Examining the link between crime and unemployment: a time-series analysis for Canada

References

• Altindag, D. T. (2012) Crime and unemployment: evidence from Europe, International Review of Law and Economics, 32, 145–57. doi:10.1016/j.irle.2011.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andresen, M. A. (2013) Unemployment, business cycles, crime, and the Canadian provinces, Journal of Criminal Justice, 41, 220–7. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2013.05.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltagi, B. H. (2013) Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, 5th edn, Wiley, Chichester.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, G. (1968) Crime and punishment: an economic approach, Journal of Political Economy, 76, 169–217. doi:10.1086/259394
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyce, J., Cotter, A. and Perreault, S. (2014) Police-reported crime statistics in Canada, 2013, Juristat, 34, 85-002-X. Statistics Canada Catalogue.
   Google Scholar
• Britt, C. L. (2001) Testing theory and the analysis of time series data, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 17, 343–57. doi:10.1023/A:1012537720478
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buonanno, P. (2006) Crime and labour market opportunities in Italy (1993–2002), Labour, 20, 601–24. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9914.2006.00346.x
   Google Scholar
• Cantor, D. and Land, K. C. (1985) Unemployment and crime rates in the post-World War II United States: a theoretical and empirical analysis, American Sociological Review, 50, 317–32. 10.2307/2095542
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmichael, F. and Ward, R. (2001) Male unemployment and crime in England and Wales, Economics Letters, 73, 111–5. doi:10.1016/S0165-1765(01)00466-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherry, T. L. and List, J. A. (2002) The aggregation bias in the economic model of crime, Economics Letters, 75, 81–6. doi:10.1016/S0165-1765(01)00597-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, L. E. and Felson, M. (1979) Social change and crime rate trends: a routine activity approach, American Sociological Review, 44, 588–608. 10.2307/2094589
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, P. J. and Zarkin, G. A. (1985) Crime and the business cycle, The Journal of Legal Studies, 14, 115–28. doi:10.1086/467767
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corman, H. and Mocan, H. N. (2000) A time-series analysis of crime, deterrence, and drug abuse in New York city, American Economic Review, 90, 584–604. doi:10.1257/aer.90.3.584
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corman, H. and Mocan, H. N. (2005) Carrots, sticks, and broken windows, The Journal of Law and Economics, 48, 235–66. doi:10.1086/425594
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornwell, C. and Trumbull, W. N. (1994) Estimating the economic model of crime with panel data, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 76, 360–6. 10.2307/2109893
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donohue, J. and Levitt, S. (2001) The impact of legalized abortion on crime, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116, 379–420. doi:10.1162/00335530151144050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edmark, K. (2005) Unemployment and crime: is there a connection?, The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 107, 353–73. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9442.2005.00412.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrlich, I. (1973) Participation in illegitimate activities: a theoretical and empirical investigation, The Journal of Political Economy, 81, 521–65. doi:10.1086/260058
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Entorf, H. and Spengler, H. (2000) Socioeconomic and demographic factors of crime in Germany: evidence from panel data of the German states, International Review of Law and Economics, 20, 75–106. doi:10.1016/S0144-8188(00)00022-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, R. (1999) Chapter 52 the economics of crime, in Handbook of Labor Economics, Ashenfelter, O. and Card, D. (Eds), Vol. 3, North Holland Publishers, Amsterdam, pp. 3529–71. doi:10.1016/S1573-4463(99)30043-2
   Google Scholar
• Glaeser, E. L., Sacerdote, B. and Scheinkman, J. A. (1996) Crime and social interactions, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 111, 507–48. 10.2307/2946686
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould, E., Weinberg, B. and Mustard, D. (2002) Crime rates and local labor market opportunities in the United States: 1979–1997, Review of Economics and Statistics, 84, 45–61. doi:10.1162/003465302317331919
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, D. (2001) Time series analysis of crime rates, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 17, 291–327. doi:10.1023/A:1012507119569
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale, C. (1991) Unemployment and crime: differencing is no substitute for modeling, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 28, 426–9. doi:10.1177/0022427891028004004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale, C. and Sabbagh, D. (1991) Testing the relationship between unemployment and crime: a methodological comment and empirical analysis using time series data from England and Wales, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 28, 400–17. doi:10.1177/0022427891028004002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Land, K. C., Cantor, D. and Russell, S. T. (1995) Unemployment and crime rate fluctuations in the post-World War II United States: statistical time series properties and alternative models, in Crime and Inequality, Hagan, J. and Peterson, R. D. (Eds), Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, pp. 55–79.
   Google Scholar
• Levitt, S. (1996) The effect of prison population size on crime rates: evidence from prison overcrowding litigation, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 111, 319–51. 10.2307/2946681
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitt, S. (1997) Using electoral cycles in police hiring to estimate the effect of police on crime, American Economic Review, 87, 270–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitt, S. (2001) Alternative strategies for identifying the link between unemployment and crime, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 17, 377–90. doi:10.1023/A:1012541821386
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitt, S. (2004) Understanding why crime fell in the 1990s: four factors that explain the decline and six that do not, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18, 163–90. doi:10.1257/089533004773563485
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, M.-J. (2008) Does unemployment increase crime?: evidence from U.S. data 1974-2000, Journal of Human Resources, 43, 413–36. doi:10.1353/jhr.2008.0022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louis, R. J. and Simons, D. (2007) Is there a North American business cycle? an analysis of the period 1963-2002, Applied Econometrics and International Development, 7, 109–20.
   Google Scholar
• Machin, S. and Meghir, C. (2004) Crime and economic incentives, The Journal of Human Resources, 39, 958–79. 10.2307/3559034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öster, A. and Agell, J. (2007) Crime and unemployment in turbulent times, Journal of the European Economic Association, 5, 752–75. doi:10.1162/JEEA.2007.5.4.752
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papps, K. and Winkelmann, R. (2000) Unemployment and crime: new evidence for an old question, New Zealand Economic Papers, 34, 53–71. doi:10.1080/00779950009544315
   Google Scholar
• Persyn, D. and Westerlund, J. (2008) Error-correction-based cointegration tests for panel data, The Stata Journal, 8, 232–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, J. and Land, K. C. (2012) The link between unemployment and crime rate fluctuations: an analysis at the county, state, and national levels, Social Science Research, 41, 681–94. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raphael, S. and Winter‐Ebmer, R. (2001) Identifying the effect of unemployment on crime, The Journal of Law and Economics, 44, 259–83. doi:10.1086/320275
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly, B. and Witt, R. (1996) Crime, deterrence and unemployment in England and Wales: an empirical analysis, Bulletin of Economic Research, 48, 137–59. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8586.1996.tb00629.x
   Google Scholar
• Steffensmeier, D. and Allan, E. (1996) Gender and crime: toward a gendered theory of female offending, Annual Review of Sociology, 22, 459–87. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.22.1.459
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, F. and Minor, W. W. (2002) Where the jobs are: employment access and crime patterns in Cleveland, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 92, 435–50. doi:10.1111/1467-8306.00298
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witt, R., Clarke, A. and Fielding, N. (1999) Crime and economic activity: a panel data approach, British Journal of Criminology, 39, 391–400. doi:10.1093/bjc/39.3.391
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, D. and Wu, Z. (2012) Crime, inequality and unemployment in England and Wales, Applied Economics, 44, 3765–75. 10.1080/00036846.2011.581217
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar