Committeed by Landmeters Ignorant of Arithmeticke and Geometrie London sigA4r
  • Rathborne . 1616 . The Surveyor 131 – 131 . London
  • British Library Add MSS 4407 f.60.
  • Wingate , E. 1645 . The Construction and Use of the Line of Proportion London sigE10v
  • See above, Taylor E.G.R. The Mathematical Practitioners of Tudor and Stuart England Cambridge 1954 20 20
  • Foster , S. 1659 . Miscellanies or Mathematical Lucubrations Edited by: Twysden , J. London sig*1v.
  • Calvert , H.R. 1971 . Scientific Trade Cards in the Science Museum Colletion London no. 182, plate 25. The text is reprinted below in section iv.
  • Collins , J. 1658 . The Sector on a Quadrant London siga4r, and ibid., Geometricall Dyalling (London, 1659), sig*4v.
  • Bond . 1663 . The Boate Swaines Art … Also the Use of an Opening Scale London sigA1r, and Bond (1664) (footnote 56), sigA1r.
  • Moore , J. 1673 . Modern Fortification or Elements of Military Architecture London see the plate of the sector, normally bound facing the title page.
  • There is an example reproduced in Calvert Scientific Trade Cards in the Science Museum Colletion London 1971 no. 407, plate 52.
  • Dary , M. 1650 . Dary's Diarie, or The Description and Use of a Quadrant London sigA3v; ‘NOte that this Instrument, or any other Mathematicall Instrument, either for Sea or Land, is exactly made in Brasse or Wood, by Henry Sutton at Tower-hill neare the Posterne-Spring’. The imprimatur is dated 9 October 1649; see sigA1r.
  • I base this claim on first and second hand knowledge of the holdings of the major UK collections, appeals to curators and collectors, and on the entries in National Inventory of Historic Scientific Instruments in the United Kingdom and Eire, in press. I know of only two signed and dated pre-1660 wooden London-made instruments: a logarithmic slide rule of 1654 made by Robert Bissaker, in the Science Museum, London, inv. no. 1893.30; see Baxandall D. ‘Drawings and description of a logarithmic slide made in the year 1654’ Modern Instruments and Methods of Calculation: A handbook of the Napier tercentenary celebration Horsborough E.M. Edinburgh 1914 163 165 in and a plane table surround made by Henry Sutton dated 1655; see Phillips, Son & Neale, [Catalogue of a sale of] Scientific Instruments, 17.7.85, lot 81, illustrated on plate V, with a detail on the cover. A considerable number of metal instruments signed by Henry Sutton are known.
  • The quality of Thompson's engraving is clear from the plate of Samuel Foster's sector in The Works of Edmund Gunter Bond H. London 1653 and of the horary quadrant in T. Stirrup, The Description of the Universal Quadrant (London, 1655), both of which are signed ‘Delineavit Antonius Thompson’; also the 133 mm diameter gilt and silvered brass universal equinoctial ring dial in Cambridge, signed ‘Anthony Thompson in Hosier Lane neer Smithfield A° 1652’; see D. J. Bryden, The Whipple, Museum of the History of Science Catalogue, 6, Sundials and Related Instruments (Cambridge, 1988), item 220.
  • Price , D.J. 1952 . The Early Observatory Instruments of Trinity College Cambridge . Annals of Science , 8 : 1 – 12 .
  • Turner , A.J. 1987 . Early Scientific Instruments: Europe 1400–1800 231 – 254 . London
  • Taylor , E.W. and Wilson , J.S. 1960 . At the Sign of the Orrery: the origins of the firm of Cooke, Troughton and Simms Ltd , second edition with additions Edited by: Scott , P.D. Maxwell . 11 – 11 . York see also H. C. King and J. R. Millburn, Geared to the Stars (Bristol, 1978), p. 154.
  • See the leaf addended to the Cambridge University Library copy of Harris J. A New Short Treatise of Algebra , second edition London 1705 and J. Love, Geodaesia, or The Art of Surveying and Measuring of Land Made Easie, second edition (London, 1715), sigA5v.
  • I know of four Everard-type gauging rules by Issac Carver: sold in London Christie's South Kensington [Catalogue of sale of] Scientific, philosophical and medical instruments 14.12.1989 lot 98, signed: ‘Is Carver Fecit 1686’; Museum of the History of Science, Oxford, signed: ‘Is Carver Fecit 1688’ without inventory number; in the Science Museum London, inv. no. 1917–9, signed: ‘Is Carver Fecit 1689’; in the Dorset County Museum, acn. no. 1941.11.2, signed: ‘ISAAC CARVER fecit 1697’. The Science Museum also has two Hunt-type gauging rules, inv. nos. 1943–27 and 1952–306, signed: ‘ISAAC CARVER Fecit’ and dated: ‘1706’ and ‘1713’ respectively. The only other instrument known to me from this workshop is an ivory sector in the Science Museum, Inv. no. 1917.92, signed; ‘Carver Fecit’, which is probably the work of Jacob Carver.
  • Everard . 1696 . Stereometry, or the Art of Gauging Made Easie by the Help of a Sliding Rod , third edition 18 – 18 . London also Hunt (footnote 44), sigN12r.
  • Everard , T. 1684 . Stereometry Made Easie: or The Description and Use of a New Gauging-Rod or Sliding Rule London sigA2v; idem, Stereometry, or The Art of Gauging Made Easie by the Help of a New Sliding-Rule second edition (London, 1689), sigA4r; Everard (1696) (footnote 30), sigA6r.
  • Everard . 1705 . Stereometry Made Easie: or The Description and Use of a New Gauging-Rod or Sliding Rule , fifth edition 11 – 11 . London sigA4r-A6r. See also the other editions cited in the text. Rowley's death in January 1728 is noted by Taylor and Wilson (footnote 95),
  • Handbill in the British Museum, Department of Prints and Drawings, Heal 105.21; reproduced in Crawforth M.A. Evidence from Trade Cards for the Scientific Instrument Industry Annals of Science 1985 42 453 554 (p. 501).
  • Twysden , J. 1685 . The Use of the General Planisphere, Called the Analemma London sigA2v.
  • Booker , J. 1662 . Telescopium Uranicum, or an Almanack and Prognostication for …1662 London sig2A8v.
  • Brown . 1979 . Mathematical Instrument-Makers in the Grocers' Company 1688–1800 26 – 27 . London Mathematical Instrument-Makers… The subsequent claim, Brown (footnote 12, Annals of Science, 36), p. 10, that Hayes sometimes had five or six apprentices in his workshop at any one time, is not supported by the evidence of the bindings: on the assumption that boys who did not become free served for seven years, and that those for whom no binding date is known, were booked seven years prior to taking their freedom, and taking 1 January as the datum point; for the years from 1649 to 1688, Hayes had four apprentices in the workshop seven times; three 14 times, two 16 times and one three times (at the beginning of his career).
  • Brown . 1979 . Mathematical Instrument-Makers in the Grocers' Company 1688–1800 13 – 13 . London Mathematical Instrument-Makers…
  • Turner , G.L'E. 1972 . Micrographia Historica: the Study of the History of the Microscope . Proceedings of the Royal Microscopical Society , 7 : 120 – 149 . (p. 128), and note 51, refers to a woodblock of a design for desert trenchers dated 1687 and a memorial brass dated 1694.
  • Crawforth . 1985 . Evidence from Trade Cards for the Scientific Instrument Industry . Annals of Science , 42 : 501 – 501 .
  • The earliest issue of Culpeper's engraved trade card known to me is that in the Whipple Museum Cambridge, which bears his name on the engraving of the universal equinoctial dial; later issues have the additional signature ‘E. Culpeper sculp. London' below the globe in the left hand corner. The Whipple example is printed on a sheet above letterpress text which is, headed: At the Old Mathematical-Shop, the Cross-Daggers, in Middle-Moore-Fields; see also the pamphlet issued by Culpeper with his screw-barrel microscopes Culepeper E. The Description and Use of a Set of Portable Microscopes, Made and Sold by Ed. Culpeper at the Old Mathematical Shop, the Cross-Daggers in Moore-Fields London 1710 1710 of which there are examples in several collections, notably in the Science Museum; see Calvert (footnote 83), item 109.
  • Brown . 1979 . Mathematical Instrument-Makers in the Grocers' Company 1688–1800 33 – 33 . London Mathematical Instrument-Makers… notes the freedom on 4 March 1714, and the booking of an apprentice on 5 March—an apprentice who was turned over to another member of the Company, John Wolmesley (not known to have become an instrument maker), six months later. No other apprentices were booked. Culpeper's son, also Edmund, took his freedom by Patrimony in 1758, but this was merely for the purposes of binding his own son as an apprentice!
  • Calvert . 1954 . The Mathematical Practitioners of Tudor and Stuart England 20 – 20 . Cambridge item 106, and plate 22.
  • Wilson , J. 1702–3 . The Description and Manner of Using a Late Invented Set of Small Pocket Microscopes . Philosophical Transactions , 23 : 1241 – 1247 .
  • 1702–3 . Philosophical Transactions , 23 : 1357 – 1357 . 1391. The instrument is mentioned only briefly in J. Harris, Lexicon Technicum (London, 1704), sigblr, with a detailed description and illustration in idem, II (London, 1710), art. Microscope. This text and the illustration are from The Description and Manner of Using Mr. Wilson's Sett of Pocket Microscopes (London, 1706), issued by the maker from his premises ‘att the Willow tree in Cross Street Hatton Garden’.
  • Hardy , M.G. 1967 . A Pocket Microscope by Edmund Culpeper . Proceedings of the Royal Microscopical Society , 2 : 234 – 236 . this instrument is now in the collections of the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford. G. L'E. Turner, The Great Age of the Microscope: the Collection of the Royal Microscopical Society through 150 years (Bristol, 1989), p. 30, notes that the date on the compass rose refers to the engraving of the plate; stock of pulls could have been in use for a number of years before being utilized in the microscope. For a similar example see Christie's [Catalogue of a sale of] Fine scientific and philosophical instruments, 29 March 1990, lot 247, plate 8. For another, with the paper compass rose signed: ‘EC fecit 1701’, see H. P. Nowak, Geschichte des Microskops (Rothenthurm, 1984), p. 13 and plate 10; I am indebted to Professor G. L'E. Turner for drawing the latter two items to my attention.
  • Good , J. 1707 . Universall Dialling viii – viii . London and J. Collins, The Description and Use of Four Several Quadrants, edited and revised by J. Good (London, 1710), p. 52.
  • Turner . 1967 . A Pocket Microscope by Edmund Culpeper . Proceedings of the Royal Microscopical Society , 2 : 250 – 253 . for two examples in the collection of the Royal Microscopical Society. The comparison with the sector is first made in R. S. Clay and T. H. Court, The History of the Microscope (London, 1932), p. 54.
  • From 1707, a likely supplier would have been the partnership of the optical instrument makers George Willdey and Timothy Brandreth. In a handbill of about 1710 (example in British Museum, Department of Prints and Drawings, Heal 105.114) extolling and listing their optical instruments, the partners add ‘Likewise Variety of CASES of Mathematical Instruments in Silver, Brass, ivory or Wood, with all sorts of Sun-dials, and other Mathematical Instruments, accurately divided, useful both for Sea and Land, all made to the greatest Perfection by Edmund Culpeper, with Books of the Use of them’. A business connection between the partners and Culpeper is suggested by John Yarwell and Ralph Sterrop in 1707, see Daily Courant 1707 no. 1628, 3 May who maintain that Willdey and Brandreth bought in completed microscopes from Culpeper for sale as their own. A few years later Willdey made no secret of his being a retailer, but he was quite specific when puffing optical instruments to claim that ‘he finishes all his Glasses with his own Hands’; Calvert (footnote 83), item 445.
  • As illustrated in Calvert Scientific Trade Cards in the Science Museum Colletion London 1971 item 182, plate 25. There is a copy pasted on an inserted leaf in the Lewis Evans copy of J. Brown, The Description and Use of the Carpenter's Rule (London, 1662), after sigA1, Museum of the History of Science, Oxford.
  • Hopton , A. 1611 . Speculum Topographicum London sig2Elr [Elias Allen and John Thompson].
  • Bedwell , W. 1639 . Mesolabium Architectonicum London sigC2v [John Thompson].
  • Eldred , W. 1646 . The Gunners Glasse 91 – 91 . London
  • Leybourne , W. 1669 . The Art of Measuring, or The Carpenter's New Rule London sigA4v.
  • Booker . 1662 . Telescopium Uranicum, or an Almanack and Prognostication for … 1662 London sig28Av [Walter Hayes]; Booker, Telescopium Uranicum Repurgatum et Limatum or an Almanack and Prognostication for … 1667 (London, 1667), sigC8v [John Nash]. Taylor (footnote 59), sigA7v [John Worgan]; H. Coggeshall, The Art of Practical Measuring (London, 1690), plate facing title page [John Warner], plus other citations in the text and notes above.
  • Wharton , G. 1663 . Calendarium Carolinum or A New Almanack After the Old Fashion for … 1663 London sigF7r; W. Lilley, Merlini Anglici Ephemeris … for 1667 (London, 1667) sigF8v.
  • An analysis of the market for instruments as falling into three groups, ‘scientific’, ‘professional’, and ‘dilettante’ is given in Bryden D.J. Scottish Scientific Instrument-Makers 1600–1900 Edinburgh 1972 7 23 For the growth of consumerism see N. McKendrick, J. Brewer and J. H. Plumb, The Birth of a Consumer Society: the Commercialisation of 18th-Century England (London, 1982), and L. Weatherill, Consumer Behavior and Material Culture in Britain 1660–1760 (London, 1988).
  • Hopton . 1610 . Baculum Geodaeticum … or the Geodaeticall Staffe 11 – 11 . London sigD2r: ‘The description of the Geodeticall Staffe and the parts thereof which you may have ready made by M. Reade and John Tomson in Hosier lane, neare Smithfield in London’.
  • Partridge , S. 1648 . Rabdologia, or The Art of Numbering by Rods 3 – 4 . London ‘or else they are ready made in Wood, by Master John Thompson in Hosier Lane neere Smithfield, who makes all kinde of Mathematicall Instruments, and also by Mr. Anthony Thompson in Gresham Colledge, and by Mr. Thomas Browne at the Globe neere Aldgate. In Silver or Brasse they are made by Mr. Elias Allen, over against St. Clements Church without Temple-Barre’. There is a similar comment on the plate itself: ‘or may buy them ready made in Brasse of Mr. Elias Allen in the Strand; and in wood, of Mr. John Thompson in Hosier-Lane, or of Mr. Anthony Thompson, or of Mr. John Browne at the Globe neere Aldgate’.
  • Wing , V. 1664 . Geodaetes Practicus: or The Art of Surveying 108 – 108 . London
  • Quarrell , W.H. and Mare , M. 1934 . London in 1710 from the Travels of Zacharius Conrad von Uffenbach 158 – 158 . London translated by 168
  • Quarrell , W.H. and Mare , M. 1934 . London in 1710 from the Travels of Zacharius Conrad von Uffenbach 145 – 145 . London translated by the visit to Patrick's shop is discussed in N. Goodison, English Barometers 1680–1860, second revised edition (Woodbridge, 1977), pp. 49–50.
  • Quarrell , Mare , Quarrell , W.H. and Mare , M. 1934 . London in 1710 from the Travels of Zacharius Conrad von Uffenbach 76 – 76 . London translated by This form of Naperian rods was designed by Gaspar Schott; see G. Schott, Organum Mathematicum (Wurzburg, 1668), pp. 133–6.
  • Quarrell , Mare , Quarrell , W.H. and Mare , M. 1934 . London in 1710 from the Travels of Zacharius Conrad von Uffenbach 168 – 168 . London translated by See S. Morland, The Description and Use of Two Arithmetick Instruments (London, 1673). At the price quoted, the device is likely to have been the ‘new and most useful Instrument for addition and subtraction’ rather than the far more complex multiplying machine.
  • British Library, Maps K. Top.XXIV.24b, ‘A prospect of Westminster Hall’ is a c. 1690 engraving of the interior of Westminster Hall, which shows the sides lined with the stalls of book sellers. It is reproduced in My Head is a Map Wallis H.M. Tyacke S.J. London 1973 plate 12. S. Tyacke London Map-Sellers 1660–1720 (Tring, 1978), pp. xxi, 138, notes the various map sellers who, at one time or another, had had stalls in the Hall; these included Phillip Lea (1689–95), James Moxon (1694), John Seller (1694) and Charles Price (1729–30), all of whom at one time or another also sold mathematical instruments. However, I have been unable to identify probable vendors from whom the Uffenbachs might have bought their instruments.
  • Brown . 1979 . “ Mathematical Instrument-Makers in the Grocers' Company 1688–1800 ” . In Annals of Science Vol. 36 , 13 – 13 . London 33. Seller had been apprenticed in the Merchant Taylors' Company in 1644, freed in 1654 and raised to the Livery in 1676; see Tyacke (footnote 133), p. 139.
  • Seller , J. 1669 . Practical Navigation 119 – 119 . London The seventh edition was published in 1694. For Seller's premises, see Tyacke (footnote 133)
  • Arber . The Term Catalogues London 3 vols passim, and see below note 139.
  • Tyacke . 1973 . My Head is a Map Edited by: Wallis , H.M. and Tyacke , S.J. London passim, reprints all 35 of Seller's advertisements that appeared in the London Gazette between 1671 and his death in 1697.
  • Arber . The Term Catalogues Vol. 1 , 100 – 100 . London 3 vols The full text is also reprinted in C. Verner, ‘John Seller and the chart trade in 17th century England’, in The Compleat Plattmaker, edited by N. J. W. Thrower (Berkeley, 1978), pp. 135–6.
  • Only three of the 35 London Gazette advertisements even mention Seller's instrument making and selling activities; two in 1671 and one in 1690, see Tyacke My Head is a Map Wallis H.M. Tyacke S.J. London 1973 4 4 47. With the specific exception of the advertisement issued in 1672, Seller's entries in The Term Catalogue between 1669 and 1685 relate solely to his activities as a publisher of charts, maps, atlases, and books. In the entry noting the publication of Practical Navigation (November, 1669) Seller is described as ‘Compass Maker’. Elsewhere, when a designation is given, it is the prestigious appointment as King's Hydrographer that is referred to; see Arber (footnote 73), II, especially 19, 100, 256, 353, 411, and III, 114.
  • The broad-sheet is headed on one side A catalogue of mathematical instruments, as globes, optique glasses, &c. Made and sold by John Seller …, and on the other: A catalogue of mathematical books, maritime charts, draughts, prints and pictures made and sold by John Seller … There are copies in British Library: Bagford, Harl.5995.249, and 5946.199.
  • Lea , P. A catalogue of globes, spheres, maps, mathematical projections, books and some instruments London n.d.). I have used the microfilm copy in the British Library. Some pages of this catalogue have been reproduced in R. A. Skelton, County Atlases of the British Isles 1579–1703 (London, 1970), plate 39.
  • Parker , G. 1690 . Mercurius Anglicanus or the English Mercury for … 1690 London sigC5r.
  • Booker , J. 1666 . Telescopium Uranicum repurgatum & limatum; An Ephemeris … for 1666 London sigC8v
  • Wharton , G. 1664 . Calendarium Carolinum or A New Almanack After the Old Fashion for … 1664 London sigF8v
  • See, for example A catalogue of Globes Coelestial and Terrestrial, Spheres, Mapps, Sea-Platts, Mathematical Instruments and Books, made and sold by Joseph Moxon, on Ludgate-Hill, at the Sign of Atlas Mechanick Dyalling Moxon J. London 1678 sigG1v–G2v.
  • Quarrell and Mare Quarrell W.H. Mare M. London in 1710 from the Travels of Zacharius Conrad von Uffenbach London 1934 77 77 translated by
  • For the marketing of optical instruments in London during the 30 years following 1680, see Bryden D.J. Simms D.L. Spectacles Improved to Perfection and approved of by the Royal Society Annals of Science forthcoming
  • Houghton . January 1694 . A Collection of Letters for the Improvement of Husbandry and Trade January , London second series second series, no. 78, 26 and nos 79, 82, 83, 84 and 85.
  • 1695 . London Gazette no. 3103, 5–8 August
  • 1695 . London Gazette no. 3054, 14–18 February G. Parker, A Double Ephemeris for … 1701 (London, 1701), sigχ1v; G. Parker, The Royal Speculum, for … 1705 (London, 1705), sigB3r–v.
  • January 1699 . Post Man January , no. 570, 31 2 February no. 900, 13–15 November 1701; Flying Post, no. 624, 9–11 May 1699, no. 992, 13–16 September 1701; G. Kepar, The Gardeners Almanack for 1702 (London, 1702), sigC4r; G. Parker, A Double Ephemeris for … 1702 (London, 1702), sigC4v.
  • Goodison . 1977 . English Barometers 1680–1860 , second revised edition 15 – 17 . Woodbridge and 264 for the pioneering of the commercial manufacture of the barometer as a domestic weather glass in 1688 by the mathematical instrument maker Henry Wynne.
  • Decenber 1701 . Post Boy Decenber , no. 1033, 27–30 Post Man, no. 914, 23–25 December 1701; and Flying Post, no. 1035, 23–25 December 1701.
  • Nicolson , M.H. 1965 . Pepy's Diary and the New Science 22 – 23 . Charlottesville and also R. Latham and W. Mathews, The Diary of Samuel Pepys, 11 vols (London, 1970–83), VIII, 236; Pepys sitting in the balcony of St. Margaret's Westminster, Sunday 26 May; ‘I did entertain myself with my perspective glass up and down the church by which I had the pleasure of seeing and gazing a great many fine women; and what with that and sleeping, I passed away the time till sermon was done’.
  • See, for example Daily Courant 1707 February no. 1513, 20 An accessible selection of copy relating to this advertising war is printed in H. Sampson, A History of Advertising (London, 1874), pp. 145–151. See also Bryden and Simms (footnote 148).
  • January 1707 . Daily Courant January , no. 1488, 21 and no. 1643, 21 May 1707. Wilson had been lecturing since the latter years of the century; see, for example, Post Boy, no. 613, 11–14 March 1699. For the content of the lectures see G. Wilson, A Compleat Course of Chymistry (London, 1699), also the second edition of 1703 and the third corrected edition with an appendix of 1709.
  • February 1707 . Daily Courant February , no. 1505, 11 also, nos 1508 and 1511. For the likely content of the lectures, see J. Harris, Elements of Plain Trigonometry (London, 1703); ibid., Elements of Plain and Spherical Trigonometry (London, 1701); ibid., Short but yet Plain Elements of Geometry (London, 1706). For the context of Harris' lectures, see L. Stewart, ‘Public lectures and private patronage in Newtonian England’, Isis, 77 (1986), 47–58. James Hodgson gave the autumn 1707 series; see Daily Courant, no. 1707, 20 October 1707.
  • January 1707 . Daily Courant January , no. 1497, 31 and repeated in following four numbers. For the content of the lectures see F. Hauskbee, Physico-Mechanical Experiments on Various Subjects (London, 1709). On F. Hauksbee (elder) c. 1666–1713, see G. Guerlac ‘Hauksbee’ in Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edited by C. G. Gillespie, 16 vols (New York, 1970–80), IV, 169–175. The Uffenbachs visited Hauksbee and were most impressed by the demonstration of pneumatic and electrical experiments; see Quarrell and Mare (footnote 129), 168–170.
  • Tyacke . 1978 . London Map-Sellers 1660–1720 146 – 148 . Tring charts the development of the partnership. The insertions by Willdey on his c. 1714 issue of E. Bowen [Map of] Asia corrected according to the latest discoveries & observations, epitomize the breadth of trading activities. One cartouche, headed ‘Made & sold by George Willdey in Ludgate street’, illustrates a Marshall-type compound microscope, a hand lens, a telescope and a pocket case of mathematical instruments amongst a variety of other items, including a canteen of cutlery, carving utensils, scissors, pliers, snuff boxes, scent bottles, combs, razor, jewellery, spurs and a wall clock. The other cartouches, whilst opening with a mention of the maps ‘sold by George Willdey at ye Great Toy Shop next the Dogg Tavern in Ludgate street’ goes on to tell of ‘all sorts of Spectacles, Reading-Glasses, Telescopes, Perspective-Glasses, Microscopes and whatever is Curious in this kind. Where also ye Curious may be furnished with all sorts of Cuttler's-wares and curious Toys in Gold, Silver, the true Bath the other Metals. Note that of all which no body hath better, more choyce or sells more Reasonable’. For the context in which such microscopes were used, see O. Brown, ‘Microscopy and the amateur’, in S. Butler, O. Brown, and R. H. Nuttall, The Social History of the Microscope (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 1–3.
  • The advertisement inserted on an errata slip in the Cambridge University Library copy of Wing V. Geodetes Practicus Redivivus, the Art of Surveying Now Much Improved 1700 revised by John Wing (London gives his address as the King's-Arms and Globe at Charing-Cross. J. Moxon, Mathematics Made Easie, third edition (London, 1700–01), sigA1r, adds ‘against the Royal Exchange in Cornhill’. Both addresses are given on his second trade card; see Calvert (footnote 83), no. 407, plate 52.
  • Tuttell , T. 1698 . The Description and Use of a New Contrived Double Eliptical Dial London
  • Decenber 1701 . Post Boy Decenber , no. 1033, 27–30 and also W. and H. Wayland, ‘Lenthall Pack No. VII’, Journal of the Playing Card Society, II, no. 3 (1974), 21–27.
  • Bryden , D.J. 1979 . Cartography by subscription: an unsuccessful 18th century project to issue globes . Revista da Universidade de Coimbra , 27 : 281 – 291 .
  • Calvert . 1971 . Scientific Trade Cards in the Science Museum Colletion London no. 407, plate 52.
  • The instruction booklet issued with Culpeper's hand-held screw barrel microscope The Discription and Use of a Set of Portable Microscopes, Made and Sold by Ed. Culpeper London nd) (copies in the Science Museum Library, London; Whipple Museum of the History of Science, Cambridge; Universiteitsmuseum, Utrecht) is also known in a French language edition: a Description & l'usage d'un assortiment de microscopes portatifs fais & vendus par Edmund Culpeper (London, nd) (copy in the Library of the Museum Boerhaave, Leiden (S11.044)—formerly with instrument no. 7008). Professor G. L'E. Turner has kindly drawn my attention to photocopies of two handbills in the Library of the Museum Boerhaave (S6851a-b) La Description & l'Usage d'un nouvel assortiment de DOUBLES MICROSCOPES, inventez par CULPEPER, Faiseur d'Instruments de Mathématiques, and Beschryving ende Gebruyk van CULPEPER's nieuw ge-inventeerde Stelfel van Dubbelde Microscopiums, which are instructions for the ‘Culpeper’ type of compound microscope. All three foreign language texts date from a somewhat later period, since Culpeper is said to be operating from both the Black and White House in Moorfields, and at the Royal Exchange. The Whipple Museum of the History of Science, Cambridge, has two of the three limbs of the sector-foot of the stand for a screw-barrel microscope which is engraved: ‘Microscopes; Telescopes; & toutes Sortes de verres optiques perfectionez & faits dans le demire exactitude par Edm Culpeper. Instruments de mathematique de toutes Sortes d'Or d'Argent d'Cuivre, D'Ivoire & de Bois [ain?] les divisions dela derniere exactitude’. For a complete instrument with the foot similarly engraved, but in English, see Christies, South Kensington, [Catalogue of a sale of] Scientific and Medical Instruments, 30 June 1988, lot 193; the English text of the ‘missing’ foot reads: ‘Spectacles, Reading Glasses wth great Variety of Convex & Concave Glasses Load Stones set in Gold & Silver &c’; I am indebted to Professor G. L'E. Turner for drawing this item to my attention.
  • Crawforth . 1985 . Evidence from Trade Cards for the Scientific Instrument Industry . Annals of Science , 42 : 532 – 532 . fig. 50 reproduces a Sterrop and Yarwell hand bill (B.M. Dept. of Prints & Drawings, Heal 105.98) in which the text is printed in English and French. This handbill is unlikely to date from earlier than 1707, which is the earliest record of the partnership trading under the joint name; see Daily Courant, no. 1613, 16 April 1707. Yarwell alone advertised in an almanac issued for 1707; see G. Parker, Ephemeris for the Year … 1707 (London, 1707), sigE4v.
  • Crawforth . 1985 . Evidence from Trade Cards for the Scientific Instrument Industry . Annals of Science , 42 : 515 – 515 . fig. 31(a) reproduces a handbill of post 1714 of John Marshall (British Museum, Department of Prints & Drawings, Banks 105.31) in which the text is in English, French and German.
  • Material evidence for Rowley's penetration of the continental market rests on instruments such as: 1. A universal mechanical equinoctial ring dial, made after 1715 and signed: faite Par J. ROWLEY, Maistre des Mecaniques du ROY, with declination scale calibrated for the Gregorian calendar, as is the equation of time; both are labelled in French; see Bryden D.J. Scientific Instruments The Collectors' Encyclopaedia of Antiques Phillips P. London 1973 598 598 in and Bryden (footnote 91), item 244. 2. A pocket horizontal sundial in silver, made for and engraved ‘TURIN Lat.44°35',’ signed ‘J. Rowley London’ and bearing the monogram of Amadeus II Duke of Savoy (1680–1730) in the collections of the City Museum and Art Gallery, Gloucester.
  • Chenakal , V.L. 1972 . The Astronomical Instruments of John Rowley in 18th Century Russia . Journal for the History of Astronomy , 3 : 119 – 135 .
  • For the eighteenth century pre-eminence of the London workshops, see Daumas M. Les Instruments Scientifiques aux XVII et XVIII siècles Paris 1953 299 299 et seq.; G. L'E. Turner, ‘A very scientific century’, in Martinus van Marum: Life and Work, edited by R. J. Forbes, vols 1–3 (Haarlem, 1969–71), and by E. Lefvebvre and J. G. de Bruijn, vols 4–6 (Leyden, 1973–76), IV, 3–38, and G. L'E. Turner, ‘The London Trade in Scientific Instrument Making in the 18th Century’, Vista in Astronomy, 20 (1976), 173–82.
  • The development of the Adams workshop is outlined in King Millburn Geared to the Stars Bristol 1978 201 203
  • Millburn , J.R. 1976 . Benjamin Martin, Author, Instrument-maker and ‘Country Showman Leyden also ibid., Retailer of the Sciences (London, 1986).
  • Turner , G.L'E. 1971 . “ John Dollond ” . In Daily Courant Edited by: Gillespie . Vol. IV , 148 – 149 . see also H. C. King, The History of the Telescope (London, 1955), pp. 144–55, ibid., The House of Dollond—Two hundred years of optical service, 1750–1950 (London, 1950).
  • Webster , R.S. 1975 . “ Jesse Ransden ” . In Daily Courant Edited by: Gillespie . Vol. XI , 284 – 285 .
  • Adams , G. 1746 . Micrographia Illustrata 243 – 263 . London
  • Millburn , J.R. 1988 . The Office of Ordnance and the Instrument-Making Trade in the Mid-Eighteenth Century . Annals of Science , 45 : 232 – 275 .
  • Adams , G. 1746 . Micrographia Illustrata 244 – 244 . London
  • Adams , G. 1746 . Micrographia Illustrata 244 – 244 . London

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